National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Appendix F Chapter 5 from Post-Occupancy Evaluation Practices in the Building Process: Opportunities for Improvement, National Academy Press, 1987
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Learning from Our Buildings: A State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-Occupancy Evaluation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10288.
×
Page 126
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Learning from Our Buildings: A State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-Occupancy Evaluation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10288.
×
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Learning from Our Buildings: A State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-Occupancy Evaluation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10288.
×
Page 128
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Learning from Our Buildings: A State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-Occupancy Evaluation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10288.
×
Page 129

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Bibliography Allen, T. (1977). Managing the Flow of Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: spondent selection for Internet research. Journal of the Market Research MIT Press. Society 41(4):387-395. American Society for Testing and Materials. (1987). ASTM Standards on Brager, G., Heerwagen, J., Bauman, F., Huizenga, C., Powell, K., Ruland, Computerized Systems. West Conshohocken, Pa. A., and Ring, E. (2000). Team Spaces and Collaboration: Links to the American Society for Testing and Materials. (1999). ASTM Standards on Environment. Berkeley: University of California, Center for the Built Building Economics. West Conshohocken, Pa. Environment. American Society for Testing and Materials. (2000). ASTM Standards on Brand, S. (1994). How Buildings Learn, What Happens After They’re Built. Whole Building Functionality and Serviceability. West Conshohocken, New York: Penguin Books. Pa. Brill, M., and Weidemann, S. (1999). Workshop presented at the Amiel, M.S., and Vischer, J.C. (1997). Space Design and Management for Alt.Office99 Conference. San Francisco, Calif. Place Making—Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Brill, M., Margulis, S.M., and Konar, E. (1985). Using Office Design to Environmental Design Resarch Association. Edmond, Okla. Increase Productivity (2 vols.). Buffalo, N.Y.: BOSTI and Ang, G., et al. (2001). A Systematic Approach to Define Client Expectation Westinghouse Furniture Systems. to Total Building Performance During the Pre-Design Stage. Proceed- Burns, P. (Ed.). SAM—Strategic Asset Management Newsletter, Salisbury, ings of the CIB 2001 Triennial Congress. Rotterdam, Holland. South Australia: AMQ International. Argyris, C. (1992). On Organizational Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: Business Week (1996). The new workplace. April 29, pp.107-117. Blackwell, Business. Cameron, I., and Duckworth, S. (1995). Decision Support. Industrial Devel- Argyris, C. (1992). Teaching smart people how to learn. In Argyris, C., opment Research Foundation. (Ed.) On Organizational Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Busi- Campbell, D.T. (1999). Social Experimentation. Sage Publications. ness. pp. 84-100. Center for Environmental Design Research (Center for the Built Environ- Argyris, C., and Schon, D. (1978). Organizational Learning. Reading, ment). (1996). Vital Signs. Berkeley: University of California. Mass.: Addison-Wesley. www.cbe.berkeley.edu. Aronoff, S., and Kaplan, A. (1995). Total Workplace Performance: Center for Universal Design. (1997). The Principles of Universal Design Rethinking the Office Environment. Ottawa: WDL Publications. (Version 2.0). Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University. Babbie, E. (1990). Survey Research Methods. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment (1990). Améliorer Baird, G., Gray, J., Isaacs, N., Kernohan, D., and McIndoe, G. (1996). Build- l’architecture et la vie quotidienne dans les bâtiments publics Paris: ing Evaluation Techniques, Wellington, New Zealand: McGraw-Hill. Plan construction et architecture. Ministère des équipements, du Bainbridge, W. (1999). Cyberspace: Sociology’s natural domain. Contem- logement, des transports et de l’espace. porary Sociology 28(6):664-667. CIB (1996). A Model Post-Construction Liability and Insurance System, Bakens, W. (2001). Thematic Network PeBBu—Performance Based Build- CIB Publication 192. Prepared under the supervision of CIB W087. ing—Revised Workplan, Rotterdam: CIB. Cohen, R., Bordass, W., and Leaman, A. (1996). Probe: A Method of Inves- Balaram, S. (2001). Universal design and the majority world. In: Preiser, tigation. Harrogate, U.K.: CIBSE-ASHRAE Joint National Conference. W.F.E., and Ostroff, E. (Eds.) Universal Design Handbook. New York: Cooper, C. (1973). Comparison Between Architects’ Intentions and Resi- McGraw-Hill. dents’ Reactions, Saint Francis Place San Francisco. Berkeley, Calif.: Basi, R. (1999). WWW response rates to socio-demographic items. Journal Center for Environmental Structure. of the Market Research Society 41 (4):397-401. Consumer Reports. (2000). Rating the Raters, August 31. Becker, F., and Steele, F. (1995). Workplace by Design: Mapping the High Corry, S. (2001). Post-occupancy evaluation and universal design. In: Performance Workscape. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Preiser, W.F.E., and Ostroff, E. (Eds.) Universal Design Handbook. Bordass, W., and Leaman, A. (1997). Future buildings and their services: New York: McGraw-Hill. Strategic considerations for designers and clients. Building Research Cotts, D.G., and Lee, M. (1992). The Facility Management Handbook. New and Information 25(4):190-195. York: AMACOM, a division of American Management Association. Bourdeau, Luc (Ed.) (1999). Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction, CIB Davis, G., and Altman, I. (1996) Territories at the Work-Place: Theory into Report Publication 237. Rotterdam, Holland. Design Guidelines, in Man-Environment Systems, Volume 6-1, 46-53. Bradley, N. (1999). Sampling for Internet surveys: An examination of re- Also published, with minor changes, in Korosec-Serfati, P. (Ed.) 126

BIBLIOGRAPHY 127 Appropriation of Space, Proceedings of the Third International Archi- ment, Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration, by tectural Psychology Conference at Louis Pasteur University, Strasbourg, the Building Research Division, Institute for Applied Technology, Na- France, 1977. tional Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. Washing- Davis, G. et al. (1993). Serviceability Tools Manuals, Volumes 1 and 2. ton, D.C.: NBS Report 10 527. Ottawa: International Centre for Facilities. Heerwagen, J. (2000). Green buildings, organizational success and occu- Davis, G. et al. (2001) Serviceability Tools, Volume 3—Portfolio and Asset pant productivity. Building Research and Information. 28 (5/6):353- Management: Scales for Setting Requirements and for Rating the Con- 367. dition and Forecast of Service Life of a Facility—Repair and Alteration Horgen, T.H., Joroff, M.L., Porter, W.L., and Schon, D.A. 1999. Excellence (R&A) Projects. Ottawa: International Centre for Facilities. by Design: Transforming Workplace and Work Practice. New York: Davis, G., and Szigetti, F. (1996). Serviceability tools and methods (STM): Wiley. Matching occupant requirements and facilities. In Baird, G., Gray, J., Huber, G.P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes Isaacs, N., Kernohan, D., McIndoe, G. (Eds.) Building Evaluation Tech- and the literature. Organization Science 2:88-115. niques. New York: McGraw-Hill. International Organization for Standardization (1994). ISO 9000 Compen- Dilani, A. (ed.) (2000). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on dium—International Standards for Quality Management, 4th Edition. Health and Design. Stockholm: University of Stockholm. Geneva, Switzerland. Dillon, R., and Vischer, J. (1988). The Building-in-Use Assessment Meth- International Organization for Standardization 9000 (in process of re- odology (2 volumes). Ottawa: Public Works Canada. edition)—Guidelines 9001 and 9004. Eley, J., and Marmot, A.F. (1995) Understanding Offices, What Every Man- Joiner, D., and Ellis, P. (1989). Making POE work in an organization. In: ager Needs to Know About Office Buildings. Middlesex, U.K.: Penguin Preiser, W. (Ed.) Building Evaluation. New York: Plenum Press. Books. Jones, L. (2001). Infusing universal design into the interior design curricu- Ellis, W.R., and Cuff, D. (1989). Architects’ People. New York: Oxford lum. In: Preiser, W.F.E., and Ostroff, E. (Eds.) Universal Design Hand- University. book. New York: McGraw-Hill. Farbstein, J., and Kantrowitz, M. (1989) Post-occupancy evaluation and Joroff, M., Louargand, M., Lambert, S., and Becker, F. (1993). Strategic organizational development: The experience of the United States Postal Management of the Fifth Resource: Corporate Real Estate. Industrial Service. In Preiser, W. (Ed.) Building Evaluation. New York: Plenum Development Research Foundation. Press. Kantrowitz, M., and Farbstein, J. (1996). POE delivers for the post office. Federal Facilities Council. (1998). Government/Industry Forum on Capital In: Baird, G., Gray, J., Isaacs, N., Kernohan, D., McIndoe, G. (Eds.) Facilities and Core Competencies. Washington, D.C.: National Acad- Building Evaluation Techniques. New York: McGraw-Hill. emy Press. Kaplan, R.S., and Norton, D.P. (1996). The Balanced Scorecard. Boston: Fisk, W., and Rosenfeld, A.H. (1997). Estimates of improved productivity Harvard Business School Press. and health from better indoor environments. Indoor Air 7:158-172. Kaye, B., and Johnson, T. (1999). Research methodology: Taming the cyber Flagg, G. (1999). Study finds major flaws in San Francisco main library. frontier. Social Science Computer Review 17(3):323-337. American Libraries 30(9):16. Kernohan, D., Gray, J., and Daish, J. (1992). User Participation in Building Friedmann, A., Zimring, C., and Zube, E. (1978). Environmental Design Design and Management : A Generic Approach to Building Evaluation. Evaluation. New York: Plenum Press. Oxford: Butterworth Architecture. General Services Administration, Office of Governmentwide Policy, Office King, N. (2000). What are they thinking? PC Magazine (February 8): 163- of Real Property. (1997). Office Space Use Review. Washington, D.C. 178. General Services Administration, Office of Governmentwide Policy, Office Lorch, R. (Ed.) (2001). Post-occupancy evaluation (Special Issue) Building of Real Property. (1998). Government-wide Real Property Performance Research & Information 29(2). Results—Government-wide baseline—Private Sector Performance— Knocke, J. (1996). A Model Post-Construction Liability and Insurance Sys- Building Profiles. Washington, D.C. tem. CIB Publication 192, prepared under the supervision of CIB W087. General Services Administration, Office of Governmentwide Policy, Office Rotterdam, Holland. of Real Property. (1998). Government-wide Real Property Performance Leaman, A., Cohen, R. and Jackman, P. (1995). Ventilation of office build- Measurement Study. Washington, D.C. ings: Deciding the most appropriate system. Heating and Air Condi- General Services Administration. (1999). The Integrated Workplace: A tioning (7/8):16-18, 20, 22-24, 26-28. Comprehensive Approach to Developing Workspace. Washington, D.C.: Loftness, V., et al. (1996). Re-valuing Buildings: Invest Inside Buildings to Office of Governmentwide Policy and Office of Real Property. Support Organizational and Technological Change Through Appropri- Gibson, E.J. (1982). Working with the Performance Approach in Building. ate Spatial, Environmental and Technical Infrastructures. Steelcase, CIB Report, Publication 64. Rotterdam, Holland. Inc. Glover, M. (Ed.) (1976). Alternative Processes; Building Procurement, Lundin, B.L. (1996) Point of departure—Standard offers a new way to Design and Construction. Occasional Paper Number 2. Montreal, determine if a building measures up. Building Operating Management Quebec: Industrialization Forum. (September):154. Grantham, C. (2000). The Future of Work: The Promise of the New Digital Lynn, M., and Davis, G. (1998). The Need to Adopt an Auditable Commer- Work Society. New York: McGraw-Hill, Commerce Net Press. cial Real Estate Building Measurement Standard for Purposes of Secu- Gray, J. (in press) Innovative, Affordable, and Sustainable Housing. Pro- rities Disclosure (A Ticking Time Bomb). International Center for ceedings of the CIB 2001 Triennial Congress. Rotterdam, Holland. Facilities. Gregerson, J. (1997). Fee not-so-simple. Building Design and Construc- Markus, L. (1990). Toward a “critical mass” theory of interactive media. In tion. August 30-32. Fulk, J., and C. Steinfield (Eds.) Organizations and Communication Guimaraes, M.P. (2001). Universal design evaluation in Brazil: Developing Technology. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage. pp. 194-218. rating scales. In: Preiser, W.F.E., and Ostroff, E. (Eds.) Universal Maslow, H. (1948). A theory of motivation. Psychological Review 50:370- Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. 398. Hargreaves, D. (2001). Junk e-mail costs online surfers $14 billion a year: McGregor, W., and Then, D.S. (1996). Facilities Management and the Busi- EU report. Financial Post. February 3, p. D9. ness of Space. Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group. Hattis, D.B., and Ware, T.E. (1971). The PBS Performance Specification McLaughlin, H. (1997). Post-occupancy evaluations: “They show us what for Office Buildings. Prepared for the Office of Construction Manage- works and what doesn’t.” Architectural Record 14.

128 LEARNING FROM OUR BUILDINGS Mill, P., and Kaplan, A. (1982). A Generic Methodology for Thermographic Raw, G. (1995). A Questionnaire for Studies of Sick Building Syndrome. Diagnosis of Building Enclosures. Ottawa: Public Works Canada (now London.: BRE Report. Construction Research Communications. PWGS: Public Works and Government Services Canada). Raw, G. (2001). Assessing occupant reaction to indoor air quality. In Mohr, A. (2000). The new metrics—going beyond costs per square foot to Spengler, J., Samet, J., McCarthey, J. (Eds.) Indoor Air Quality Hand- measure building performance. Today’s Facility Manager (February). book. New York: McGraw-Hill. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter. (2001). Infoworld March 12, p.16. Ripley Architects. (2000). San Francisco Public Library Post Occupancy Nasar, J.L. (Ed.) (1988). Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Methods and Evaluation Final Report. San Francisco: Ripley Architects. Applications. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Rondeau, E.P., Brown, R.K., and Lapides, P.D. (1995) Facility Manage- National Research Council. (1987). Post-Occupancy Evaluation Practices ment. New York: John Wiley & Sons. in the Building Process: Opportunities for Improvement. Washington, Schaefer, D., and Dillman, D. (1998). Development of a standard e-mail D.C.: National Academy Press. methodology. Public Opinion Quarterly 62:378-397. Neufeld, E. (1997). Where are the audiences going? MediaWeek May 5, pp. Schein, E.H. (1995). Learning Consortia: How to Create Parallel Learning S22-S29. Systems for Organization Sets (working paper). Cambridge, Mass.: Norman, D. (1993). Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Society for Organizational Learning. Attributes in the Age of the Machine. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Schiller, G. et al. (1988). Thermal Environments and Comfort in Office Nua Internet Surveys. (2000). http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online. Buildings. CEDR-02-89. Berkeley: University of California, Center for O’Mara, M. (1999). Strategy and Place: Managing the Corporate Real Environmental Design Research. Estate in a Virtual World. The Free Press. Schiller, G., et al. (1989). Thermal comfort in office buildings. ASHRAE O’Mara, M. (Ed.) (2000). Special issue on portfolio management. Journal Journal. 26-32 of Corporate Real Estate 2(2). Schneekloth, L.H., and Shibley, R.G. (1995). Placemaking: The Art and Ostroff, E. (1997). Mining our natural resources: The user as expert. Inno- Practice of Building Communities. New York: Wiley. vation 16(1). Sheehan, K., and McMillan, S. (1999). Response variation in e-mail sur- Ouye, J.O. (1998). Measuring workplace performance: Or, yes, Virginia, you veys: An exploration. Journal of Advertising Research 39(4):45-54. can measure workplace performance. Paper presented at the AIA Con- Shibley, R. (1982). Building evaluations services. Progressive Architecture ference on Highly Effective Facilities, Cincinnati, Ohio: March 12-14. 63(12): 64-67. Ouye, J.O., and Bellas, J. (1999). The Competitive Workplace. Tokyo: Shibley, R. (1985). Building evaluation in the main stream. Environment Kokuyo (fully translated in English and Japanese). and Behaviour (1):7-24. Pedersen, A. (2001). Designing cultural futures at the University of West- Sims, W.R., Joroff, M., and Becker, F. (1998). Teamspace Strategies: Cre- ern Australia. In: Preiser, W.F.E., and Ostroff, E. (Eds) Universal ating and Managing Environments to Support High Performance Team- Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. work. Atlanta: IDRC Foundation. Perseus. (2000). Survey 101—A complete guide to a successful survey. Smith, P., and Kearny, L. (1994). Creating Workplaces Where People Can www.perseus_101b.htm. Think. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pike, P. (2001). Technology rant: I’m tired of feeling incompetent! PikeNet Spillinger, R.S., in conjunction with the FFC (Federal Facilities Council). February 11. www.pikenet.com. 2000. Adding Value to the Facility Acquisition Process: Best Practices Preiser, W.F.E. (1983). The habitability framework: A conceptual approach for Reviewing Facility Designs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy toward linking human behavior and physical environment. Design Press. Studies 4(2). Steele, F. (1973). Physical Settings and Organizational Development. Read- Preiser, W.F.E., Rabinowitz, H.Z., and White, E.T. (1988). Post-Occupancy ing, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Evaluation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Steele, F. (1986). Making and Managing High-Quality Workplaces. New Preiser, W.F.E. (1991). Design intervention and the challenge of change. York:Teacher College Press, Columbia University. In: Preiser, W.F.E., Vischer, J.C., and White, E.T. (Eds.) Design Inter- Stewart, T.A. (1999). Intellectual Capital. New York: Doubleday vention: Toward a More Humane Architecture. New York: Van Sullivan, E. (1994). Point of Departure—ISO 9000: Global benchmark for Nostrand Reinhold. manufacturers may be future facility challenge. Building Operating Preiser, W.F.E. (1996). POE training workshop and prototype testing at the Management (October):96. Kaiser-Permanente medical office building in Mission Viejo, Califor- Swartz, P. (1991). The Art of the Long View. New York: Doubleday. nia, USA. In Baird, G., et al. (Eds.) Building Evaluation Techniques. Swoboda, W., Muhlberger N., Weitkunat R., and Schneeweib, S. (1997). London: McGraw-Hill. Internet surveys by direct mailing. Social Science Computer Review Preiser, W.F.E., and Stroppel, D.R. (1996). Evaluation, reprogramming and 15(3):242-255. re-design of redundant space for Children’s Hospital in Cincinnati. Pro- Taylor, H. (2000). Does Internet research work? International Journal of ceedings of the Euro FM/IFMA Conference, Barcelona, May 5-7. Market Research 42(1) 51-63. Preiser, W.F.E. (1997). Hospital activation: Towards a process model. Teicholz, E. (Ed.) (2001). Facilities Management Handbook. New York: Facilities (12/13):306-315. MacGraw-Hill. Preiser, W.F.E., and Schramm, U. (1997). Building performance evalua- Thompson, H. (2000). The Customer-Centered Enterprise—How IBM and tion. In: Watson, D., et al. (Eds.) Time-Saver Standards: Architectural Other World-class Companies Achieve Extraordinary Results by Put- Design Data. New York: McGraw-Hill. ting Customers First. New York:McGraw-Hill. Preiser, W.F.E. (1998). Health Center Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Toward USA Today (2001). Searching the Web in native language. February 27, 7B. Community-Wide Quality Standards. Proceedings of the NUTAU/USP U.S. Department of Commerce. (1999). Falling through the net: Defining Conference, Sao Paulo, Brazil. the digital divide. National Telecommunications and Information Ad- Preiser, W.F.E. (1999). Post-occupancy evaluation: Conceptual basis, ben- ministration. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99. efits and uses. In: Stein, J.M., and Spreckelmeyer, K.F. (Eds.) Classical Ventre, F. (1988). Sampling building performance. Paper presented at Fa- Readings in Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill. cilities 2000 Symposium. Grand Rapids, Mich. Preiser, W.F.E., and Schramm, U. (2001). Intelligent office building perfor- Vischer, J. (1985). The adaptation and control model of user needs in hous- mance evaluation in the cross-cultural context: A methodological out- ing. Journal of Environmental Psychology 5:287-298. line. Intelligent Building I(1). Vischer, J. (1989). Environmental Quality in Offices. New York: Van

BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 Nostrand Reinhold. Welch., P. (Ed.) (1995). Strategies for Teaching Universal Design. Boston, Vischer, J. (1993). Using occupancy feedback to monitor indoor air quality. Mass.: Adaptive Environments Center. ASHRAE Transactions 99(pt. 2). Welch, P., and Jones, S. (2001). Teaching universal design in the U.S. In: Vischer, J. (1996). Workspace Strategies: Environment as a Tool for Work. Preiser, W.F.E., and Ostroff, E. (Eds.) Universal Design Handbook. New York: Chapman and Hall. New York: McGraw-Hill. Vitruvius. (1960). The Ten Books on Architecture (translated by M.H. Wineman, J. D. (Ed.) (1986). Behavioral Issues in Office Design. New York: Morgan). New York: Dover Publications. Van Nostran Reinhold. von Foerster, H. (1985). Epistemology and Cybernetics: Review and Zeisel, J. (1975). Inquiry by Design. New York: Brooks-Cole. Preview. Milan, Italy: Casa della Cultura. Zeisel, J. (1975). Sociology and Architectural Design. New York: Russell Watson, C. (1996). Evolving design for changing values and ways of life. Sage Foundation. Paper presented at the IAPS14, Stockholm. Zeisel, J. (in press). Inquiry by Design, 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge Watson, D., Crosbie, M.J., and Callender, J.H. (Eds.) (1997). Time-Saver University Press. Standards: Architectural Design Data. New York: McGraw-Hill (7th Zimring, C.M., and Reizenstein, J.E. (1981). A primer on post-occupancy Edition). evaluation. Architecture (AIA Journal) 70(13):52-59.

Learning from Our Buildings: A State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-Occupancy Evaluation Get This Book
×
 Learning from Our Buildings: A State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-Occupancy Evaluation
Buy Paperback | $62.00 Buy Ebook | $49.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

In 1986, the FFC requested that the NRC appoint a committee to examine the field and propose ways by which the POE process could be improved to better serve public and private sector organizations. The resulting report, Post-Occupancy Evaluation Practices in the Building Process: Opportunities for Improvement, proposed a broader view of POEs—from being simply the end phase of a building project to being an integral part of the entire building process. The authoring committee recommended a series of actions related to policy, procedures, and innovative technologies and techniques to achieve that broader view.

In 2000, the FFC funded a second study to look at the state of the practice of POEs and lessons-learned programs among federal agencies and in private, public, and academic organizations both here and abroad. The sponsor agencies specifically wanted to determine whether and how information gathered during POE processes could be used to help inform decisions made in the programming, budgeting, design, construction, and operation phases of facility acquisition in a useful and timely way. To complete this study, the FFC commissioned a set of papers by recognized experts in this field, conducted a survey of selected federal agencies with POE programs, and held a forum at the National Academy of Sciences on March 13, 2001, to address these issues. This report is the result of those efforts.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!