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OCR for page R1
DIRECTIONS IN
GEN INFER
NC RESEARCH
AN ASSESSMENT
OF OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS
Report of the Engineering Research Board
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
Washington, D.C.
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1987
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW · Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board
of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciencea is a private, nonprofit, aelf-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance
of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the
charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to
advise the federal government on scientific and technical matter . Dr. Frank Press is president of
the National Academy of Sciencea.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous
in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy
of Sciencea the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of
Engineering also Sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages
education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M.
White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the avarices of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of
policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the reponsibility
given to the National Academy of Scienece by its congresaional charter to be an ad~riaer to the
federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify isauea of medical care, research, and
education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Reaearch Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes
of furthering knowledge and Odorizing the federal government. Functioning in accordance with
general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciencea and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities.
The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank
Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and Rice chairman, respectively, of the National
Research Council.
This report and the study on which it is based were supported by the National Science
Foundation, the Department of the Air Force, the Department of the Army, the Department of the
Nary, the Department of Energy, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under
Grant No. CPE-8406141 and by the Department of Commerce-National Bureau of Standards
under Contract No. 50SBNB4C3137.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data
Directions in engineering research.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Engineering—Reaearch—United States. I. National
Research Council (U.S.). Engineering Reaearch Board.
TA160.4.D57 1987 620'.0072 87-20410
ISBN 0-309-03747-6
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, September 1987
Second Printing, March 1988
Third Printing, May 1989
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ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD
ALLEN E. PUCKETT (Chairman), Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer, Hughes Aircraft Company
JACK ~ . KERREBROCK ~ Vice- Chairman), R. C. MacLaurin
Professor and Head, Department of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
WILLIAM G. AGNEW, Technical Director, General Motors
Research Laboratories
GEORGE S. ANSELL, President, Colorado School of Mines
JOHN A. ARMsTRoNG, Vice President for Logic and Memory,
IBM Corporation
ARDEN L. BEMENT, JR., Vice President, Technical Resources,
TRW, Inc.
DANIEL C. DRUCKER, Graduate Research Professor of
Engineering Sciences, Department of Engineering Sciences,
University of Florida
THOMAS E. EVERHART, Chancellor, University of
Illinois Urbana/Champaign
RICHARD H. GALLAGHER, Vice President and Dean of Faculty,
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
EDGAR 3. GARBARINI, Senior Executive Consultant, Bechte]
Group, Inc.
DAVID A . HoDGEs, Professor of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley
PERRY L. MCCARTY, Chairman and Silas H. Palmer Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University
JOHN A. QUINN, Robert D. Bent Professor and Chairman,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Pennsylvania
WILLIAM R. SCHOWALTER, Professor and Chairman,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University
l:Eo J. THOMAS, JR., Director of Research 1,aboratories,
Eastman Kodak Company
· . ~
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commiBBion on Engmeer~ng and Technical Systems Liaison
Comm~sionere
ROBERT R. POSSUM, Dean, School of Engineering and Applied
Science, Southern Methodist University
PETER W. LIKINS, President, Lehigh University
WILLIAM R. SCHOWALTER, Professor and Chairman,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University
Staff
RALPH D. COOPER, Executive Director
VIVIANE SCOTT, Administrative Assistant/Buf~get Analyst
JANET ~ . CROOKS, A Ministrative Secretary
ROBERT J. BURGER, Consultant
~ EFFREY P . COHN, Consultant
STANLEY W. DOROFF, Consultant
COURTLAND S. LEWIS, Consultant
1V
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PANEL ON BIOENGINEERING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(1984-1985)
JOHN A. QUINN (Chairman), Robert D. Bent Professor,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Pennsylvania
LEO J . THOMAS, J R. ~ Vice- Chairman), Director of Research
Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company
JAMES BASSINGTHWAIGHTE, Professor, Center for
Bioengineering, University of Washington
STEPHEN W. DREW, Director, Biochemical Research &
Development, Merck and Company
YUAN-CHENG B. FUNG, Professor, Applied Mechanics and
Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego
ARTHUR E. HUMPHREY, Vice President and Provost, Lehigh
University
ROBERT W. MANN, Whitaker Professor of Biomedical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ROBERT PLONSEY, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke
University
Consult ante
JEFFREY P . COHN
STANLEY W. DOROFF
THEODORE ESDERS
COURTLAND S. LEWIS
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PANEL ON CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN
SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(1984-1985)
RICHARD GALLAGHER (Chairman), Vice President and Dean of
Faculty, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
EDGAR J. GARBARINI (Vice-Chairman), Senior Executive
Consultant, Bechte! Group, Inc.
STEVEN J. FENVES, University Professor of Civil Engineering,
Carnegie-Mellon University
BENC. G ERWICK,JR.,ProfessorofCivilEngineering,
University of California at Berkeley
JOHN W. LEONARD, Vice President Engineering,
Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc.
WILLIAM MCGUIRE, Professor of Civil Engineering, Cornell
University
EDWARD O. PFRANG, Executive Director, American Society of
Civil Engineers
LELAND J. WALKER, Chairman, Board of Directors, Northern
Engineering and Testing, Inc.
Comultants
STANLEY W. DOROFF
COURTLAND S. LEWIS
V1
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PANEI, ON ENERGY, MINERAI,, AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(1984-1985)
PERRY L. MCCARTY (Chairman), Chairman and Silas H.
Palmer Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford
University
ALONZO W . LAWRENCE ~ Vice- Chairman), Vice President,
Science and Technology, Koppers Company, Inc.
DOUGLAS W. FUERSTENAU, Professor of Metallurgy arid
Director, Institute of Mining and Mineral Resources,
University of California at Berkeley
ENEAS D. KANE, Retired Vice President of Technology and
Environmental Affairs, Standard Oil Company of California
WALTER R. LYNN, Director, Program on Science, Technology &
Society and Professor, School of Environmental Engineering,
Cornell University
EDwARD S. RUBIN, Professor, Mechanical Engineering and
Director, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies,
Carnegie-Mellon University
P ONISSERIL S OMASUNDARAN, La van Duddleson Krumb
Professor of Mineral Engineering, Columbia University
ROBERT UHRIG, Vice President, Advanced Systems and
Technology, Florida Power and Light Company
Consultants
STANLEY W. DOROFF
COURTLAND S. LEWIS
· —
V11
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PANEL ON INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS,
COMPUTATION, AND CONTROL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(1984-1985)
THOMAS E . EVERHART ~ Co-Chairman), Chancellor, University
of Illinois Urbana/Cha~npaign
JOHN A . ARMSTRONG ~ Co- Chairman), Vice President for Logic
and Memory, IBM Corporation
JOSE B. CRUZ, JR., Associate Head of Department, and
Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of
Illinois Urbana/Champaign
WILLIAM G. HOWARD, JR., Senior Vice President and Director
of Research & Development, Motorola Corporation
ERNEST S. KUH, Professor of Electrical Engineering,
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
University of California at Berkeley
ROBERT W. LUCKY, Executive Director, Research
Communications Science Division, Bell Laboratories
JOEL MOSES, Head, Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MAX T. WEISS, Group Vice President, Engineering Group,
Aerospace Corporation
Consultants
ROBERT J. BURGER
STANLEY W. DOROFF
COURTLAND S. LEWIS
· . .
V111
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PANEL ON MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(1984-1985)
DAVID A . HODGES ~ Chairman), Professor, Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, University of California
at Berkeley
G EORGE S . ANSELL ~ Vice- Chairman), President, Colorado
School of Mines
G . F REDRIC BOILING, Director, Manufacturing Process
Laboratory, Ford Motor Company
JoHN G. BOLLINGER, Dean, College of Engineering, University
of Wisconsin Madison
JOHN A. DECAIRE, Defense and Electronics Center,
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
JAMES F. LARDNER, Vice President, Component Group, Deere
and Company
M. EUGENE MERCHANT, Director, Advanced Manufacturing
Research, Metcut Research Associates, Inc.
RoGER N. NAGEL, Professor of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, and Director of Institute of Robotics, Lehigh
University
MORRIS A. STEINBERG, Vice President of Science, Lockheed
Corporation
Consultants
ROBERT J. BURGER
STANLEY W. DoRoFF
COURTLAND S. LEWIS
1X
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PANEL ON MATERIALS SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(1984-1985)
WILLIAM R. SCHOWALTER (Chairman), Professor and
Chairman, Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton
University
ARDEN L. BEMENT, JR. (Vice-Chairman), Vice President,
Technical Resources, TRW, Inc.
HAROLD W. PAXTON, Vice President for Corporate Research
and Technology Assessment, United States Steel Corporation
R. BRYON PIPES, Dean, College of Engineering, University of
Delaware
BEN G. STREETMAN, Director, Microelectronic Research
Center, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
JoHN B. WACHTMAN, Director, Center for Ceramics Research,
Rutgers University
JAMES C. WILLIAMS, Carnegie Institute of Technology,
Carnegie-Mellon University
KURT F. WISSBRUN, Senior Research Associate, Celanese
Research Company
ConsuItants
ROBERT J. BURGER
STANLEY W. DOROFF
COURTLAND S. LEWIS
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PANEL ON TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(1984-1985)
DANIEL C . DRUCKER (Chairman), Graduate Research
Professor of Engineering Sciences, University of Florida
WILLIAM G. AGNEW (Vice-Chairman), Technical Director,
General Motors Research Laboratories
DAVID E. BOYCE, Professor of Transportation and Regional
Science, University of Blinom Urbana/Champaign
WILLIAM J. HARRIS, JR., Vice President, Research and Test
Department, Association of American Railroads
JAMES A. HIGGINS, Stanley Associates
THOMAS D . LARSON, Secretary of Transportation,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
HERBERT H. RICHARDSON, Vice Chancellor and Dean of
Engineering, Texas A & M University
A. RICHARD SEEBASS, Dean, College of Engineering and
Applied Science, University of Colorado
JOHN E. STEINER, Retired Vice President, Corporate Product
Development, the Boeing Company
Consultants
ROBERT J. BURGER
COURTLAND S. LEWIS
STANLEY W. DoRoFF
X1
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XX11
A CKNO BLED GMENTS
Pane] on Materials Systems Research
This report was strengthened by the helpful comments and
contributions of many individuals and organizations represent-
ing the materials engineering research community. The pane!
thanks in particular those individuals who gave invited presen-
tations on aspects of materials research: Louis C. lanniello, of the
Department of Energy; Robert Reynik, of the National Science
Foundation; Benjamin Wilcox, of the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency; and Klaus Zwilsky, of the National Materials
Advisory Board. We are also grateful for the participation and
expert counsel of those who joined us in pane! meetings, includ-
ing Bernard Budiansky of Harvard University, Lyle Schwartz of
the National Bureau of Standards, and both Tap an Mukerjee and
Robert Reynik of the National Science Foundation. In addition,
the assistance of Darrell Reneker, of the Office of Science and Tech-
nology Policy, Ward Winer, of the Georgia Institute of Technology,
and Jay Benziger, of Princeton University, is much appreciated.
The input provided by the many individuals and organiza-
tions among them engineering schools, professional societies, fed-
eral and national laboratories, and Presidential Young Investi-
gators responding to the Engineering Research Board's survey
of the research community was an invaluable aid in the prepa-
ration of the report. The institutions and the affiliations of the
respondents are iclentified in the Appendix. In particular, we are
most grateful to the members of an Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers task force, chaired by Professor Gregory E.
StilIman, which prepared An IEEE Opinion on Research Needs in
Electronic Materials" for the panel. That document was extremely
useful in the panel's deliberations.
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A CKNO WLEDGMENTS
. . .
XX111
Finally, we wish to express our appreciation to consultant/
writer Courtiand Lewis for his outstanding support and assistance
in assembling and organizing material for this report, and to the
staff members of the Engineering Research Board, especially Ralph
D. Cooper, Executive Director; Viviane Scott, Administrative As-
sistant and Budget Analyst; Janet J. Crooks, Administrative Sec-
retary; and Michael Resnick, Administrative Secretary, for their
expert assistance during this study.
William R. Schowalter
Chairman
Arden L. Bement,
Vice-Chairman
L ~
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XXIV
A CKNO WLEDGMENTS
Pane} on Transportation Systems Research
This report was strengthened by the helpful comments and
contributions of many individuals and organizations representing
the transportation engineering research community. The pane!
thanks in particular those individuals who gave invited presen-
tations on aspects of transportation research: Howard 3. Dugofl:,
Science and Technology Advisor for the U.S. Department of ~ans-
portation; Raymond Siewert and Jack Bachkosky of the Office
of the Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering;
Allen J. Dowd of the Joint Military Traffic Management Com-
mand; Robert C. Waters of the George Washington University;
William E. Roper, Director of Engineering Research Programs for
the Army Corps of Engineers; Jack W. Boller, Executive Direc-
tor of the National Research Council's Marine Board; and A. 3.
Evans of the National Research Council's Aeronautics and Space
Engineering Board. We are also grateful for the participation and
expert course! of those who joined us in pane! meetings, including
Gifford Albright of the National Science Foundation, Severino L.
Koh of the U.S. Department of Energy, Paul Brockman of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, James Spates of
the U.S. Department of the Army, and Robert E1wood of the U.S.
Department of the Navy.
The input provided by the many individuals and organiza-
tions among them engineering schools, professional societies, fed-
eral and national laboratories, and Presidential Young Investi-
gators responding to the Engineering Research Board's survey
of the research community was an invaluable aid in the prepa-
ration of the report. These organizations and the affiliations of
individual respondents are identified in the Appendix.
l
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A CKNO BLED GMENTS
XXV
Finally, we wish to express our appreciation to consultant/
writer Courtiand Lewis for his outstanding support and assistance
in assembling and organizing material for this report, and to the
staff members of the Engineering Research Board, especially Ralph
D. Cooper, Executive Director; Viviane Scott, Adrn~nistrative As-
sistant and Budget Analyst; Janet J. Crooks, Administrative Sec-
retary; and Michael Resnick, Administrative Secretary, for their
expert assistance during this study.
Daniel C. Drucker,
Chairman
William G. Agnew,
Vice-Chairman
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Preface
Engineering ResearEh Board
Over the past 40 years the United States has emerged as the
preern~nent nation in scientific research. We also enjoy one of the
most entrepreneurial environments in the world. Despite these
advantages, however, our national competitiveness has eroded in
a number of major industries. Although many factors contribute
to that eroding competitiveness, it is now widely recognized that
a major factor is the lack of adequate attention to engineering
research. This is a key link in the chain that includes science
research, development, design, production, and service.
Today scientific and technical knowledge, along with invest-
ment capital, flow freely across national boundaries. With only 6
percent of the worId's population, the United States cannot as-
sume that its leadership in any field is secure. U.S. citizens are
legitimately concerned with how the country can best maintain
its international competitiveness, improve the quality of life for
its people, and provide reasonably for their defense. All three of
these goals can be met only by reinvesting a portion of the na-
tion's resources to improve the prospects for the future. Because
resources are finite, a thoughtful, balanced analysis of the current
XXV11
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~— —
XXV111
PREFACE
situation and a blueprint for action are essential. To that end, the
Engineering Research Board of the National Research Council was
formed with these goals:
to study the condition of engineering research in the United
States and to identify areas requiring priority attention;
to evaluate the role of engineering research in contributing
to national objectives; and
to make recommendations for changes in public policy that
would advance these objectives.
This report summarizes the results of that study. Contri-
butions from hundreds of industrial, academic, and government
experts were analyzed in the course of preparing the report. In-
terdisciplinary panels made up of leading engineering researchers
from academia and industry examined seven carefully chosen ar-
eas of engineering systems. Thus, this report represents a major
effort by the engineering research community to project its future
and clarify its role in meeting major national goals. It is our hope
that those concerned with industrial competitiveness, defense, and
the public welfare will find it useful as they map the future of the
nation.
Allen E. Puckett
Chairman
Jack L. Kerrebrock.
Vice- Chairman
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PREFACE
XX1}C
Panel on Bioengineering Systems Research
The Engineering Research Board was created by the National
Research Council in response to a request from the National Sci-
ence Foundation (NSF) for a study of engineering research. In
particular, the NSF sought advice on important and/or emerging
areas of engineering research.
Early in its deliberations, the Engineering Research Board
identified seven cross-cutting areas of research to serve as focal
points for the study. Separate panels were appointed, each chaired
by a board member, to study those research areas. As one of the
seven, the Pane! on Bioengineering Research was specifically asked
by the Engineering Research Board to:
. describe the scope and character of bioengineering re-
search;
identify important or emerging areas of bioengineering re-
search;
study policy issues affecting the federal government's sum
port of bioengineering research;
assess the adequacy of government and industry funding
for academic research programs;
evaluate the adequacy of mechanisms for attracting young
people to bioengineering and related areas; and
recommend actions that will improve the overall health of
bioengineering research in the United States.
.
The eight members of the panel were equally divided between
those with backgrounds in biomedical engineering and those who
are biochemical engineers (see the introduction for definitions of
these fields). This division represents the panel's view that the two
components of modern bioengineering both have important and
distinct research needs and are of vital importance to the nation.
The pane] was wed aware that both components of bioengi-
neering are subjects of public controversy. The social, ethical,
and philosophical questions surrounding such topics as genetic
engineering, organ transplantation, artificial organs, human re-
productive technology, and life-support technologies are profound
and sometimes heatedly debated. Nevertheless, the pane} chose
not to address these issues. Our subject is engineering research
per se. backing any expertise on these legal, sociological, and even
OCR for page R30
xxx
PREFACE
theological matters, we felt we could add nothing of substance to
the debate.
In conducting the study, the panel used several data sources.
In addition to insights provided by panel members, contributions
were sought by the Engineering Research Board from 15 profes-
sional engineering societies; 20 federal and national laboratories;
80 Presidential Young Investigators; deans of engineering, medi-
cal, and dental schools; and selected key officials of the National
Institutes of Health and the NSF. Those institutions and the affi~-
iations of individuals that responded to the survey with comments
and information pertinent to the needs of this pane] are listed in
the Appendix. Recent authoritative studies of the bioengineering
field were also examined.
This report is thus a highly focused effort to characterize bio-
engineering research and the environment in which it is carried
out. Along with the other members of the panel, ~ hope that the
report will help to focus the attention of policymakers, federal re-
search agency officials, academic adrn~nistrators, and the research
community on matters of critical importance to this dynamic field.
.
John A. Quinn,
Chairman
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Contents
1. Directions in Engineering Research: An Assessment of
Opportunities ant] Needs 1
2. Bioengineering Systems Research in the United States:
An Overview..............................................
~ . . .77
3. Construction ant] Structural Design Systems Research
in the United States: An Overview 115
4. Energy, Mineral, and Environmental Systems Research
in the United States: An Overview 142
5. Information, Communication, Computation, and
Control Systems Research in the United States:
An Overview...............................................
6. Manufacturing Systems Research in the United States:
An Overview...............................................
7. Materials Systems Research in the United States:
An Overview...............................................
8. Transportation Systems Research in the United States:
An Overview...............................................
Index .
XXX1
182
216
239
281
321
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