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Units of Observation and Explanation
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Proximity to Violent Events and Their Consequences
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Predisposing
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Situational
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Activating
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Social
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Macrosocial
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Concentration of poverty
Opportunity structures
Decline of social capital
Oppositional cultures
Sex-role socialization
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Physical structure
Routine activities
Access: Weapons, emergency medical services
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Catalytic social event
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Microsocial
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Community organizations
Illegal markets
Gangs
Family disorganization
Preexisting structures
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Proximity of responsible monitors
Participants’ social relationships
Bystanders’ activities
Temporary communication impairments
Weapons: carrying, displaying
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Participants’ communication exchange
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Individual
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Psychosocial
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Temperament
Learned social responses
Perceptions of rewards/ penalties for violence
Violent deviant sexual preferences
Cognitive ability
Social, communication skills
Self-identification in social hierarchy
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Accumulated emotion
Alcohol/drug consumption
Sexual arousal
Premeditation
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Impulse
Opportunity recognition
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Biological
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Neurobiologica “traits”
Genetically mediated traits
Chronic use of psychoactive substances or exposure to neurotoxins
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Transient neurobiologica “states”
Acute effects of psychoactive substances
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Sensory signal-processing errors
Interictal events
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aIncludes neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine. “Traits” describes capacity as determined by status at birth, trauma, and aging processes such as puberty. “States” describes temporary conditions associated with emotions, external stressors, etc.
SOURCE: NAS, 1993.
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