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OCR for page R1
Army Robotics and
Artificial Intelligence
A 1987 Review
Committee to Review Army Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
Manufacturing Studies Board
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1987
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report eras approved by
the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are
drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the I - titute of Medicine. The memben of the
committee responsible for the report severe chosen for their special
competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been retrieved by a Coup other than the authors
according to procedure approved by a Report Retried Committee consisting
of members of the National Academy of Scienc - , the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a pn~rate, nonprofit,
self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific
and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and
technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority
of the charter granted to it by the Cony in 18", the Academy has a
mandate that requires it loo advise the federal government on scientific
and technical matters. Dr. F'ranlc Press ~ president of the National
Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering terse established in 196d, under the
charter of the National Academy of Sciences, ~ a parallel ordination of
outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the
selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for ad~rising the federal government. The National
Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting
national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the
superior achievements of entineere. Dr. Robert M. White ~ president of
the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine wry established in 1970 by the National
Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of
appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to
the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility
given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to
be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to
identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O.
Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council eras organized by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to a~ociatc the broad community of science and
technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering l~no~rledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general
policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal
operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the
public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is
administered jointly~by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr.
Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman'
respectively, of the National Research Council.
#
This study eras supported by Contract No. DACA72-85-C-0006 between the
United States Army and the National Academy of Sciences.
limited number of copies
are available from:
Manufacturing Studies Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of Amenca
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COMMITTEE TO REVIEW ARMY ROBOTICS
AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
HALTER L. ABEL, Chairman, Vice President (retired),
Emhart Corporation, Avon, Connecticut
MARGARET A. EASTWOOD, Director, Integrated Factory
Controls, CIMCORP, Inc., Aurora, Illinois
FREDERICK W. FOX, Vice President, Operations,
PAX International, Indianapolis , Indiana
LESTER A. GERHARDT, ECSE Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
JOHN R. GUTHRIE, General (retired), U.S. Army,
Annandale, Virginia
TENHO B. HUKKALA, Senior Analyst, National Security
Research Group, System Planning Corporation,
Arlington, Virginia
ROGER N. NAGEL, Director, Manufacturing Systems
Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania
CHARLES A. ROSEN, Chief Scientist, Machine Intel-
ligence Corporation, Atherton, California
STAFF
GEORGE H. ROPER, Executive Director, Manufacturing
Studies Board
JANICE E. GREENE, Staff Officer
DENNIS A. DRISCOLL, Staff Associate
LUCY V. FUSCO, Administrative Assistant
iii
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MANOFACTU~TNG STODTES BOARD
EICKHAH SKINNER, Chairman, James E. Robison Professor of
Business Administration (emeritus), Harvard University,
Boston, Massachusetts
ANDERSON ASHBURN, Editor, AMERICAN MACHTNIST, New York,
New York
AVAK AVAKIAN, Vice President, GTE Sylvania Systems Group,
Valtham, Massachusetts
IRVING BLUESTONE, Professor of Labor Studies, Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan
BARBARA A. BURNS, Manager, SYSTECON, Division of Coopers &
Lybrand, Duluth, Georgia
CuARl~S E. EBERLE, Vice President, Engineering (retired),
The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
ELLIOTT M. ESTES, President (retired), General Motors
Corporation, Detroit, Michigan
ROBERT S. KAPLAN, Arthur Lowe s Dickinson Professor of
Accounting, Graduate School of Business Administration,
Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
ROBERT B. KURTZ, Vice President (retired), General
Electric Corporation, Fairfield, Connecticut
JAMES F. LARDNER, Vice President, Component Group, Deere &
Company, Moline, Illinois
MARTIN J. McHALE, Vice President, Control Data Corpora-
tion, Bloomington, Minnesota
THOMAS J. MURRIN, President, Energy and Advanced Technol-
ogy Group, Westinghouse Electric Company, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
ROGER N. NAGEL, Director, Manufacturing Systems Engi-
neering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
RICHARD R. NELSON, H. C. Luce Professor of international
Political Economy, Columbia University, New York,
New York
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DAN L. SHUNK, Director, Center for Automated Engineering
and Robotics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
JEROME A. SMITH, Director of Operations, Martin Marietta
Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland
JOHN M. STEWART, Director, McKinsey ant Company, Inc.,
New York, New York
STEVEN C. WHEELWRIGHT, RIeiner Perkins Caulfield & Byers
Professor of Management, Stanford University, Stanford,
California
JOHN A. WHITE, Regents' Professor of Industrial and
Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia
EDWIN M. ZIHKERKAN, Member, D. C. Bar, Washington, D.C.
STAFF
GEORGE H. ROPER, Executive Director
KERSTIN B. POLLACK, Director, Program Development
JANICE E. GREENE, Staff Officer
THOMAS C. MAHONEY, Staff Officer
VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative Assistant
LUCY V. FOSCO, Administrative Assistant
MICHAEL S. RESNICK, Administrative Assistant
vi
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ACKNOWIEDGMENTS
The Committee to Review Army Robotics and Artificial
Intelligence is responsible for organizing and conducting
the research and writing the findings of this study. Our
work would not have been possible, however, without the
invaluable contributions of the Manufacturing Studies
Board staff who facilitated our work: executive director
George Super, staff officer Janice Greene, staff associate
Dennis Driscoll, and administrative assistant Lucy Fusco.
Ve also wish to thank the peer reviewers--Philip H.
Francis, Ira Jacobson, Robert B. Kelley, Jerome A. Smith,
and Arthur R. Thomson. Their thoughtful comments on our
draft report enabled us to fine-tune its substance and
presentation.
Perhaps most importantly, we wish to thank the many
people from the U.S. Army who so generously gave their
time to meet with us and whose candor made this report
possible. These people were:
Ray E. Bowles, Chief, Mobility Branch, Laboratory
Command
Thomas Broach, Office of the Assistant Director for
Army Research and Technology
Philip Emmerman, Chief, Advanced Sensor Systems Branch,
Harry Diamond Laboratories, Laboratory Command
Larry Gambino, Director, Research Institute, U.S. Army
Engineer Topographic Laboratories
Ronald Green, U.S. Army Research Office, Electronics
Division
Lucy Hagan, Physical Science Administrator, U.S. Army
Materiel Command
Catherine Knudson, Research Psychologist/Staff Officer,
U.S. Army Medical Research asset Development Command
vii
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Robert Leighty, Director (retired), Research Institute,
U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratory
Joseph Psotha, U.S. Axmy Research Institute for
Behavioral and Social Sciences
Kenneth Rose, U.S. Army Training ant Doctrine Command
Charles Shoemaker, Leader, Robotics Sciences and
Military Applications Team, U.S. Army Buman
Engineering Laboratory
Alex Stewart, Electronics Engineer, Technology Planning
& Management Directorate, Laboratory Command
Richard Vitali, Technical Director, U.S. Army
Laboratory Command
Harry Wiggins, Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations,
U.S. Army laboratory Command
Bruce Zimmerman, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff
for Research, Development, and Acquisition
~ .
Walter L. Abel
Chairman
viii
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CONTENTS
1. HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT.
The Original Committee's 1983 Report, 1
Activities of this Committee, 3
2. ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ARMY PROGRAMS
The Teleoperated Mobile Anti-Axmor Program, 6
Robotic Material Handling Equipment, 7
Robotic Combat Vehicles, 8
Bawk Maintenance Tutor, 10
Legged Machines, 10
Summary of Technical Areas, 11
3. THE ARMY ENVIRONMENT FOR ROBOTICS AND
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. . . . . - - -
.
.
.
.
Inter- and Intra-Agency Coordination, 15
The Need for Leadership and a Champion, 17
Funding of Applications, 17
Industrial Applications, 18
4. EDUCATION AND TRAINING . .
The Urgent Army Need, 20
University Centers Sponsored by the Army, 21
Army Internal Education Programs, 22
army Internal Training Programs, 23
ix
15
20
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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMXENDATIONS.
ConcIusions, 24
Recommendations, 26
LIST OF ACRONYMS
. .
. 24
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