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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10296.
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Page 28
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10296.
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Page 29
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10296.
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Page 30
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific Evaluation of Biological Opinions on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10296.
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Page 31

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REFERENCES 28 REFERENCES Adams, R.M. and S.H.Cho. 1998. Agriculture and endangered species: an analysis of trade-offs in the Klamath basin, Oregon. Water Resour. Res. 34(10): 2741– 2749. Cooperman, M. and D.F.Markle. 2000. Ecology of Upper Klamath Lake Shortnose and Lost River Suckers. 2. Larval Ecology of Shortnose and Lost River Suckers in the Lower Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 27 pp. Deas, M.L., and G.T.Orlob. 1999. Klamath River Modeling Project. Report No. 99– 04. Davis: Center for Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Dept.of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Resources Modeling Group, University of California. December. Eilers, J.M., J.Kann, J.Cornett, K.Moser, A. St. Amand, and C.Gubala. 2001. Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Prepared by J.C.Headwaters, Inc., for U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Basin Area Office, Klamath Falls, OR. March 16, 2001. Fleming, I.A., and M.R.Gross. 1993. Breeding success of hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in competition. Ecol. Appl. 3(2):230–245. INSE (Institute for Natural Systems Engineering). 1999. Evaluation of Interim Instream Flow Needs in the Klamath River: Phase I. Final report. Prepared for the Department of the Interior. August 1999. 53 pp.+appendices. Kann, J. 1998. Ecology and Water Quality Dynamics of a Shallow Hypereutrophic Lake Dominated by Cyanobacteria. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. 110 pp. Markle, D.F., M.R.Cavalluzzi, T.E.Dowling, and D.Simon. 2000. Ecology of Upper Klamath Lake Shortnose and Lost River Suckers: 4. The Klamath Basin

REFERENCES 29 Sucker Species Complex. Annual report: 1999. Prepared by Department ofFisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, and Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, for U.S. Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, OR. July 26, 2000. Moyle, P.B. 2002. Inland Fishes of California, revised and expanded. Berkeley: University of California Press. 502 pp. Nielsen, J.L. 1994. Invasive cohorts: impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental, and genetic ecology of wild stocks. Pp. 361–385 in Theory and Application in Fish Feeding Ecology, D.J.Stouder, K.L.Fresh, and R.J.Feller, eds. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 2001. Biological Opinion. Ongoing Klamath Project Operations. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Region, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Long Beach, CA. April 6, 2001. [Online]. Available: http:// swr.ucsd.edu/psd/kbo.pdf. [January 28, 2002]. NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Perkins, D.J., J.Kann, and G.G.Scoppettone. 2000. The Role of Poor Water Quality and Fish Kills in the Decline of Endangered Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in the Upper Klamath Lake. Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey. Final Report. Contract 4–AA–29– 12160. Submitted to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls Project Office, Klamath Falls, OR. September 2000. Saiki, M.K., D.P.Monda, and B.L.Bellerud. 1999. Lethal levels of selected water quality variables to larval and juvenile Lost River and shortnose suckers. Environ. Pollut. 105(1):37–44. Sandercock, F.K. 1991. Life history of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Pp. 397–445 in Pacific Salmon Life Histories, C.Groot, and L.Margolis, eds. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Simon, D.C., M.R.Terwilliger, and D.F.Markle. 2000a. Ecology of Upper Klamath Lake Shortnose and Lost River Suckers: 3. Annual Survey of Abundance and Distribution of Age 0 Shortnose and Lost River Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake. Annual report: 1999. Oregon Cooperative Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, for U.S. Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, OR. March 31, 2000. 45 pp. Simon, D.C., M.R.Terwilliger, P.Murtaugh, and D.F.Markle. 2000b. Larval and Juvenile Ecology of Upper Klamath Lake Suckers: 1995–1998. Final report. Prepared by Oregon Cooperative Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, for U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls, OR. January 7, 2000. 108 pp. USBR (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation). 2001a. Biological Assessment of Klamath Project's Continuing Operations on the Endangered Lost River Sucker and Short

REFERENCES 30 nose Sucker. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region, Klamath Basin Area Office, Klamath Falls, OR. February 13, 2001. [Online]. Available: http:// www.mp.usbr.gov/kbao/esa/34_final_sucker_bo_4_06_01.pdf. [August 18, 2001]. USBR (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation). 2001b. Biological Assessment of the Klamath Project's Continuing Operations on Southern Oregon/Northern California ESU Coho Salmon and Critical Habitat for Southern Oregon/Northern California ESU Coho Salmon. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region, Klamath Basin Area Office, Klamath Falls, OR. January 22, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://www.mp.usbr. gov/kbao. [August 18, 2001]. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1988. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Determination of endangered status for the shortnose sucker and Lost River sucker. Fed. Regist. 53(137): 27130–27134. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2001. Biological/Conference Opinion Regarding the Effects of Operation of the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project on the Endangered Lost River Sucker (Deltistes luxatus), Endangered Shortnose Sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), Threatened Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and Proposed Critical Habitat for the Lost River/Shortnose suckers. Klamath Falls, OR: Klamath Falls Fish and Wildlife Office. [Online]. Available: http://klamathfallsfwo.fws.gov. [August 18, 2001]. Vogel, D.A., K.R.Marine, and A.J.Horne. 2001. Protecting the Beneficial Uses of Waters of the Upper Klamath Lake: A Plan to Accelerate Recovery of the Lost River and Shortnose Suckers. Prepared for the Klamath Water Users Association, Klamath Falls, OR. March 2001. Walker, W.W. 2001. Development of a Phosphorus TMDL for Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. March 7, 2001. Wedemeyer, G.A., R.L.Saunders, and W.C.Clarke. 1980. Environmental factors affecting smoltification and early marine survival of anadromous salmonids. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(6): 1–14. Weitkamp, L.A., T.C.Wainwright, G.J.Bryant, G.B.Milner, D.J.Teel, R.G.Kope, and R.S.Waples. 1995. Status Review of Coho Salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-24. Seattle, WA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fishers Science Center. 258 pp. [Online]. Available: http:// www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/pubs/tm/tm24/ tm24.htm. [December 13, 2001]. Welch, E.B., and T.Burke. 2001. Interim Summary Report: Relationship Between Lake Elevation and Water Quality in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Prepared by R2 Resource Consultants, Inc., Redmond, WA, for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Portland, OR. March 23, 2001. Welsh, H.H., G.R.Hodgson, B.C.Harvey, and M.F.Roche. 2001. Distribution of juvenile coho salmon in relation to water temperatures in tributaries of the Mattole River, California. N.Am.J.Fish Manage. 21(3):464–470.

REFERENCES 31 Yurok Tribe. 2001. Letter to Irma Lagomarsino, NMFS, from Troy Fletcher regarding preliminary Yurok Tribe comments on draft biological opinion on ongoing Klamath Project operations. March 23, 2001.

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During 2001, a severe drought occurred in the Klamath River Basin. The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) determined that the newly issued biological opinions and their RPAs must prevail; thus, water that would have gone to irrigators was directed almost entirely to attempts to maintain minimum lake levels and minimum flows as prescribed in the two RPAs. The severe economic consequences of this change in water management led DOI to request that the National Research Council (NRC) independently review the scientific and technical validity of the government's biological opinions and their RPAs. The NRC Committee on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin was formed in response to this request. The committee was charged with filing an interim report after approximately less than 3 months of study and a final report after about 18 months of study. The interim report, which is summarized here, focuses on the biological assessments of the USBR (2001) and the USFWS and NMFS biological opinions of 2001 regarding the effects of Klamath Project operations on the three listed fish species.

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