Read "Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report" at NAP.edu

Page 15

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

TABLE 3–1 Fuel Comsumption Technology Matrix—Passenger Cars

Fuel Consumption Improvement %

Retail Price Equivalent (RPE) ($)

Subcompact

Compact

Midsize

Large

Baseline: overhead cams, 4-valve, fixed timing, roller finger follower.

Low

High

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

Production-intent engine technology

Engine friction reduction

1–5

35

140

x

Low-friction lubricants

1

8

11

x

Multivalve, overhead camshaft (2-V vs. 4-V)

2–5

105

140

Variable valve timing

2–3

35

140

x

Variable valve lift and timing

1–2

70

210

x

Cylinder deactivation

3–6

112

252

x

Engine accessory improvement

1–2

84

112

x

Engine supercharging and downsizing

5–7

350

560

x

Production-intent transmission technology

Five-speed automatic transmission

2–3

70

154

x

Continuously variable transmission

4–8

140

350

x

Automatic transmission w/aggressive shift logic

1–3

—

70

x

Six-speed automatic transmission

1–2

140

280

x

Production-intent vehicle technology

Aero drag reduction

1–2

—

140

x

Improved rolling resistance

1–1.5

14

56

x

Safety technology

Safety weight increase

-3 to -4

0

x

Emerging engine technology

Intake valve throttling

3–6

210

420

x

Camless valve actuation

5–10

280

560

x

Variable compression ratio

2–6

210

490

x

Emerging transmission technology

Automatic shift/manual transmission (AST/AMT)

3–5

70

280

x

Advanced CVTs—allows high torque

0–2

350

840

x

Emerging vehicle technology

42-V electrical systems

1–2

70

280

x

Integrated starter/generator (idle off-restart)

4–7

210

350

x

Electric power steering

1.5–2.5

105

150

x

Vehicle weight reduction (5%)

3–4

210

350

x

Note: An x means the technology is applicable to the particular vechicle. Safely weight added (EPA baseline+3.5%) to initial average mileage/consumption values.

Page 16

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

TABLE 3–2 Fuel Consumption Technology Matrix—SUVs and Minivans

Baseline (small SUV): overhead cams, 4- valve, fixed timing, roller finger follower.

Fuel Consumption Improvemen (%)

Retail Price Equivalent (RPE) ($)

Small SUV

Mid SUV

Large SUV

Minivan

Baseline (others): 2- valve, fixed timing, roller finger follower.

Low

High

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

Production-intent engine technology

Engine friction reduction

1–5

35

140

x

Low-friction lubricants

1

8

11

x

Multi valve, overhead camshaft (2-V vs. 4-V)

2–5

105

140

x

Variable valve timing

2–3

35

140

x

Variable valve lift and timing

1–2

70

210

x

Cylinder deactivation

3–6

112

252

x

Engine accessory improvement

1–2

84

112

x

Engine supercharging and downsizing

5–7

350

560

x

Production-intent transmission technology

Five-speed automatic transmission

2–3

70

154

x

Continuously variable transmission

4–8

140

350

x

Automatic transmission w/aggressive shift logic

1–3

0

70

x

Six-speed automatic transmission

1–2

140

280

x

Production-intent vehicle technology

Aero drag reduction

1–2

0

140

x

Improved rolling resistance

1–1.5

14

56

x

Safety technology

Safety weight increase

-3 to -4

0

x

Emerging engine technology

Intake valve throttling

3–6

210

420

x

Camless valve actuation

5–10

280

560

x

Variable compression ratio

2–6

210

490

x

Emerging transmission technology

Automatic shift/manual transmission (AST/AMT)

3–5

70

280

x

Advanced CVTs—allows higher torque

0–2

350

840

x

Emerging vehicle technology

42-V electrical systems

1–2

70

280

x

Integrated starter/generator (idle off-restart)

4–7

210

350

x

Electric power steering

1.5–2.5

105

150

x

Vehicle weight reduction (5%)

3–4

210

350

x

NOTE: An x means the technology is applicable to the particular vehicle. Safety weight added (EPA baseline +3.5%) to initial average mileage/consumption values.

Page 17

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

TABLE 3–3 Fuel Consumption Technology Matrix—Pickup Trucks

Baseline: 2-valve, fixed timing, roller finger follower.	Fuel Consumption Improvement (%)	Retail Price Equivalent (RPE) ($)		Small Pickup			Large Pickup
Baseline: 2-valve, fixed timing, roller finger follower.	Fuel Consumption Improvement (%)	Low	High	1	2	3	1	2	3
Production-intent engine technology
Engine friction reduction	1–5	35	140	x	x	x	x	x	x
Low-friction lubricants	1	8	11	x	x	x	x	x	x
Multivalve, overhead camshaft (2-V vs. 4-V)	2–5	105	140	x	x	x	x	x	x
Variable valve timing	2–3	35	140		x	x	x	x	x
Variable valve lift and timing	1–2	70	210		x	x		x	x
Cylinder deactivation	3–6	112	252	x	x			x
Engine accessory improvement	1–2	84	112	x	x	x	x	x	x
Engine supercharging and downsizing	5–7	350	560			x		x	x
Production-intent transmission technology
Five-speed automatic transmission	2–3	70	154	x	x		x	x	x
Continuously variable transmission	4-8	140	350			x
Automatic transmission w/aggressive shift logic	1–3	0	70	x			x	x
Six-speed automatic transmission	1–2	140	280		x			x	x
Production-intent vehicle technology
Aero drag reduction	1–2	0	140		x	x		x	x
Improved rolling resistance	1–1.5	14	56	x	x	x	x	x	x
Safety technology
5% safety weight increase	-3 to -4	0	0	x	x	x	x	x	x
Emerging engine technology
Intake valve throttling	3–6	210	420		x			x
Camless valve actuation	5–10	280	560			x			x
Variable compression ratio	2–6	210	490			x			x
Emerging transmission technology
Automatic shift/manual transmission (AST/AMT)	3–5	70	280		x				x
Advanced CVTs	0–2	350	840			x
Emerging vehicle technology
42-V electrical systems	1–2	70	280		x	x		x	x
Integrated starter/generator (idle off-restart)	4–7	210	350		x	x		x	x
Electric power steering	1.5–2.5	105	150		x	x		x	x
Vehicle weight reduction (5%)	3–4	210	350

NOTE: An x means the technology is applicable to the particular vechicle. Safely weight added (EPS baseline+3.5%) to initial average mileage/consumption values.

Page 18

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

TABLE 3–4 Estimated Fuel Consumption (FC), Fuel Economy (FE), and Incremental Costs of Product Development

Weight Class	Base FE	Base FC	Base FC w/Safety Weight	Average Fuel Economy (mpg)	Average Fuel Consumption (gal/100 mi)	Average Cumulative Cost($)
Path 1
Subcompact	31.3	3.19	3.31	34.7	2.88	465
Compact	30.1	3.32	3.44	33.4	2.99	465
Midsize	27.1	3.69	3.82	30.0	333	465
Large	24.8	4.03	4.17	27.9	358	675
Small SUV	24.1	4.15	4.29	26.7	3.74	465
Mid SUV	21.0	4.76	4.93	25.3	3.96	769
Large SUV	17.2	5.81	6.02	20.7	4.84	769
Minivan	23.0	4.35	4.50	26.5	3.78	587
Pickup—small	23.2	4.31	4.46	27.2	3.68	682
Pickup—large	18.5	5.41	5.59	21.2	4.71	587
Path 2
Subcompact	31.3	3.19	3.31	37.5	2.67	1,018
Compact	30.1	3.32	3.44	36.6	2.73	1,088
Midsize	27.1	3.69	3.82	36.0	2.78	1,642
Large	24.8	4.03	4.17	34.5	2.90	2,167
Small SUV	24.1	4.15	4.29	31.4	3.18	1,543
Mid SUV	21.0	4.76	4.93	30.8	3.25	2,227
Large SUV	17.2	5.81	6.02	24.7	4.05	2,087
Minivan	23.0	4.35	4.50	34.0	2.94	2,227
Pickup—small	23.2	4.31	4.46	34.0	2.94	2,227
Pickup—large	18.5	5.41	5.59	28.2	3.55	2,542
Path3
SubCompact	31.3	3.19	3.31	43.9	2.28	2,055
Compact	30.1	3.32	3.44	42.9	2.33	2,125
Midsize	27.1	3.69	3.82	41.3	2.42	3,175
Large	24.8	4.03	4.17	39.2	255	3,455
Small SUV	24.1	4.15	4.29	36.5	2.74	2580
Mid SUV	21.0	4.76	4.93	34.2	2.92	3578
Large SUV	17.2	5.81	6.02	28.4	3.52	3,235
Minivan	23.0	4.35	4.50	36.6	2.73	2,955
Pickup—small	23.2	4.31	4.46	36.6	2.73	3,298
Pickup—large	18.5	5.41	5.59	29.5	3.39	2,955

Page 19

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

FIGURE 3–4 Subcompact cars. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

FIGURE 3–5 Compact cars. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

Page 20

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

FIGURE 3–6 Midsize cars. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

FIGURE 3–7 Large cars. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

Page 21

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

FIGURE 3–8 Small SUVs. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

FIGURE 3–9 Midsize SUVs. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

Page 22

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×

FIGURE 3–10 Large SUVs. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

FIGURE 3–11 Minivans. Incremental cost as a function of fuel consumption.

Page 23

Suggested Citation:"Attachment A: Tables and Figures on Fuel Consumption." Transportation Research Board. 2002. Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards': Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10284.

×