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Space-Based Broad casing
The Future of Worldwide
Audio Broadcasting
A Working Paper
Thomas F. Rogers
Submitted to
The Technical Operations Study Committee
for the Voice of America
Board on Telecommunications and Computer Applications
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1985
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NOTICE: This paper was prepared for a project approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee
responsible for executing the project were chosen for their special
competences and with regard for an appropriate balance of information and
insight.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology
with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the
Federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy under the authority of its private, nonprofit,
self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal
operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government,
the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The
National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were
established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences.
The project is supported by Contract No. IA-21130-23 between the United
States Information Agency and the National Academy of Sciences.
A limited number of copies of this paper has been printed.
Board on Telecommunications and Computer Applications
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
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P_AC E
This paper was prepared for submission as a source document to the study
being conducted by the National Research Council's Technical Operations Study
Committee for the Voice of America.
The Committee was appointed in April 1984 to advise and guide the VOA on
its technical planning to renovate, modernize, and expand its transmission
capabi ~ ities and faci ~ ities.
Although the author is a member of the Committee, this paper has not been
reviewed by the Committee or the National Research Council Report Review
Committee and reflects only the views of the author.
Writing and publication took about one year. Much of the time was
devoted to the informal but pointed analysis of a series of drafts by a
substantial number of thoughtful professionals. Much time was also spent in
an effort to obtain as wide a consensus as possible in the context of the
observations and judgments expressed by these professionals.
As the process concluded, it appeared that there was substantial general
agreement as to both the paper's substance and form on today's (and
tomorrow's likely) shortwave broadcasting circumstances; on the desirability
of approaching the use of space for audio broadcasting via a common-user
system-service; and on estimations of service characteristics, initial system
concepts,~and related technological risks, schedules, and acquisition costs.
In addition to the common-user concept, the paper advances other novel
institutional suggestions for serious consideration: a worldwide audio
broadcasting system-service provided, financed, and operated by the private
sector rather than directly by governments, the broadcasting entity having
some responsibility for the design and provision of the basic elements of the
system's surface segment and its space segment; the private sector using the
service to advertise goods and services worldwide, over a medium now
essentially confined to the advertising of political views by governments;
and the use of such a worldwide system-service to provide national, domestic
services as well.
Time did not permit a coalescence of views on these Jatter concepts.
They are so novel as to require more analyses and judgements than the
circumstances surrounding the issuance of the paper have allowed, even though
the present formulations of all of the concepts are probably acceptable to
many, perhaps to most, for further debate. The last concept--the possibility
of a system providing services to meet national-domestic needs--presented the
most difficulty. The difficulty is not one of substance but rather involves
the form in which the paper is presented.
Much of the feedback from colleagues, particularly those with greater and
more recent experience than that of the author in the international political
arenas that deal with telecommunications policy, pointed out that worldwide
broadcasting is much more politically sensitive than nationa1-domestic
broadcasting. This sensitivity springs primarily from the basic fact that
· · —
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today many governments are much more comfortable with their own broadcasting
to the people of other countries than with their own people receiving
broadcasts by other governments. Many governments apparently prefer to talk
rather than listen.
The feedback emphasized that the paper would elicit a more sympathetic
and favorable reading abroad if it focused on the potential of using orbiting
transmitters to provide national-domestic services. This approach also
engages roughly as many countries and utilizes roughly the same amount of
radiowave spectrum as does worldwide shortwave broadcasting.
In the end, the paper's discussion of the impressive potential value of a
national-domestic service was enlarged while the original presentation thrust
was retained. The resulting paper focuses specifically on the national
interest that created the National Research Council's Technical Operations
Study Committee for the Voice of America: concern for the future
broadcasting posture of the United States Information Agency/Yoice of
America. Other times, other circumstances, and other authors can emphasize
the national-domestic area. This paper therefore should be considered
essentially as creative and instructive, not as comprehensive and detailed.
As noted, this paper was not reviewed by the NRC Technical Operations
Study Committee for the VOA and did not go through the NRC review process.
It has greatly profited, however, from the informal comments of Edward
Bedrosian, the Rand Corporation; Bert Cowlan, Consultant; Douglass D.
Crombie, until recently with the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration; Keith Edwards, M.B.E., until recently with the British
Broadcasting Corporation; Dr. Robert B. Fenwick, BR Communications; Dr.
John E. Keigler, RCA--Astro-Electronics, and Robert P. Pahmeier, GE--Space
Systems, all members of the Committee. This paper also benefitted from the
comments of Richard B. Marsten and Jerome D. Rosenberg of the Committee
staff. Ivan Bekey, NASA Headquarters; Dr. Sidney Metzger, formerly of the
Communications Satellite Corporation, and Dr. Wilbur Pritchard, Satellite
Systems Engineering also provided helpful insights.
The author extends particular thanks to Bert Cowlan for bringing to his
attention the recent, important, Soviet paper noted here in footnote 25, and
to Jerome D. Rosenberg for a great deal of professional assistance.
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BOARD ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS - COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
TECHNICAL OPERATIONS STUDY COMMITTEE FOR THE VOICE OF AMERICA
Chairman
ERIC E. SUMNER, Vice President, Operations, Systems and Network Planning,
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, New Jersey
Members
EDWARD BEDROSlAN, Engineering and Applied Sciences Department, The Rand
Corporation, Santa Monica, California
LEWIS S. BILLIG, Director for Communications and Theater Systems, MITRE
Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts
BERT COWLAN, Telecommunications Consultant, New York, New York
DOUGLASS D. CROMBlE, Senior Engineering Specialist, Aerospace Corporation,
Los Angeles, California
d. KEITH EDWARDS, M.B.E., (Retired) Assistant Chief Engineer External
Broadcasting, British Broadcasting Company, Chesham Bucks, England
ROBERT B. FENWICK, Chairman, BR Communications, Sunnyvale, California
JOHN E. KEIGLER, Manager, Communications Satellite Systems, RCA
Astro-Electronics, Princeton, New Jersey
ROBERT P. PAHMElER, Manager of Communications Systems Engineering for
Spacecraft Operation, Genera] Electric Valley Forge Space Center,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
ROBERT P. RAFUSE, Senior Staff, Lincoln Laboratory-MIT, Lexington,
Massachusetts
THOMAS F. ROGERS, Consultant, McLean, Virginia
ROGER d. RUSCH, Manager of Systems Engineering, Federal Systems Division, TRW
Space and Technology Group
DANIEL d. FINK, (Ex-Officio), President, Did. Fink Associates, Inc.,
Arlington, Virginia
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG, (GETS LIAISON MEMBER), Vice President for Logic and
Memory, IBM Corporation, Yorktown Heights, New York
JAMES L FLANAGAN, (CETS LIAISON MEMBER), Head, Acoustics Research Department,
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Staff
RICHARD B. MARSTEN, Executive Director
JEROME D. ROSENBERG, Study Director
LOIS A. LEAK, Administrative Secretary
v
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All states should proclaim policies under which the free flow of information
within countries and across frontiers will be protected. The right to seek
and transmit information should be insured in order to enable the public to
ascertain facts and appraise events....
"The United Nations Declaration on Freedom
of Information," Resolution 59 Alp,
The U.N. General Assembly (1946)
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right
includes freedom to hold opinions...and to seek, receive and import
information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
"The United Nations Universal Declaration
of Human Rights," Article 19,
The U.N. General Assembly (1948)
It is our conviction that the most effective way to reduce the current
~communications] imbalance is not by inhibiting the communications capacity
of some, but by increasing the communications capacity of all....
Statement of U.S. Ambassador John
Reinhardt to the UNESCO General
Conference, Nairobi, 1976,
Quoted in "The United States and the
Debate on the 'World Information Order,"'
Academy for International Development,
Inc., Washington, D.C., page 6
As the world's leading technological innovator, lithe United States of]
America has a special responsibility to strive for equitable
international...arrangements for new communications technology.
"The United States and the Debate on the
'World Information Order,"' page ll9
· ~
V1 1
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Section 102 (a) The Congress hereby declares that it is the policy of the
United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes
for the benefit of all mankind.
Section 102 (c) The...space activities of the United States shall be
conducted so as to contribute materially to....
(5) The preservation of the role of the United States as a leader
in...space...technology and in the application thereof to the conduct
of peaceful activities within and outside the atmosphere....
(7) Cooperation by the United States tin such activities] with other
nations and groups of nations....
National Aeronautics and Space Act of
~ 958, as amended
The member states tof the United Nations] shall use spacecraft in...the
interests of maintaining peace...and for the development of international
cooperation and mutual understanding.
From a new space treaty draft proposed by
the U.S.S.R. and transmitted to the U.N.
in mid-198l,
quoted in "Nature," 292,
August 20, 1981; page 262
...Americans cannot realize the impact of...radio broadcasts "throughout the
world] since they never lack multiple sources of news tand] few Americans
realize that radio, not television or the printed media, is the main means of
communications abroad. tFor instance] Despite the gap in standards of
living, there are ten times more shortwave radio sets in the U.S.S.R. than in
the United States....
"Speaking of America:
Public Policy In Our Times," Kenneth L.
Adelman,
Foreign Affairs, Spring, 1981;
pages 913-936, esp. page 914
Extensive, timely and candid information is an indication of trust in people
and of respect for their intelligence, feelings and ability to comprehend
various events on their own.
Mikhai] S. Gorbachev
General Secretary of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union,
quoted from a December lO, 1984,
speech as reported in the New York
Times, March 13, 1985; page D-2
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vat ~ ~
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1
Genera] Service and Systems Considerations
SECTION 2 Specific Consideration of a UHF DBS-A System-Service
SECTION 3 The Space Segment (Transmitter) - Surface Segment (Receiver)
Power Budget for a UHF DBS-A System-Service
SECTION 4 The Acquisition Cost of a UHF DBS-A System-Service
SECTION 5 The UHF Space Segment and Surface Feeder Ownership and
Operation and Maintenance Costs
SECTION 6 The Space Segment (Transmitter) - Surface Segment (Receiver)
Power Budget for an HE DBS-A System-Service
SECTION 7 The Acquisition Cost of an HE DBS-A System-Service
SECTION 8 Paying for a DBS-A System-Service
SECTION 9 Implications of a DBS-A System Service for the
United States and the United States Information
Agency-Voice of America
CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
POSTSCRIPT
1X
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41
45
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57
63
67
68
73
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...a vision should not be expected to be as precise
as an equation.
Noel Annan i n hi s Introduction to
"Personal Impressions," by
Isaiah Ber] in
The Vi k i ng Pres s,
New York; 1980
x
