National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 10 Findings and Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10326.
×
Page 175
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10326.
×
Page 176
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10326.
×
Page 177
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10326.
×
Page 178
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10326.
×
Page 179
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10326.
×
Page 180

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References American National Standards Institute and Health Physics Society (ANSI/HPS). 1999. Surface and Volume Radioactivity Standards for Clearance. ANSI/HPS N13.12-1999. Washington, D.C.: American National Standards Institute, Inc. Atomic Energy Commission (ARC). 1974. Termination of Operating Licenses for Nuclear Reactors. Regulatory Guide 1.86. Washington, D.C. Bier, V. 1999a. Summary of the State of the Art: Risk Communication to the Public. August. Univer- sity of Wisconsin-Madison. Bier, V. l999b. Summary of the State of the Art: Risk Communication to Decision Makers. Decem- ber. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Botch, W. E., et al. 2001. Influences of Parameter Uncertainties Within the ICRP 66 Respiratory Tract Model: Particle Deposition. Health Physics 81(4):378-394. Breshears, D. D., et al. 1989. Uncertainty in Predictions of Fallout Radionuclides in Foods and of Subsequent Ingestion. Health Physics 57(6):943-953. Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analysis (CNWRA). 2001. Review of Draft NUREG-1640, Radiological Assessment of Clearance of Equipment and Materials from Nuclear Facilities. April 21, San Antonio, Tex.: CNWRA. Clarke, R.H. 2001. Exclusion, Exemption and Clearance . . . Do We Need Them All? Health Physics 81(2): 105. Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD). 1997. Part N Regulation and Li- censing of Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM). Draft. Frankfort, Ky: CRCPD. Cooke, R. 1991. Experts in Uncertainty: Opinion and Subjective Opinion in Science. New York: Oxford University Press. Cox, F.M., and C.S. Guenther. 1995. An Industry Survey of Current Lower Limits of Detection for Various Radionuclides. Health Physics 69: 21-129. Creighton, J., and J. Priscoli. 1996. Overview of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): A Hand- book for Corps Managers. 96-ADR-P-5. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 175

176 THE DISPOSITION DILEMMA Department of Energy (DOE). 1993a. Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment. DOE 5400.5. Office of Environment, Safety and Health. Washington, D.C.: DOE. DOE. 1993b. Earning Public Trust and Confidence: Requisites for Managing Radioactive Waste. Advisory Board Task Force on Radioactive Waste Management. Washington, D.C.: DOE. DOE. 1996. The 1996 Baseline Environmental Management Report. Volume 1. DOE/EM-0290. June. Washington, D.C.: DOE. DOE. 1999. Reuse of Concrete from Contaminated Structures, DOE/OR/22343-1. January. Wash- ington, D.C.: DOE. DOE. 2000. Audit Report: The Decontamination and Decommissioning Contract at the East Tennes- see Technology Park. DOE/IG-0481. Washington, D.C.: DOE. DOE. 2001. Notice of intent to prepare a programmatic environmental impact statement on the disposition of scrap metals and announcement of public scoping meetings. Federal Register 67:36562-36566, July 12. Elder, H.K. 1981. Technology, Safety and Costs of Decommissioning a Reference Uranium Hexafluoride Conversion Plant. NUREG/CR-1757, Pacific Northwest Laboratory for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Envirocare. 2001. Envirocare of Utah, Inc., Waste Acceptance Guidelines, May 16, Revision 3. Clive, Utah: Envirocare. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1989. Environmental Standards for Management, Storage, and Land Disposal of Naturally Occurring and Accelerator-Produced Radioactive Waste. Draft Rule for 40 CFR. Part 764, never finalized. April 6. Washington, D.C.: EPA. EPA. 1996. Summary Report for the Workshop on Monte Carlo Analysis. Risk Assessment Forum. Washington, D.C.: EPA. EPA. 1997a. Technical Support Document: Evaluation of the Potential for Recycling of Scrap Met- als from Nuclear Facilities. TSD 97. Peer Review Draft, March 11. Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. Washington, D.C.: EPA. EPA. 1997b. Guidance: Establishment of Cleanup Levels for CERCLA Sites with Radioactive Con- tamination. OSWER No. 9200.4-18. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Wash- ington, D.C.: EPA. EPA. 1997c. Radiation Protection Standards for Scrap Metal: Preliminary Cost-Benefit Analysis. Clean Materials Program, Report No. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA. 1997d. Letter from Carol M. Browner, administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to the Honorable Shirley Jackson, chair, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, February 7. EPA. 2000. Draft Public Involvement Policy. Federal Register 65: 82335-82345, December 28. EPA. 2001. Radiologically Contaminated Superfund National Priorities List Sites. Available at <www.epa.gov/radiation>. Accessed March 1, 2002. EPA, USNRC, and DOE. 2000. Multi-agency Radiation Survey and Site Implementation Manual. NUREG-1557, Revision 1; EPA 402-R-97-016, Revision 1; DOE/EH-0624, Revision 1 (Au- gust). Washington, D.C.: EPA, USNRC, and DOE. European Commission (EC). 1998a. Communication from the Commission Concerning the Imple- mentation of Council Directive 96/29/Euratom Laying Down Basic Safety Standards for the Protection of the Health and Safety of Workers and the General Public Against the Dangers Arising from Ionising Radiation. Luxembourg: European Communities. EC. 1998b. Radiation Protection 89: Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from dismantling of nuclear installations. Recommendations of the group of experts set up under the terms of Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty. Luxembourg: European Communi- ties. EC. 2000. Definition of Clearance Levels for the Release of Radioactively Contaminated Buildings and Building Rubble. EC-RP-114. Luxembourg: European Communities.

REFERENCES 177 EC. 2001. Radiation Protection 122: Practical use of the concepts of clearance and exemption. Part 1. Guidance on general clearance levels for practices. Luxembourg: European Communities. European Union (EU). 1992. Council Directive 92/3/Euratom on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Radioactive Waste between Member States and into and out of the Community (OJ L 35, 12.2.92), February 12. Luxembourg: European Communities. KU. 1996. Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM (OJ L 159, 29.6.1996), May 13. Luxembourg: Euro- pean Communities. Flynn, J., W. Burns, C. Mertz, and P. Slovic. 1992. Trust as a Determinant of Opposition to a High- Level Radioactive Waste Repository: Analysis of a Structural Model. Risk Analysis 12:417- 430. Haimes, Y.Y. 1991. Total Risk Management. Risk Analysis 11: 169- 171. Inside NRC. 2001. DOE Ends Contract with SAIC for EIS on Releases of Solid Materials, July 30. New York: Platts. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 1988. Principles for the Exemption of Radiation Sources and Practices from Regulatory Control. Safety Series No. 89. Vienna: IAEA. IAEA. 1992. Application of Exemption Principles to the Recycle and Reuse of Materials from Nuclear Facilities. Safety Practice No. 111-P- 1.1. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA. 1996. Clearance Levels for Radionuclides in Solid Materials: Applications of Exemption Principles. Interim Report. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). 1985. Statement from 1985 Paris Meet- ing of the ICRP. British Journal of Radiology (58) 910. ICRP. 1990. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Issue No. 60, Vol. 21/1-3. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. Jefferson, T. 1820. Letter to William Charles Jarvis, September 28. Johnston, G. 1991. An Evaluation of Radiation and Dust Hazards at a Mineral Sand Processing Plant. Health Physics 60(6):781-787. Kasperson, R., O. Renn, P. Slovic, H. Brown, J. Emel, R. Bogel, T.J. Kasperson, and S. Patrick. 1988. The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework. Risk Analysis 8:177-187. Konzek, G., et al. 1995. Revised Analyses of Decommissioning for the Reference Pressurized Water Reactor Power Station, NUREG/CR-5884 (November). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regu- latory Commission. Lubenau., J. 1998. Radioactive Materials in Recycled Metals-An Update. Health Physics 74(3):293- 299. Mariotte, M. et al. 1995. Letter to Hon. Shirley Jackson, chair, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis- sion, September 25, 1995. Morgan, M., and M. Henrion. 1990. Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantita- tive Risk and Policy Analysis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 1987a. Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population in the United States. Report No. 93. Bethesda, Md.: NCRP. NCRP. 1987b. Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Back- ground Radiation. Report No. 94. Bethesda, Md.: NCRP. NCRP. 1987c. Recommendations on Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Report No. 91. Bethesda, Md.: NCRP. NCRP. 1987d. Radiation Exposure of the United States Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources, Report No. 95. Bethesda, Md: NCRP. NCRP. 1989a. Exposure of the United States Population from Diagnostic Medical Radiation, Report No. 100, 1999. Bethesda, Md: NCRP. NCRP. 1989b. Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel, NCRP Report No. 105, 1989. Bethesda, Md: NCRP. NCRP. 1993. Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Report No. 116. Bethesda, Md.: NCRP.

178 THE DISPOSITION DILEMMA NCRP. 1998. Operational Radiation Safety Program. Report No. 127. Bethesda, Md.: NCRP. National Research Council (NRC). 1989. Improving Risk Communication. Committee on Risk Per- ception and Communication. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. BEIR V. Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1994. Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1995. Technical Basis for Yucca Mountain Standards. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1996. Affordable Cleanup? Opportunities for Cost Reduction in the Decontamination and Decommissioning of the Nation's Uranium Enrichment Facilities. Committee on Decontami- nation and Decommissioning of Uranium Enrichment Facilities, Board on Energy and Environ- mental Systems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1999. Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occur- ring Radioactive Materials. Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Natu- rally Occurring Radioactive Materials, Board on Radioactive Effects Research, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001. The Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Re- search in the United States. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). 1991. Letter of November 12, 1991, from D. Reicher and T. Cochran, NRDC, to U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission commissioner Rogers. Newberry, B. 2001. Letter to Barnwell Customers from Bill Newberry, manager, Radioactive Waste Disposal Program, State Budget and Control Board, South Carolina, August 1. Omenn, G. 1997. Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management. Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. Final Report. Volume 1. Washington D.C.: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. Pescatore, C. 2001. Management of Slightly Contaminated Materials: Status and Issues. Paper pre- sented at VALDOR Conference, Stockholm, June. Pijawka, K., and A. Mushkatel. 1992. Public Opposition to the Siting of the High-level Nuclear Waste Repository: The Importance of Trust. Policy Studies Review 10(4): 180-194. Raynor, S., and R. Cantor. 1987. How Fair Is Safe Enough: The Cultural Approach to Societal Technological Choice. Risk Analysis 7:3-9. Sanford Cohen & Associates, Inc. (SCA). 2001. Inventory of Materials with Very Low Levels of Radioactivity Potentially Clearable from Various Facilities. May 30, 2001. Prepared for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under contract NRC-04-01-049. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Seller, F., and J. Alvarez. 1996. On the Selection of Distributions for Stochastic Variables. Risk Analysis 16(1):5-18. Sheppard, S.C., and W.G. Evenden (1997). Variation in Transfer Factors for Stochastic Models: Soil-to-Plant Transfer. Health Physics 72(5):727-733. Shlyakhter, A. L., and Valverde A., Jr. 1995. Integrated Risk Analysis of Global Climate Change. Chemosphere 30(8): 1585-1618. Smith, R. et al. 1996. Revised Analyses of Decommissioning for the Reference Boiling Water Reac- tor Power Station, NUREG/CR-6174 (July). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com- mission. Till, J. E., et al. 1995. The Utah Thyroid Cohort Study: Analysis of the Dosimetry Results. Health Physics 68(4):472-483. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2001. Report on the Fourth Meeting of the Team of Specialists on Radioactive Contaminated Metal Scrap. Geneva: United Nations. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). 1982. Ioniz- ing Radiation: Sources and Biological Effects. The 1982 Report to the General Assembly with Annexes. New York: United Nations.

REFERENCES 179 UNSCEAR. 1988. Sources, Effects, and Risks of Ionizing Radiation. The 1988 Report to the General Assembly with Annexes. New York: United Nations. UNSCEAR. 2000. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. New York: United Nations. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 1998. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Radioac- tive Waste Disposal: Multiple Award Contracts for the Kansas City District, Request for Pro- posal. DACW41-99-0004, December. Kansas City, Kan.: USACE. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). 1980. Draft Environmental Statement Concerning Proposed Exemption from Licensing Requirements for Smelted Alloys Containing Residual Technetium-99 and Low-Enriched Uranium. NUREG-0518. October 1980. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1981. Control of Radioactively Contaminated Material. IE Circular 81-07. Office of In- spection and Enforcement. May 14. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1983. Guidelines for Decontamination of Facilities and Equipment Prior to Release for Unrestricted Use or Termination of Byproduct, Source or Special Nuclear Materials Licenses. Document FC 83-23. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1985. Surveys of Wastes Before Disposal from Nuclear Reactor Facilities. Information Notice 85-92. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1991a. Public Regional Meetings on Below Regulatory Concern Policy Statement August 28-September 27, 1990. SECY-91-087. April 1. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. l991b. Evaluation of the Feasibility of Initiating a Consensus Process to Address Issues Related to the Below Regulatory Concern Policy. SECY-91-132. May 15, 1991. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. l991c. Standards for Protection Against Radiation. Federal Register 56:23360-23474, May 21. USNRC. l991d. Memorandum dated June 28, 1991, from Samuel J. Chilk, secretary, USNRC, to James Taylor, executive director for operations, William Parler, general counsel, and Howard Denton, director of governmental and public affairs, USNRC. USNRC. 1992. Enhanced Participatory Rulemaking Process. SECY-92-045. February 7. Washing- ton, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1994. Draft Proposed Rule on Decommissioning. SECY 94-150. May 31. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1995. Probabilistic Accident Consequence Uncertainty Analysis: Dispersion and Deposi- tion Uncertainty Assessment. Washington, Brussels: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Commission of European Communities. USNRC. 1997. Minimum Detectable Concentrations with Typical Radiation Survey Instruments for Various Contaminants and Field Conditions. Draft NUREG-1507. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1998a. Regulatory Options for Setting Standards on Clearance of Materials and Equipment Having Residual Radioactivity. SECY-98-028, June 30. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1998b. Radiological Assessments for Clearance of Equipment and Materials from Nuclear Facilities. Draft NUREG-1640. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 1999a. Release of Solid Materials at Licensed Facilities: Issues Paper, Scoping Process for Environmental Issues, and Notice of Public Meetings. Federal Register 64: 35090-35100, June 30. USNRC. l999b. Letter from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to the Honorable John Dingell, Committee on Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives. December 20. USNRC. l999c. Rulemaking Process in Response to the Staff Requirements Memorandum for SECY 98-028, Regulatory Options for Setting Standards on Clearance of Materials and Equipment Having Residual Radioactivity, January 27. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 2000a. Control of Solid Materials: Results of Public Meetings, Status of Technical Analy- ses, and Recommendations for Proceeding. Policy Issue Information SECY-00-0070, March 23. Washington, D.C.: USNRC.

180 THE DISPOSITION DILEMMA USNRC. 2000b. Report on Waste Burial Charges. NUREG-1307, Revision 9, September. Washing- ton, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 2000c. Meeting with Stakeholders on Efforts Regarding Release of Solid Material: Pro- ceedings. Transcript of May 9, meeting. USNRC. 2000d. Summary and Categorization of Public Comments on the Control of Solid Materi- als. NUREG/CR-6682. Report Prepared by ICE Consulting, Inc. September 2000. Washington, D.C.: USNRC. USNRC. 2001a. Partial Response to SRM COMEXM-00-0002, Expansion of NRC Statutory Au- thority over Medical Use of Naturally Occurring and Accelerator-Produced Radioactive Mate- rial (NARM). Policy Issue Information SECY-01-0057 (March 29). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. USNRC. 2001b. Letter from Ashok Thadani, director, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, to Martin Offutt, program officer, National Research Coun- cil, written responses to the committee, April 16. Wolbarst, A.B., et al. 1999. Sites in the United States Contaminated with Radioactivity. Zuckerbrod, N. 2001. DOE Drops Nuclear Scrap Consultant (July 26). The Associated Press.

Next: Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members »
The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities Get This Book
×
 The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities
Buy Paperback | $75.00 Buy Ebook | $59.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) and its predecessor, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), have attempted since the 1970s to give greater uniformity to the policy and regulatory framework that addresses the disposition of slightly radioactive solid material. The issue remains unresolved and controversial. The USNRC has tried to issue policy statements and standards for the release of slightly radioactive solid material from regulatory control, while such material has been released and continues to be released under existing practices. In 1980 the USNRC proposed regulatory changes to deregulate contaminated metal alloys but withdrew them in 1986 and began work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop more broadly applicable federal guidance. In 1990 the USNRC issued a more sweeping policy, as directed by the Low Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 (LLWPAA), declaring materials with low concentrations of radioactivity contamination "below regulatory concern" (BRC) and hence deregulated. Congress intervened to set aside the BRC policy in the Energy Policy Act of 1992, after the USNRC's own suspension of the policy. Subsequent attempts by USNRC staff to build consensus among stakeholder groups as a basis for future policy articulations were met by boycotts of stakeholder meetings, both in the immediate aftermath of the BRC policy and again in 1999 during public hearings on a new examination of the disposition of such materials. The only USNRC standard addressing the disposition of slightly radioactive solid material is a guidance document published in June 1974 by the AEC, whose regulatory authority over civilian nuclear facilities the USNRC assumed upon its creation a few months later in January 1975.

In August 2000, with another examination of this issue under way, the USNRC requested that the National Research Council form a committee to provide advice in a written report. The National Research Council established the Committee on Alternatives for Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities to address this task. The committee's task involved evaluating and providing recommendations on the history of the technical bases and policies and precedents for managing slightly radioactive solid material from USNRC-licensed facilities; the sufficiency of technical bases needed to establish standards for release of solid materials from regulatory control ("clearance standards") and the adequacy of measurement technologies; the concerns of stakeholders and how the USNRC should incorporate them; and the efforts of international organizations on clearance standards. The committee was also asked to examine the current system for release of slightly radioactive solid material from regulatory control, to recommend whether the USNRC should continue to use this system and to recommend changes if appropriate. The committee's fact-finding process included two site visits to waste brokering facilities and nearly 40 invited presentations from the USNRC, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and EPA staff; stakeholder organizations; nuclear industry organizations; and other interested parties.

In conducting its study, the committee first examined the current system of standards, guidance, and practices used by the USNRC and agreement states to determine whether to release slightly radioactive solid material from further regulatory control under the Atomic Energy Act. The committee found that the current, workable system allows licensees to release material according to pre-established criteria but contains inconsistencies such that nuclear reactor licensees can release materials only if there is no detectable radioactivity (above background levels), whereas materials licensees can do so if small detectable levels are found. The committee evaluated technical analyses of the estimated doses of the final disposition of slightly radioactive solid materials. These analyses were conducted by federal agencies and international organizations, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the European Commission, and other groups. The Disposition Dilemma:Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities explains the committee's findings and recommendations.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!