National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: A 1987 Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1034.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

REFERENCE COPY FOR LIBRARY USE ONLY Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence A1987 Review Committee to Review Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Manufacturing Studies Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council PROPERTY OF NRC LIBRARY FEB 1 3 1989 NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1987

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the ' selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of , appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly-by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. This study was supported by Contract No. DACA72-85-C-0006 between the United States Army and the National Academy of Sciences. A limited number of copies are available from: Manufacturing Studies Board National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 Printed in the United States of America

OC.LC FEB 1 3 1989 COMMITTEE TO REVIEW ARMY ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WALTER L. ABEL, Chairman. Vice President (retired), Emhart Corporation, Avon, Connecticut MARGARET A. EASTWOOD, Director, Integrated Factory Controls, CIMCORP, Inc., Aurora, Illinois FREDERICK W. FOX, Vice President, Operations, PAX International, Indianapolis, Indiana LESTER A. GERHARDT, ECSE Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York JOHN R. GUTHRIE, General (retired), U.S. Army, Annandale, Virginia TENHO H. HUKKALA, Senior Analyst, National Security Research Group, System Planning Corporation, Arlington, Virginia ROGER N. NAGEL, Director, Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania CHARLES A. ROSEN, Chief Scientist, Machine Intel- ligence Corporation, Atherton, California STAFF GEORGE H. KUPER, Executive Director, Manufacturing Studies Board JANICE E. GREENE, Staff Officer DENNIS A. DRISCOLL, Staff Associate LUCY V. FUSCO, Administrative Assistant ill

MANUFACTURING STUDIES BOARD WICKHAM SKINNER, Chairman. James E. Robison Professor of Business Administration (emeritus), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts ANDERSON ASHBURN, Editor, AMERICAN MACHINIST, New York, New York AVAR AVAKIAN, Vice President, GTE Sylvania Systems Group, Valtham, Massachusetts IRVING BLUESTONE, Professor of Labor Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan BARBARA A. BURNS, Manager, SYSTECON, Division of Coopers & Lybrand, Duluth, Georgia CHARLES E. EBERLE, Vice President, Engineering (retired), The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio ELLIOTT M. ESTES, President (retired), General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan ROBERT S. KAPLAN, Arthur Lowes Dickinson Professor of Accounting, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts ROBERT B. KURTZ, Vice President (retired), General Electric Corporation, Fairfield, Connecticut JAMES F. LARDNER, Vice President, Component Group, Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois MARTIN J. McHALE, Vice President, Control Data Corpora- tion, Bloomington, Minnesota THOMAS J. MURRIN, President, Energy and Advanced Technol- ogy Group, Vestinghouse Electric Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ROGER N. NAGEL, Director, Manufacturing Systems Engi- neering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania RICHARD R. NELSON, H. C. Luce Professor of International Political Economy, Columbia University, New York, New York

DAN L. SHUNK, Director, Center for Automated Engineering and Robotics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona JEROME A. SMITH, Director of Operations, Martin Marietta Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland JOHN M. STEWART, Director, McKinsey and Company, Inc., New York, New York STEVEN C. WHEELWRIGHT, Kleiner Perkins Caulfield & Byers Professor of Management, Stanford University, Stanford, California JOHN A. WHITE, Regents' Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia EDWIN M. ZIMMERMAN, Member, D.C. Bar, Washington, D.C. STAFF GEORGE H. KUPER, Executive Director KERSTIN B. POLLACK, Director, Program Development JANICE E. GREENE, Staff Officer THOMAS C. MAHONEY, Staff Officer VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative Assistant LUCY V. FUSCO, Administrative Assistant MICHAEL S. RESNICK, Administrative Assistant

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Committee to Review Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence is responsible for organizing and conducting the research and writing the findings of this study. Our work would not have been possible, however, without the invaluable contributions of the Manufacturing Studies Board staff who facilitated our work: executive director George Kuper, staff officer Janice Greene, staff associate Dennis Driscoll, and administrative assistant Lucy Fusco. We also wish to thank the peer reviewers--Philip H. Francis, Ira Jacobson, Robert B. Kelley, Jerome A. Smith, and Arthur R. Thomson. Their thoughtful comments on our draft report enabled us to fine-tune its substance and presentation. Perhaps most importantly, we wish to thank the many people from the U.S. Army who so generously gave their time to meet with us and whose candor made this report possible. These people were: Ray E. Bowles, Chief, Mobility Branch, Laboratory Command Thomas Broach, Office of the Assistant Director for Army Research and Technology Philip Emmerman, Chief, Advanced Sensor Systems Branch, Harry Diamond Laboratories, Laboratory Command Larry Gambino, Director, Research Institute, U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories Ronald Green, U.S. Army Research Office, Electronics Division Lucy Hagan, Physical Science Administrator, U.S. Army Materiel Command Catherine Knudson, Research Psychologist/Staff Officer, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command vii

Robert Leighty, Director (retired), Research Institute, U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratory Joseph Psotka, U.S. Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences Kenneth Rose, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Charles Shoemaker, Leader, Robotics Sciences and Military Applications Team, U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory Alex Stewart, Electronics Engineer, Technology Planning & Management Directorate, Laboratory Command Richard Vital!, Technical Director, U.S. Army Laboratory Command Harry Wiggins, Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, U.S. Army Laboratory Command Bruce Zimmerman, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development, and Acquisition Walter L. Abel Chairman viii

CONTENTS 1. HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT. The Original Committee's 1983 Report, 1 Activities of this Committee, 3 2. ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ARMY PROGRAMS The Teleoperated Mobile Anti-Armor Program, Robotic Material Handling Equipment, 7 Robotic Combat Vehicles, 8 Hawk Maintenance Tutor, 10 Legged Machines, 10 Summary of Technical Areas, 11 3. THE ARMY ENVIRONMENT FOR ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. . 15 Inter- and Intra-Agency Coordination, 15 The Need for Leadership and a Champion, 17 Funding of Applications, 17 Industrial Applications, 18 4. EDUCATION AND TRAINING 20 The Urgent Army Need, 20 University Centers Sponsored by the Army, 21 Army Internal Education Programs, 22 Army Internal Training Programs, 23

5. COVCLDSIOBS ABD KECOHMEBDATIONS 24 Conclusions, 24 Recommendations, 26 LIST OF ACROVYMS .... 28

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