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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10277.
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References Aikman, J. M. 1929. The distribution and structure of the forests of eastern Nebraska. University of Nebraska Studies 26: 1–75. Allen, J. A. 1875. Notes on the natural history of portions of Dakota and Montana Territo- ries. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(1874–1875): 33–85. Ambrose, S. E. 1996. Undaunted Courage. The Wilson Bulletin 100: 272–284. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). 1997. Guidelines for Retirement of Dams and Hydroelectric Facilities. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Anderson, M. G., D. E. Walling, and P. D. Bates, Editors. 1996. Floodplain Processes. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 658 p. Arrow, K., B. Bolin, R. Costanza, P. Dasgupta, C. Folke, C. S. Holling, B. Jansson, S. Levin, K. Maler, C. Perrings, and D. Pimentel. 1995. Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment. Science 268 (28 April), 520–521. Auble, G. T. and M. L. Scott. 1998. Fluvial disturbance patches and cottonwood recruit- ment along the upper Missouri River, Montana. Wetlands 18(4): 546–556. Babbitt, B. 1999. Foreword. In: Webb, et al. Editors. The Controlled Flood In Grand Canyon. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Backes, K. M. and W. M. Gardner. 1994. Lower Yellowstone River pallid sturgeon study III and Missouri River pallid sturgeon creel survey. Report to the Bureau of Reclamation. Miles City, MT: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Bailey, R. M. and M. O. Allum. 1962. Fishes of South Dakota. Miscellaneous Publications, No. 119. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. Barry, J. M. 1998. Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Baumel, P. 1998. The Competitive Benefit of Missouri River Navigation. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Defense Fund. Bayley, P. B. 1995. Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems. BioScience 45: 153– 158. Bennett, G. W. 1931. A partial survey of the fishes of Nebraska. M. S. thesis. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska. 146

REFERENCES 147 Bennitt, R, and W.O. Nagel. 1937. A Survey of the resident game and furbearers of Mis- souri. University of Missouri Studies 12(2): 215 p. Benson, N. G. Editor. 1988. The Missouri River: The Resources, Their Uses, and Values. American Fisheries Society, North Central Division, Special Publication No. 8. Botkin, D. B. 1995. Our Natural History: The lessons of Lewis and Clark. New York, NY: G. Putnam & Sons. Bovee, K. D. and M. L. Scott. 2002. Effects of flow regulation on the upper Missouri River, USA: implications for flood pulse restoration. Regulated Rivers Research and Manage- ment (in press). Bragg, T. B. and A. K. Tatschl. 1977. Changes in flood-plain vegetation and land use along the Missouri River from 1826 to 1972. Environmental Management 1: 343–348. Budiansky, S. 1995. The New Science of Nature Management. New York, NY: Free Press. Burke, V. L., L. R. Shay, and S. B. Whitmore. 1997. Missouri Natural Resources Bibliogra- phy. Colombia, MO: U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Environ- mental Contaminants Research Center. Burroughs, R. D. 1961. The Natural History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Michigan State University Press. Carlson, D.M., W.L. Pflieger, L. Trail, and P.S. Haverland. 1985. Distribution, biology, and hybridization of Scaphirhynchus albus and S. platorynchus in the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Environmental Biology of Fishes 14:51-59. Carrels, P. 1999. Uphill Against Water: The Great Dakota Water War. Lincoln, NE: The University of Nebraska Press. Chittenden, M. H. 1962. History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River: Life and Adventures of Joseph La Barge. Minneapolis, MN: Ross and Haines, Inc. Cross, F. B. 1967. Handbook of Fishes of Kansas. Museum of Natural History Publication No. 45. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas. Cummins, K. W., G. W. Minshall, J. R. Sedell, C. E. Cushing, and R. C. Peterson. 1984. Stream ecosystem theory. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 1818–1827. Daily, G. C., editor. 1997. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Daily, G. C., T. Soderqvist, S. Aniyar, K. Arrow, P. Dasgupta, P. R. Ehrlich, C. Folke, A. Jansson, B. Jansson, N. Kautsky, S. Levin, J. Lubchenco, K. Maler, D. Simpson, D. Starrett, D. Tillman, and B. Walker. 2000. The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value. Science 289: 395–396. Dean, K. 1998. Stopover ecology of neotropical woodland migrants at stopover sites along the Missouri River. The Flood-plain of the Future. Second Annual Conference on Natural dependency of cottonwood establishment along the Missouri Denver, CO. DeVoto, B. 1947. Across the Wide Missouri. The American Heritage Library. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflon Company. Dryer, M. P. and A. J. Sandvol. 1993. Recovery plan for the pallid sturgeon. Denver, CO: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Dunbar, R. 1983. Forging New Rights in Western Waters. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Eubanks, Jr., T. L., Ditton, R. B., and Stoll, J. R. 2001. Platte River Nature Recreation Study: The Economic Impact of Wildlife Watching On the Platte River in Nebraska. [Online]. Available: http://www.fermatainc.com/basic.eco_nebplatte.html [2001, No- vember 29]. Ferrell, J. 1993. Big Dam Era. Omaha, NE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division. Ferrell, J. 1996. Soundings. Omaha, NE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division.

148 THE MISSOURI RIVER ECOSYSTEM Fisher, H. 1945. Report on the fisheries survey of the lower Missouri River. Unpublished Report. Columbia, MO: Conservation Commission, Fisheries Section. Fisher, H. A. 1962. Some fishes of the lower Missouri River. American Midland Naturalist 68(2): 424–429. Fitch, G. The Missouri River: Its Habits and Eccentricities Described by a Personal Friend. American Magazine 53, No. 6: 637–40. Fremling, C. R. and T. O. Claflin. 1984. Ecological History of the Upper Mississippi River. Pages 5–24. In: Wiener, J. G., R. V. Anderson, and D. R. McConville, Editors. Con- taminants in the Upper Mississippi River. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth Publishers. Galat, D. L., J. W. Robinson, and L. W. Hesse. 1996. Restoring aquatic resources to the lower Missouri River: issues and initiatives. Pages 49–72. In: Galat, D. L. and A. G. Frazier, Editors. Overview of river-floodplain ecology in the upper Mississippi River basin. Vol. 3 of J. A. Kelmelis, Editor. Science for floodplain management into the 21st century. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Galat, D. L., L. H. Frederickson, D. D. Humburg, K. J. Bataille, J. R. Bodie, J. Dohrenwend, G. T. Gelwicks, J. E. Havel, D. L. Helmers, J. B. Hooker, J. R. Jones, M. F. Knowlton, J. Kubisiak, J. Mazourek, A. C. McColpin, R. B. Renken, and R. D. Semlitsch. 1988. Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated, large-river wetlands: natural and con- trolled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River. BioScience 48: 721–733. Galat, D.L., Frederickson, L.H., Humburg, D.D., Bataille, K.J., Bodie, J.R., Dohrenwend, J., Gelwicks, G.T., Havel, J.E., Helmers, D.L., Hooker, J.B., Jones, J.R., Knowlton, M.F., Kubisiak, J., Mazourek, J., McColpin, A.C., Renken, R.B., and Semlitsch, R.D. 1998. Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated, large river wetlands: Natural and con- trolled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River. BioScience 48: 721-733. Gardner, W. M. 1994. Missouri River pallid sturgeon inventory. Progress Report, D–J Project F-46-R-7. Billings, MT: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Gardner, W. M. 1998. Middle Missouri River Fisheries Evaluations. Progress Report, D–J Project F-78-R-4. Billings, MT: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Gilge, K. W. and M. H. Brunsing. 1994. Northeast Montana warmwater ecosystem investi- gations. Progress Report, D–J Project F-46-R-7. Billings, MT: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Gilmore, M. R. 1911. Use of plants by the Indians of the Missouri River region. Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol. 33: 43–154. Gleick, P. H. 2000. The World’s Water 2000–2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Gordon, N. D., T. A. McMahon, and B. L. Finlayson. 1992. Stream Hydrology: An Intro- duction for Ecologists. New York, NY.: John Wiley and Sons. Gore, J. A. and F. D. Shields, Jr. 1995. Can large rivers be restored? BioScience 45: 142–152. Government Accounting Office (GAO). 1992. Water Resources: Corps’ management of the ongoing drought in the Missouri River basin. GAO/RCED-92-4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Groen, C. L., and J. C. Schmulbach. 1978. The sport fishery of the unchannelized and channelized Missouri River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(3): 412–418. Gunderson, L. H., C. S. Holling, and S. S. Light. 1995. Barriers and Bridges to Renewing Ecosystems and Institutions. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Hart, H. C. 1957. The Dark Missouri. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Hays, S. P. 1999. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

REFERENCES 149 Helfrich, L. A., C. Liston, S. Hiebert, M. Albers, and K. Frazer. 1999. Influence of low-head diversion dams on fish passage, community composition, and abundance in the Yellowstone River, Montana. Rivers 7(1): 21–32. Henry, C.J., and R. Ruelle. 1992. A study of pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon repro- duction. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 19 p. Hesse, L.W., and B.A. Newcomb. 1982. On estimating the abundance of fish in the upper channelized Missouri River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2:80-83. Hesse, L. W. 1993. Ecology of the Missouri River. Dingell-Johnson Project F-75-R. Nor- folk, NE: Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Hesse, L. W. 1994. The impact of Missouri River mainstem dams and channelization on floodplain habitat for native fish, and on stave and cross-section depth at selected gages downstream to the Mississippi River confluence, as they relate to the hydrograph at Gavins Point Dam. Federal Aid in Fish Restoration, Dingell-Johnson Report F-75-R-11. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Hesse, L. W. 1995. Water allocation for ecosystem management of the Missouri River. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 11: 299–311. Hesse, L. W. 1999. Ichthyology, limnology, and geomorphic evolution of Boyer Chute. Contract DACW45-99-P-0406. Omaha, NE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. Hesse, L. W., C. W. Wolfe, and N. K. Cole. 1988. Some aspects of energy flow in the Missouri River ecosystem and a rationale for recovery. Pages 13–30. In: Benson, N. G., editor. The Missouri River: the resources, their uses and values: a symposium presented at the 48th Midwest Fish & Wildlife Conference, Omaha, Nebraska, Dec. 1986. Special publication. North Central Division, American Fisheries Society no. 8. North Central Division, American Fisheries Society. Hesse, L. W., J. C. Schmulbach, J. M. Carr, K. D. Keenlyne, D. G. Unkenholz, J. W. Robinson, and G. E. Mestl. 1989. Missouri River fishery resources in relation to past, present, and future stresses. In: Dodge, D. P., editor. Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium (LARS): Honey Harbour, Ontario, Canada, September 14-21, 1986. Cana- dian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences no. 106. Pages 352–371. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Hibbard, E. A. 1972. Vertebrate ecology and zoogeography of the Missouri River Valley in North Dakota. Ph.D. dissertation. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University. Hirsch, R. M., J. F. Walker, J. C. Day, and R. Kallio. 1990. The influence of man on hydrologic systems. Pages 329–359. In: Wolman, M. G. and H. C. Riggs, editors. The geology of North America, vol. O-1. Surface water hydrology. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. Holling, C. S. 1978. Adaptive environmental assessment and management. London, U.K.: J. Wiley. Holly, F. M., Jr. and M. F. Karim. 1986. Simulation of Missouri River bed degradation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112(6): 497-517. Holly, F. M. Jr., and R. Ettema. 1993. Sediment imbalance in rivers: simulation possibilities and problems. Proceedings of the Symposium on Restoration Planning for the Rivers of the Mississippi River Ecosystem. National Biological Survey Report 19: 415–425. Holmes, B. H. 1972. A History of Water Resources Program 1800–1960. Department of Agriculture Misc. Pub. 1233. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Jackson, D. D. 1994. Saving the last best river. Audubon 96(3): 76–84, 120. Jehl, D. 2000. Indian-Graves Fight Forces Change in Missouri River Power. New York Times, 9 November 2000. Johnson, W. C. 1992. Dams and riparian forests: Case study from the upper Missouri River. Rivers 3: 229–242.

150 THE MISSOURI RIVER ECOSYSTEM Johnson, W. C. 1998. Adjustments of riparian vegetation to river regulation in the Great Plains, USA. Wetlands 18(4): 608–618. Johnson, W. C. 2002. Riparian vegetation diversity along regulated rivers: Contribution of novel and relict habitats. Freshwater Biology 47: 759-759. Johnson, W. C., R. L. Burgess, and W. R. Keammerer. 1976. Forest overstory vegetation and environment on the Missouri River floodplain in North Dakota. Ecological Mono- graphs 46: 59–84. Johnson, W.C., R.A. Mayes, and T.L. Sharik. 1982. Use of vegetation in delineating wetland borders in upper Missouri River basin; north-central United States. Technical report Y- 82-1. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss. 132 p. Johnson, W.C., P.W. Reiley, L.S. Andrews, J.F. McLellan, and J.A. Brophy. 1982. Altered hydrology of the Missouri River and its effects on floodplain forest ecosystems. Bulletin 139. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va. 83 pages. Available from: National Technical Information Service as PB83-150 110. Jones, D. J. 1963. A history of Nebraska’s Fishery Resources. Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission Project F-4-R. Jordan, D. S. and S. E. Meek. 1885. List of fishes collected in Iowa and Missouri in August, 1884, with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum VIII:1. Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Evermann. 1969. American food and game fishes. New York, NY: Dover Publications. Junk, W. J., P. B. Bayley, and R. E. Sparks. 1989. The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. In: D. P. Dodge, editor. Proceedings International Large River Symposium (LARS). Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106: 110–127. Keammerer, W. R., W. C. Johnson, and R. L. Burgess. 1975. Floristic analysis of the Missouri River bottomland forests in North Dakota. Canadian Field-Naturalist 89: 5– 19. Keenlyne, K. D. 1989. A report on the pallid sturgeon. Report MRC-89-1. Pierre, SD: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Knopf, F. L. 1986. Changing landscapes and the cosmopolitism of the eastern Colorado avifauna. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:132–142. Knopf, F. L., R. R. Johnson, T. Rich, F. B. Samson, and R. C. Szaro. 1988. Conservation of riparian ecosystems in the United States. The Wilson Bulletin 100: 272–284. Krutilla, J. V. 1967. Conservation Reconsidered. American Economic Review 57: 777–786. Lawson, M. 1982. Dammed Indians: The Pick–Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1944–1980. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Lee, K. N. 1989. The Columbia River Basin: Experimenting with Sustainability. Environ- ment, Vol. 31, No. 6. Light, S. S. 2001. Adaptive Ecosystem Assessment and Management: the Path of Last Resort? Chapter 4. In: Jensen, M. Editor. A Guidebook for Integrated Ecological Assessment. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. Light, S. S., J. R. Wodraska, and J. Sabina. 1989. The Southern Everglades: The Evolution of Water Management. The National Forum, Winter, Vol. 8. Light, S. S., L. H. Gunderson, and C. S. Holling. 1995. The Everglades: Evolution of Management in a Turbulent Ecosystem. Pages 104–168. In: Holling, C. S., L. H. Gunderson, and S. S. Light, Editors. Barriers and Bridges to Renewing Ecosystems and Institutions. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Liknes, E. T., K. L. Dean, and D. L. Swanson. 1994. Avian diversity, density, and breeding status in a riparian community in southeastern South Dakota. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Sciences 73: 83–100.

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152 THE MISSOURI RIVER ECOSYSTEM National Research Council (NRC). 2001. Inland Navigation System Planning: The Upper Mississippi River–Illinois Waterway. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Osterkamp, W. R. and E. R. Hedman. 1982. Perennial streamflow characteristics related to channel geometry and sediment in Missouri River basin. Professional paper 1242. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Penkal, R. F. 1992. Assessment and requirements of sauger and walleye populations in the lower Yellowstone River and its tributaries. Unpublished report. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Perisho, E. C. and S. S. Visher. 1912. A geography, geology, and biology of Mellette, Washabaugh, Bennett, and Todd Counties, south-central South Dakota. State Geologi- cal and Biological Survey. Bulletin Number 5. Perry, C. A. 1993. Effects of Reservoirs on Flood Discharges: Floods in the Upper Missis- sippi River Basin, 1993. USGS Circular 1120-E. Pflieger, W.L. 1975. The Fishes of Missouri. Columbia, MO: Missouri Department of Conservation. Pisani, D. J. 1992. To Reclaim a Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848–1902. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. Pisani, D. J. 1996. Water, Land, and Law in the West: The Limits of Public Policy, 1850– 1920. Lawrence, KS.: University Press of Kansas. Poff, N. L. and J. V. Ward. 1989. Implications of streamflow variability and predictability for lotic community structure: a regional analysis of streamflow patterns. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Science 46: 1805–1818. Powell, J. W. 1878. Lands of the Arid Region of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Power, G. 2000. Cross the wide Missouri: significant Missouri River system biological sites. North Dakota Outdoors LXIII (8): 6–20. Pyne, S. 1998. Landscapes forged in fire: history, land, and anthropogenic fire. In: W. Balee, Editor. Advances in Historical Ecology. New York, NY: University of Columbia Press. Ramey, M. P., D. W. Reiser, and S. M. Beck. 1993. Phytoplankton studies in the Missouri River at Fort Calhoun Station and Cooper Nuclear Station. Pages 71–84. In: Hesse, et. al., editors. The middle Missouri River: A collection of papers on the biology with special reference to power station effects. Crofton, NE: The Missouri River Study Group. Reid, R. and C. G. Gannon. 1927. Birds and mammals observed by Lewis and Clark in North Dakota. North Dakota Historical Quarterly 1: 14–36. Reiley, P. W. and W. C. Johnson. 1982. The effects of altered hydrologic regime on tree growth along the Missouri River in North Dakota. Canadian Journal of Botany 60: 2410–2423. Richter, B. D., J. V. Baumgartner, J. Powell, and D. P. Braun. 1996. A method for assessing hydrologic alteration within ecosystems. Conservation Biology 10: 1163–1174. Ridgeway, M. E. 1955. The Missouri Basin’s Pick–Sloan Plan: a case study in congressional policy determination. Illinois Studies in Social Sciences Vol. 35. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Rieke, B. and D. Kinney. 1997. Resource Management at the Watershed Level. Boulder, CO.: Natural Resources Law Center. Rohlf, D. J. 1991. Six biological reasons why the endangered species act doesn’t work–and what to do about it. Conservation Biology 5(3): 273–282. Ruelle, R., and C. Henry. 1994. Life history observations and contaminant evaluation of pallid sturgeon, final report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 33 p. Ryckman, F. 2000. The confluence. North Dakota Outdoors LXIII(8): 8–10.

REFERENCES 153 Sayre, W. W. and J. F. Kennedy, editors. 1978. Degradation and aggradation of the Mis- souri River. Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research IIHR Report No. 215. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa. Schmudde, T. H. 1963. Some aspects of land forms of the lower Missouri River floodplain. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 53(1): 60–73. Schmulbach, J. C., L. W. Hesse, and J. E. Bush. 1992. The Missouri River-Great Plains thread of life. Pages 137–158. In: Becker, C. D. and D. A. Nietzel, editors. Water quality in North American river systems. Columbus, OH: Batelle Press. Schneiders, R. K. 1999. Unruly River: Two Centuries of Change Along the Missouri. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Scott, M. L., G. T. Auble, and J. M. Friedman. 1997. Flood dependency of cottonwood establishment along the Missouri River, Montana, USA. Ecological applications 7(2): 677–690. Shanks, B.D. 1974. The American Indian and Missouri River water developments. American Water Resources Association. Water Resources Bulletin 10(3): 573-579. Shields, F. D., Jr., A. Simon, and L. J. Steffen. 2000. Reservoir effects on downstream river channel migration. Environmental Conservation 27: 54–66. Slizeski, J. J., J. L. Anderson, and W. G. Durough. 1982. Hydrologic setting, system opera- tion, present and future stresses. Pages 15–37. In: Hesse et al., Editors. The Middle Missouri River. Norfolk, NE: Missouri River Study Group. Stakhiv, E., R. Cole, P. Scodari, and L. Martin. 2001. White Paper on Improving Environ- mental Benefits Analysis. Working Draft. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Re- sources. Stanford, J. A., J. V. Ward, W. J. Liss, C. A. Frissell, R. N. Williams, J. A. Lichatowich, and C. C. Coutant. 1996. A General Protocol for Restoration of Regulated Rivers. Regu- lated Rivers: Research and Management 12: 391–413. Stevens, O. A. 1945. Plant and animal populations of the Missouri Valley in North Dakota. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Bi-monthly Bulletin 8: 20–25. Strock, C. 2000. Quoted in News Release: Agencies announce release of Missouri River Biological Opinion (November 30, 2000). Omaha, NE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Stukel, J. L. and S. Madsen. 2000. Upper Bad River watershed water quality improvement and demonstration project. Section 310 Nonpoint Source Control Program. Watershed Project Final Report (Unpublished). South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Environmental Protection Agency. Tews, A. 1993. Pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in the Missouri River from Fort Peck Dam to Lake Sakakawea and in the Yellowstone from intake to its mouth. Report for the Corps of Engineers. Billings, MT: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Thelen, J. P. and L. Noeske. 1996. Final Report-Bad River Phase II Water Quality Project. Unpublished report. Stanley County Conservation District. Thorson, J. E. 1994. River of Promise, River of Peril: the politics of managing the Missouri River. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Trelease, F. 1953. A Federal-State Compact for Missouri Basin Development. Wyoming Law Review 7: 161 Tyler, D. 1992. The Last Water Hole in the West. Niwot, CO: The University Press of Colorado. United States Army Corps of Engineers. 1958. Missouri River Main Stem Reservoir System, Allocation of Costs. Omaha, NE: U.S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River. United States Army Corps of Engineers. 1979. Missouri River Main Stem Reservoir System Reservoir Regulation Manual (Master Manual). Omaha, NE: U.S. Army Engineer Divi- sion, Missouri River Corps of Engineers.

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The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery resulted from a study conducted at the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The nation's longest river, the Missouri River and its floodplain ecosystem experienced substantial environmental and hydrologic changes during the twentieth century. The context of Missouri River dam and reservoir system management is marked by sharp differences between stakeholders regarding the river's proper management regime. The management agencies have been challenged to determine the appropriate balance between these competing interests. This Water Science and Technology Board report reviews the ecological state of the river and floodplain ecosystem, scientific research of the ecosystem, and the prospects for implementing an adaptive management approach, all with a view toward helping move beyond ongoing scientific and other differences. The report notes that continued ecological degradation of the ecosystem is certain unless some portion of pre-settlement river flows and processes were restored. The report also includes recommendations to enhance scientific knowledge through carefully planned and monitored river management actions and the enactment of a Missouri River Protection and Recovery Act.

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