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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
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STUDY COMMITTEE BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

Martin Wachs, Chair, is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and City and Regional Planning, and Director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California at Berkeley. He was formerly Professor of Urban Planning and Director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California at Los Angeles, where he served three terms as Head of the Urban Planning Program. His research interests include methods for evaluating alternative transportation projects; relationships among land use, transportation, and air quality; and fare and subsidy policies in urban transportation. Most recently, Dr. Wachs chaired the Transportation Research Board’s (TRB’s) Committee for a Study on Urban Transportation Congestion Pricing. He is past Chairman of the TRB Executive Committee. Dr. Wachs holds a Ph.D. in transportation planning from Northwestern University.


Carla J. Berroyer is a Senior Transportation Policy Specialist for Wilbur Smith Associates (WSA). Before joining WSA, Ms. Berroyer enjoyed a 24-year career with the Illinois Department of Transportation, where she held the position of Bureau Chief of Urban Program Planning for 9 years. During her tenure she oversaw the development of urban transportation programs in Illinois, including highway, aviation, and public transit programs; administered the metropolitan planning program and air quality functions; and managed development of the department’s technical database. Ms. Berroyer was a member of the CMAQ Project Selection committee for the Chicago region and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Air Quality of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials for 7 years. She is a past member of the Board of Directors for the American Road

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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
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and Transportation Builders Association and past member of the Federal Advisory Committee on Ozone, PM, and Regional Haze. Ms. Berroyer was formerly a member of Governor George Ryan’s Balanced Growth Subcabinet and of the Regional Growth Strategies’ Task Force for the Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission. She currently serves on two panels of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program of TRB on the Economic Implications of Congestion and the Transportation Impacts of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.


David S. Cordray is Professor of Public Policy and Professor of Psychology at Vanderbilt University. He is also Co-Director of the Center for Evaluation Research and Methodology at the Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies. Before joining the Vanderbilt faculty, he served as Assistant Director of the Division of Program Evaluation and Methodology at the U.S. General Accounting Office and as Associate Professor of Psychology at Northwestern University. Dr. Cordray has written extensively on evaluation methodology, primarily in the human services area. He is past president and past member of the Board of Directors of the American Evaluation Association and has served on several National Research Council (NRC) policy study committees.


Henry E. Dittmar is President of the Great American Station Foundation, a not-for-profit organization that promotes community economic development through the revitalization of railroad stations into centers of economic activity and intermodal transportation hubs. Mr. Dittmar remains a member of the Board of Directors of the Surface Transportation Policy Project (STPP), where he had served as Director, and most recently, as Director for Transportation and Quality of Life Campaign. The mission of STPP, a foundation-funded organization, is to ensure that transportation policy and investments help conserve energy, protect environmental and aesthetic quality, strengthen the economy, promote social equity, and make communities more livable. Before joining STPP, Mr. Dittmar was Manager of Legislation and Finance for the Metropolitan Transportation Commission in Oakland, California, and before that, Director of the

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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
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Santa Monica Airport. He is a member of two TRB policy study committees—the Research and Technology Coordinating Committee (FHWA) and the Committee for a Study for a Future Strategic Highway Research Program—and one standing committee, the Committee on Intergovernmental Relations and Policy Processes.


Eric M. Fujita is Research Professor in the Division of Atmospheric Sciences of the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada. Dr. Fujita has 20 years of experience in planning and conducting air quality studies. He is the principal author of the field study plans for the 2000 Central California Ozone Study, the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97-NARSTO), and the 1996–1997 Northern Front Range Air Quality Study. His primary research interests include source apportionment of ozone precursors and fine particles and the application of ambient air quality and on-road measurements to evaluate the accuracy of emission inventories and the effectiveness of vehicle emission control programs. Dr. Fujita is a member of the Air and Waste Management Association and the American Geophysical Union.


Genevieve Giuliano is Professor in the School of Policy, Planning, and Development at the University of Southern California (USC) at Los Angeles. Before coming to USC in 1988, she taught at the University of California at Irvine. Dr. Giuliano’s research interests include the relationship between land use and transportation, the cost and effectiveness of transportation demand management measures, and transportation policy evaluation. She is a Faculty Fellow of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, member of the Executive Committee of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, and member of the editorial boards of several professional journals. Dr. Giuliano has served on several NRC and TRB policy study committees, including the Committee for Study of Impacts of Highway Capacity Improvements on Air Quality and Energy Consumption, the Committee on Metropolitan Area Governance, and the Committee on International Comparison of National Policies and Expectations Affecting Public Transit. Currently, she is Vice Chair of the TRB Executive Committee.

Page 504
Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
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Joel L. Horowitz is Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Economics at Northwestern University. Before his move to Northwestern in 2001, he was Henry B. Tippie Research Professor of Economics at the University of Iowa. He has also been a Senior Operations Research Analyst at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and has taught at George Washington University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has conducted research in air quality analysis for urban transportation planning, econometric analysis of choice behavior for travel demand modeling, and reduction of adverse environmental impacts of urban transport systems. Dr. Horowitz is a Fellow of the Econometric Society and is a member of the American Economic Association, the American Statistical Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is co-editor or associate editor of several professional journals. Professor Horowitz served on TRB’s Committee for a Study on Urban Transportation Congestion Pricing and on NRC’s Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs. He is currently serving on an NRC standing committee, the Committee on National Statistics, and an NRC policy study committee, the Committee to Improve Research Information and Data on Firearms.


Alan J. Krupnick is Senior Fellow at Resources for the Future and Director of its Quality of the Environment Division. His research focuses on the analysis of environmental issues, with a particular focus on air pollution, cost-benefit analysis, and the design of environmental policies, including their intersection with transportation policies. He recently co-chaired a federal advisory committee that provided counsel to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on implementing its new ozone and particulate standards. In 1994 Dr. Krupnick served as a senior staff economist for environment and natural resources on the President’s Council of Economic Advisers. He served on TRB’s Committee for a Review of the Highway Cost Allocation Study and is currently a member of the NRC Surface Transportation Environmental Cooperative Research Program Advisory Board.

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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
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T. Keith Lawton is Director of Technical Services in the Planning Department at Metro, the metropolitan planning organization for the Portland, Oregon, area. Mr. Lawton leads the model development work at Metro, where he has concentrated on bringing pedestrian environment variables into the modeling process. Currently he is involved in the development of activity-based models that consider daily activity schedules and use tours, rather than trips, as the unit of travel. Mr. Lawton is also involved in the federally supported activity-based model development known as TRANSIMS at the Los Alamos National Laboratories. He is on the Editorial Board of the journal Transportation and is past chair and currently a member of TRB’s Committee on Passenger Travel Demand Forecasting.


Michael D. Meyer is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He served previously as Chair of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering for 6 years. Before coming to Georgia Tech in 1988, Dr. Meyer served for 5 years as the Director of the Bureau of Transportation Planning and Development at the Massachusetts Department of Public Works. Before that, he was a professor in the civil engineering department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Meyer’s research interests include transportation planning and policy analysis, environmental impact assessment, analysis of transportation control measures, and intermodal and transit planning. He is a Professional Engineer in the state of Georgia and member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Transportation Engineers. Dr. Meyer has chaired several TRB activities, including the Task Force on Transportation Demand Management, the Public Policy Committee, the Committee on Education and Training, and the Statewide Multi-modal Transportation Planning Committee. He was also a member of the NRC Panel on Statistical Programs and Practices of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Currently, he is a member of the TRB Executive Committee and the TRB Committee on Statewide Multi-modal Transportation Planning.


Michael R. Morris is Director of Transportation at the North Central Texas Council of Governments, which he joined as a Transportation

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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
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Analyst in 1979. As Transportation Director for the metropolitan planning organization for the Dallas–Fort Worth area, he is responsible for analysis and implementation of CMAQ projects and the conformity process, among other areas of responsibility. Mr. Morris is a registered engineer in the state of Texas. He is a member of the Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, the Institute of Transportation Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the National Society of Professional Engineers, and the Travel Model Improvement Program of the Federal Highway Administration. Mr. Morris has served on the NRC Committee to Review EPA’s Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model and is currently a member of the NRC Committee on Air Quality Management in the United States.


Robert F. Sawyer is Professor in the Graduate School at the University of California at Berkeley, where he is associated with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Energy and Resources Group, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He is a Visiting Professor of Energy and Environment at University College London. Dr. Sawyer conducts research on engine emissions, pollutant formation and control, thermal destruction of toxic wastes, and regulatory policy. He is co-chair of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Mobile Source Technical Advisory Subcommittee of the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, chair of the Special Committee on Emerging Technology of the Health Effects Institute, former member of the California Air Resources Board, and past president of the Combustion Institute. He has served on numerous NRC policy study committees, including the Committee to Review EPA’s Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model and the Committee to Study Diesel Impacts (chair of the Technology Panel of that committee). He was Consultant Panel Chairman for Technology to an earlier NRC Committee on Motor Vehicle Emissions. Dr. Sawyer is a Fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineers and a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the Air and Waste Management Association. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the state of California.

Page 507
Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×

Kenneth A. Small is Professor of Economics at the University of California at Irvine, where he served 3 years as chair of the Department of Economics and 6 years as Associate Dean of Social Sciences. He previously taught at Princeton University and was a Research Associate at The Brookings Institution. Dr. Small has written numerous books and articles on urban economics, transportation, public finance, and environmental economics. He serves on the editorial boards of several professional journals in the fields of urban and transportation studies and has served as co-editor or guest editor for four of them. In 1999 he received the Distinguished Member award of the Transport and Public Utilities Group of the American Economic Association. During 1999–2000 he held a Gilbert White Fellowship at Resources for the Future. He has served on two TRB policy study committees—the Committee for a Review of the Highway Cost Allocation Study and the Committee for a Study on Urban Transportation Congestion Pricing.


Katherine F. Turnbull is an Associate Director at the Texas Transportation Institute, part of the Texas A&M University System. She is also a Visiting Professor in the Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning at Texas A&M University. She is responsible for the overall management of programs in College Station, Arlington, and Austin. Dr. Turnbull’s research interests include high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities, public transportation services, and transportation demand management. She served as Chair of TRB’s Committee on HOV Systems and is the incoming chair of the Group 5 Council. Dr. Turnbull also chaired the Steering Committee for the Conference on Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research. She is a member of several TRB standing committees, including the Task Force on Transportation Needs of National Parks and Public Lands and the Committees on Transportation Demand Management, Public Transportation Planning and Development, Light Rail Transit, Conduct of Research, and New Transportation Systems and Technology. She is a member of the ITS America Coordination Council and is the Chair of the Transit Council of the Institute of Transportation Engineers.

Page 508
Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×

Kathleen C. Weathers is Forest Ecologist and Head of Laboratory Services at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies. She is also a member of the graduate faculty of the Cornell-IES Program in Biogeochemistry and of the Bard College Graduate Program in Environmental Studies. Her research focuses on the interaction of air pollutants and ecosystems. A particular research interest is the effect of edge areas, such as a transportation corridor, on atmospheric pollutants. Dr. Weathers is a member of the Ecological Society of America, the American Chemical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.


Arthur M. Winer is Professor of Environmental Health Sciences in the School of Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and from 1989 until 1998 he served as Director and Chair of the UCLA Environmental Science and Engineering Program. Since 1995 he has also served as Associate Director for the five southern campuses of the University of California’s Toxic Substances Research and Teaching Program. Before joining the UCLA faculty, Dr. Winer was a member of the research faculty of the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center at the University of California, Riverside, where he served as Assistant Director for 8 years. Among his current research interests are field-based exposure assessments for toxic air pollutants and development and application of human exposure models for criteria air pollutants and air toxics. Dr. Winer has been a member of several NRC policy study committees, including the Environmental Impacts Panel of the Diesel Impacts Study Committee. He has also served on the Health Effects Institute’s Exposure Analysis Subcommittee, Diesel Working Group, and Review Panel on Epidemiologic Investigations of Effects of Automotive Emissions. Dr. Winer is a member of the International Society of Exposure Analysis, the American Chemical Society, and the Air and Waste Management Association.

Page 501
Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×
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Page 502
Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×
Page 502
Page 503
Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×
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Page 504
Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Study Committee Biographical Information." Transportation Research Board. 2002. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10350.
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Page 508
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TRB Special Report 264 - Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience recommends that Congress retain the sole federal surface transportation program that funds projects to reduce pollution and traffic congestion in areas that must comply with national air quality standards.

The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) program was enacted as part of the surface transportation legislation authorized in 1991 to provide support for projects that would aid local efforts to meet the strict new federal deadlines imposed by the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. CMAQ was included in the reauthorization of surface transportation legislation in 1998 for another 6 years, and funding for this period was set at $8.1 billion. In the 1998 legislation, Congress also requested an evaluation of the effectiveness of the program and the cost-effectiveness of the projects funded by the program.

CMAQ funds are focused primarily on the transportation control measures (TCMs) contained in the 1990 CAAA (with the exception of vehicle scrappage programs, which have not been permitted). TCMs are strategies whose primary purpose is to lessen the pollutants emitted by motor vehicles by decreasing highway travel (for example, bicycle, pedestrian, and some transit projects) and to encourage more efficient facility use (for example, projects focused on ridesharing and on traffic flow improvements, such as signal timing). In addition, CMAQ funds may be used for projects that reduce vehicle emissions directly, such as through vehicle inspection and maintenance programs and purchase of alternative-fueled transit vehicles. In the spirit of the legislation that originally authorized the program, decisions about project selection are made at the local level, usually by or through the local metropolitan planning organization.

After reviewing the limited information available about these types of projects, the committee that evaluated the CMAQ program concluded that, when compared on the sole criterion of tons of emissions reduced per dollar spent, strategies aimed directly at emissions reductions—such as emissions and fuel standards for new vehicles, well-structured inspection and maintenance programs, and vehicle scrappage programs—are more cost-effective than the typical CMAQ TCMs, which tend to depend on changes in behavior. A few behaviorally based TCMs, however, such as pricing and regional ridesharing, compare favorably with vehicle- and fuel-based strategies. The committee recommended that the CMAQ program be continued, in part because it is a "funded" rather than an "unfunded" mandate. The committee also called for a focus of future projects on reductions in emissions with the largest public health consequences and for improved evaluation of project effectiveness.

Special Report 264 Summary

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