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375 A Abstract grievances, 4, 337 Academic performance, 5, 38, 45, 75, 88, 103, 104, 107, 136, 148, 177, 202, 204, 257 Access to weapons, 5, 254, 256, 307â308 bomb-making instructions, 47, 50 Heath High School shooter, 140, 145â146 Heritage High School shooter, 34â35, 42, 48, 52â53, 68 Parker Middle School shooter, 81â82, 84, 93 prevention of school violence and, 7, 93, 335 research needs, 337â338 Tilden High School shooter, 179 Westside Middle School shooters, 106, 109, 117, 130 See also Guns Adolescent development, 249, 256â257 status anxieties, 336 Adolescent mass murderers, 303â304 Alexander, Eric, 212 Alford plea, 153 Ambrose, Leonard G., 97 Amer, Christina, 108 Anderson, Robert, 198, 203 Atlas.ti software, 201 Attention deficit disorder, 42â43, 258 Index B Barnes, Crystal, 108 Beck, Carol, 201, 203, 211, 212, 227 Benedek, Elissa, 150 Bentley, Jason, 198, 204, 214, 231â233. See also Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings Bentley, Jermaine, 202 Berger, Robert H., 216 Betts, Ashley, 108 Biopsychosocial research, 199 Blundell, Mae Dean, 41 Bond, Bill, 132, 142 Boraten, Edrye May, 73, 81 Breen, Michael, 157 Brooks, Jenna, 108 Brooks, Natalie, 108 Buckley, Brendan P., 204 Bullying and taunting, 94, 317 definition and characteristics, 316, 317 harmful effects, 317 life-span development and, 317 prevalence, 316â317 preventive interventions, 67, 124, 317â318 research needs, 338 by shooter, 104, 115, 116 shooter as target of, 6, 49, 67, 115, 116, 146â147, 308 Byrne, Thomas, 187, 188â189, 191
376 INDEX C Cameron, Shawn, 204 Carneal, Ann, 135, 143, 144 Carneal, John, 135â136, 143, 144 Carneal, Kelly, 133, 135, 137, 143, 144, 148 Carneal, Micheal, 135â138. See also Heath High School (Paducah, Kentucky) shooting Carroll, Patrick, 206, 221, 222 Case study findings contagion mechanisms, 259â260 cultural factors, 253â255 responses to incidents, 260â264 school characteristics, 255â256 shooter characteristics, 256â259 significance of, 15, 311â312, 351, 353â 354, 360â362 similarities and differences among, 249â 252, 266â283 socioeconomic factors, 252 See also specific case Case study methodology, 14â15, 17â18, 23, 199 appropriate use, 8, 24, 351, 352â354, 360â362 case selection, 2, 3, 13, 18â20, 351 cross-case analysis, 247â248 data sources, 22â23, 26â27, 71â72, 101, 132â133, 199â202 defining characteristics, 353 generalizability, 353â354 goals, 10â11, 17 naturalistic approach, 354â355 negative case analysis, 360â361 systems approach to behavioral research, 352, 355â360 template design, 20â22 Castillo, Sheila, 185 Causes of school violence, 4, 309, 310, 328â 329 adultâchild relationships, 152â153, 235â 236, 253â254 bullying and taunting, 67, 116, 146â147 challenges in identifying, 285 classification, 328 community characteristics and, 19, 252, 328 copycat incidents, 39, 41, 97, 259â260, 325, 326 cross-case analysis, 248 cultural factors, 253â255 dynamic/situational factors, 311â312, 314 exposure to media violence, 117â118, 130, 151â152, 253â255, 315â316, 325 family problems, 114â116, 143â145 gun culture, 116â117, 145â146, 254 Heath High School shooting, 143â153 Heritage High School shooting, 41, 67â 68 interpersonal conflict, 202, 205, 225 mental health of shooter, 39â41, 114, 150â151 multifactorial, 247â248, 331 research needs, 8, 338 school characteristics, 255â256 shooter characteristics, 256â259, 309 socioeconomic factors, 252 structural, 311, 312 student beliefs, 65 Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 202, 205, 237 Tilden High School shooting, 163 Westside Middle School shooting, 113â 120, 129â130 See also Goals of shooter Chicago, Illinois history of school violence, 164 See also Tilden High School (Chicago, Illinois) shooting Christian Institute of Human Relations, 96 Civil law suits, 63, 97, 128, 155â157, 262â263 against gun manufacturers, 117, 128 Clark, Charles, 150 Coleman, James S., 160, 238 Columbine High School (Littleton, Colorado) shooting, 1, 25, 234, 260, 341 influence on Heritage High School shooter, 39, 41, 49â52, 56â57, 67 Committee to Study Youth Violence in Schools, 1â2, 10â11 Community characteristics, 2â3, 5â6, 18, 21 aftermath of Heath High School shooting, 154â160 aftermath of Heritage High School shooting, 64â67 aftermath of Tilden High School shooting, 184 aftermath of Westside Middle School shooting, 127â129 attitudes toward civil suits filed by victimsâ families, 156â157
377INDEX attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64â65, 154, 155 attitudes toward shooterâs family after incident, 155â156 attributions of causality for shootings, 261â262 causes of school violence related to, 19, 252, 328 criminal and violent behavior, 31â33, 92 criminal justice system, 33â34 cross-case comparison, 268â271 demographics, 28, 29, 89â90, 133, 134, 169â171, 172 entertainment and recreation, 29, 32â33, 37, 90â92 forms of school violence related to, 18â 19 gun culture, 34â35, 66, 93, 116â117, 145â 146, 209, 221, 226, 230 Heath High School, 133â134, 152â153 Heritage High School, 25, 27â34 interventions to prevent violence, 7, 92â 93 involvement with school after incident, 191, 203, 212â214 motivations of shooters and, 249â252 obstacles to violence prevention, 227â 228 Parker Middle School, 88, 89â92 race/ethnicity, 169â170, 171, 172 rapid social change, 6, 27â28, 29, 30â31, 66, 169â170, 207â210, 230â231, 252, 341 religiosity, 30, 90, 102, 135 research needs, 340â341 resident self-image, 29â30 responses to shooting incidents, 261 shooter characteristics and, 256 socioeconomic, 28, 29, 31, 90, 133â134, 163, 169â172, 175, 224 street violence, 203 Thomas Jefferson High School, 202, 204â205, 207â210, 212â214, 217â222, 229, 230â233, 237 Tilden High School, 169â172 urban confrontation scenarios, 222â225 urban ecological transition, 217â221 Westside Middle School, 101â102 youthâadult relationships, 6, 7â8, 119â 120, 152â153, 160, 227â228, 231â233, 235â236, 237â239, 253â254, 256, 263â 264 youth exposure to violence, 228, 229 See also Suburban and rural schools; Urban schools Consequences of violence, 3â4, 22 community actions and beliefs, 64â67, 127â129, 154â155 definition of school violence, 13 Heath High School shooting, 132, 138â 139, 154â155, 159â160 Heritage High School shooting, 25, 55â 56, 62â67 long-term, 159â160 mortality/morbidity, 1, 55â56, 62, 70, 73, 101, 202â203 Parker Middle School shooting, 97 resident self-image, 29â30 suicidal behavior of shooter, 25, 27, 61, 62 for teachers, 126, 127, 160, 340 threats against school, 123 victim mental health, 62â63, 125â127, 159â160 Westside Middle School community, 122â123 See also Responses to violent incidents Conti, Joseph P., 74 Conyers, Georgia. See Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting Copycat incidents, 5 conceptual model, 326 contagiousness of violence, 3 cross-case analysis, 259â260 Heritage High School shooting as, 39, 41, 49â52, 56â57, 67 influence of Columbine High School shooting, 1, 25, 39, 41, 49â52, 56â57, 67, 234, 260, 341 influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 316 mass murders, 319â320 media role in, 325â326 Parker Middle School shooting as, 97 prevalence, 324â325 prevention, 309 proliferation of, 68 research needs, 340 statistical evidence, 296â297 suicide clusters, 326â328 Westside Middle School, 118 workplace violence, 320â321
378 INDEX Corley, Sharron, 226 Cornell, Dewey, 150 Corporal punishment, 43â44, 48, 107 Cosby, Bill, 212â213 Course of events, 20â21, 305 cross-case comparison, 250â251, 266â267 Heath High School shooting, 140â143 Heritage High School shooting, 25, 52â 57 initial press reports in Tilden High School shooting, 164, 165â167, 168 Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 72â 74, 76â77, 80â81 shooter behavior after shooting, 45â47, 77, 110â111 Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 200, 202â203, 205â206, 216 Tilden High School shooting, 179â180 Westside Middle School shooting, 108â 113 Craft, Jeffrey, 96 Criminal behavior characteristics of violent juvenile offenders, 313 Heritage High School community, 31â33 national homicide patterns, 297â301 Parker Middle School community, 92 shooter history, 39, 48â49, 105, 136, 177, 182â183, 205, 257 suspected co-conspirators of shooter, 74, 142â143 Tilden High School community, 175, 176 Criminal justice process competency of juveniles in, 121 confidentiality issues, 165â166 cost of defense, 84 cross-case analysis, 262â263 eligibility for parole and probation, 57, 61 Heath High School shooting, 153â154 Heritage High School shooting, 26â27, 34, 57â62 juveniles tried as adults in, 34, 57â58, 59â60, 74, 121, 153, 165 media coverage and, 166â167, 168, 181 mental health care in prison, 99 mental health of defendant, 39â40, 57, 58â61, 62, 68â69, 74â75, 79, 121, 150, 153, 215â217, 258 Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 74, 79 prosecution and sentencing of shooter(s), 6â7, 25, 34, 57â62, 120â122, 153â154, 166â167, 168, 178â184, 262 public perception of leniency in, 7, 121â 122, 127â128, 153â154 response to violent incidents, 6â7 Rockland County, Georgia, 33â34 Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 214â217 Tilden High School shooting, 163, 164, 166â167, 168, 178â184 victim participation in prosecution and sentencing, 63 Westside Middle School shooting, 120â 122 Crist, Patricia M., 73, 74, 96 D Daley, Richard, 163, 164, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194 Definition of school violence, 11â13, 287â 288 Delusional thinking, 78â79 Depression classification of mental illness in legal proceedings, 58 in shooter, 39, 47, 305 Dinkins, David, 199, 206, 211, 213, 236 Donaldson, Greg, 201, 204, 223, 224â225 Drug and alcohol use, 256 crack cocaine, 314 in Heritage High School, 32â33, 37 in Parker Middle School community, 92 by shooter, 48, 75, 84 in Thomas Jefferson High School community, 209, 221â222 youth violence and, 314, 315 E East New York, New York. See Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings Ecological mapping, 201 Ecological psychology assessment, 41 Edinboro, Pennsylvania. See Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting Egitto, Francis X., 217
379INDEX Emotional functioning family of shooter, 44, 45â47 shooter characteristics, 50â51, 78, 85, 105â106, 115, 204â205 of shooting victims, 62â63 trauma-related disorders, 234 Engel, George, 199 F Family structure and functioning community attitudes toward perpetratorâs family, 155â156 cross-case analysis, 248 divorce, 41â42, 103 emotional functioning, 44, 45â47 Heath High School shooterâs, 135â136, 143â145, 155 Heritage High School shooterâs, 25, 41â 44 interactions after shooting, 45â47 marital relations, 84 Parker Middle School shooterâs, 76, 78, 83â85 protective factors, 92â93 recognition of mental problems, 97â98 residential moves, 42â43, 103 shooter characteristics, 5, 25, 41â44, 76, 78, 83â85, 103, 104â107, 114â116, 135â 136, 171â172, 228, 258â259, 305, 307 sibling relations, 43, 76, 84, 144, 148 supervision and discipline, 43â44, 103, 105, 106â107, 114, 144â145 Thomas Jefferson High shootersâ, 204 Tilden High School shooterâs, 171â172 victimsâ families, 62, 154 in violent urban environment, 228 Westside Middle School shooterâs, 103, 104â107, 114â116 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 308â 309 Fernandez, Joseph, 199, 204, 211, 212 Fletcher, Justin, 73, 76, 80â81, 86â87 Forms of school violence conceptual classification, 288â291 definition of school violence, 11â13, 287â288 research needs, 337â338 trends, 2, 4â5 in urban vs. rural/suburban communities, 5, 7, 18â19, 249â252, 289 Fresh, Doug E., 204 Frustration, 319 G Gang activity/affiliation, 33, 118, 226, 253, 313 alliances between gangs, 173 racial conflict and, 173, 174â175, 178 Tilden High School shooting and, 75, 164, 165, 172â174, 176, 177, 178, 183, 184 in youth homicide epidemic of 1990s, 313, 315 Gillette, John J., 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 97 Glover, Dewaun, 178, 179 Goals of shooter, 307 to achieve group acceptance, 148â149 cross-case comparison, 268â269 to get attention, 59, 118 in Heath High School shooting, 146â150 media speculation about, 56 in Parker Middle School shooting, 80 revenge against despised groups, 49, 147â148 revenge for teasing and bullying, 67, 116, 146â147 shootersâ statements, 56, 76â77, 143 suicide by cop, 59, 323â324 in Tilden High School shooting, 180 in urban vs. rural/suburban communities, 249â252 in Westside Middle School shooting, 112, 113 Golden, Andrew, 101, 106â108, 115â116, 118 See also Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) shooting Golden, Doug, 106 Greene, Bob, 188 Guns civil suits against manufacturers of, 117, 128 community attitudes, 34â35, 66, 93, 116â 117, 145â146, 209, 221, 226, 230 control efforts, 222 reasons for possessing, 35 research needs, 337â338 school security policies, 66â67 shooterâs enthusiasm for, 44â45, 49, 117 student attitudes and experiences, 210, 226
380 INDEX trigger locks, 93, 117 use in peer conflicts, 37â38 youth homicide epidemic of 1990s and, 313, 314, 315 See also Access to weapons Gutmann, Ann, 216, 217 H Habib, Joseph, 165, 166, 168, 179, 181, 182 Hadley, Nicole, 137â138, 139, 148, 149 Hamburg, Margaret, 210 Hard, Kelly, 139 Hawkins, Yusef, 205 Hayes, Lonnie, 223, 225 Heath High School (Paducah, Kentucky) shooting, 20 causes, 143â153 civil suits arising from, 155â157 community characteristics, 133â134, 152â153 consequences for community, 154â155 course of events, 140â143 data collection, 132â133 mortality/morbidity, 132, 138â139 prosecution and sentencing, 153â154 school characteristics, 134â135 school security response, 157â159 shooter characteristics, 135â138 suspected co-conspirators, 142â143 Henderson, Jermaine, 203 Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting, 20 causes, 41, 67â68 community characteristics, 25, 27â31, 64â67 consequences, 30, 62â67 course of events, 25, 52â57 data collection, 26â27 gun ownership and, 34â35, 68 influence of Columbine shooting, 49â52, 56â57, 67 overall crime rate of region, 31â33 school characteristics, 38â39 security measures before, 38â39 shooter characteristics, 25, 39â49, 67â68 student characteristics, 35â38 trial and sentencing, 34, 57â62, 68â69 Herring, Paige, 108 Hill, John, 215 Holm, Hollan, 139, 160 I Impellizzeri, Irene, 213 Infoshare, 201 Internet, 47, 50, 136â137, 144 Irushalmi, Bruce, 201 Irving, Whitney, 108 J Jackson, Jesse, 184â185, 194 Jacobs, Jane, 222â223 Jacobs, Jennifer, 108, 112 James, Jessica, 138 Jenkins, Melissa, 139, 160 Johnson, Mitchell, 101, 102â106, 108, 114â 115, 117â118. See also Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) shooting Johnson, Scott, 103 Johnson, Stephanie, 108, 110 Jonesboro, Arkansas. See Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) Juvenile Justice Reform Act, 34 Juviler, Michael, 214 K Kaltenbach, Tim, 153 Keene, Craig, 139 Kimbaugh, Ted, 188, 194 Knox, George, 174 Kuby, Ron, 215, 216 Kunstler, William, 215, 216, 217 L Lambie, Brittany, 108 Lawson, Delondyn, 163, 164, 165, 168, 179 Lawson, Linda, 164, 168, 181 Lee, Spike, 213 Literature review, 13â14, 302 contagion mechanisms, 324â328 mass murders, 303â304, 318â320 school rampage shootings, 303â309 suicide of homicide offenders, 322â324 violence in general, 309â312 workplace violence, 320â322 youth violence, 313â316 Loners, 36, 44, 45, 48, 303, 305 Lowery, Richard, 210
381INDEX M Mass murderers, 303â304, 318â320 Masters, David A., 73, 89 McCall, Carl, 204 McGowan, Tristan, 108 McIlvane, Thomas, 320â321 Media coverage, 29â30, 63 community resentment of, 64, 121â122, 155 copycat crimes and, 325â326 criminal justice process and, 166â167, 168, 181 cross-case analysis, 260 exposure to media violence as cause of violence, 117â118, 130, 151â152, 253â 255, 315â316, 325 historical consistency, 295 imitative suicide and, 327â328 incident response, 56, 122 initial press reports in Thomas Jefferson High School shooting, 214â215 initial press reports in Tilden High School shooting, 164, 165â167, 168 Medley, Lena, 201 Mental health access to care, 66, 99 assessment and diagnosis, 40â41, 47, 93â94 causes of rampage shootings, 329 competency of juveniles, 121 detection of potential problems, 93â95, 97â98, 125, 159 development of psychosis in shooter after trial, 151 ecological psychology approach to assessment, 41 Heath High School shooter, 138, 150â151 Heritage High School shooter, 26â27, 39â41, 49â50, 57, 58â61, 62, 67 legal issues, 57, 58â61, 68â69, 121, 153, 215â217, 258 Parker Middle School shooter, 74â75, 76, 77â80, 97â98 provision of counseling services after incident, 65â66, 125â126, 203 psychological problems of victims, 62â 63, 125â127, 159â160 research needs, 339â340 shooter characteristics, 5, 42, 257â258, 305, 306 Westside Middle School shooters, 114 Merski, Robert, 95 Moore, Ian, 198, 205, 206â207 Moral panic, 193â195 Music, 47â48, 51â52, 75, 117â118, 315 N Nation, Sidney, 57, 60, 61 National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, 308â309 National Organization of Victim Assistance, 125 National School Safety Center, 291 National Threat Assessment Center, 306â308 O OâBrien, John S., 79 OâConnor, Kathleen, 151 Ojiste, Lance, 216 P Paducah, Kentucky. See Heath High School (Paducah, Kentucky) shooting Palmisano, Michael M., 70, 97 Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting, 20 causes, 97â98 community characteristics, 89â92 course of events, 70, 72â74, 76â77, 80â81 data collection, 71â72 responses to, 92â96 school characteristics, 70â71, 88â89 shooter characteristics, 70, 74â80, 83â87 suspicion of conspiracy, 74 trial and sentencing, 70, 97 victims and witnesses, 70, 76â77, 80â83 Peer relations adolescent information processing deficits, 316 association with delinquent peers, 48â49 attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64â65 between shooters, 108, 109, 113 causes of school violence, 4, 202, 205 conflict between groups, 37 conflict between individuals, 37â38 gaining and protecting reputation, 226
382 INDEX Heath High School shooter, 136, 137, 147â149 Heritage High School, 35â38 individuals aware of shooterâs plans, 74, 81â83, 111, 140, 307, 308 interventions to improve, 213 loners, 36, 44, 45, 48, 303 Parker Middle School shooter, 74, 85â87 sexual behavior, 29â30 shooter characteristics, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48â49, 74, 85â87, 104, 107, 116, 150â151, 259 student groups and cliques, 6, 35â37, 49 suspected co-conspirators of shooter, 74, 142â143 threat assessment, 308â309 Westside Middle School shooters, 104, 107 youthâadult relationships and, 235â236 Pillars of Good Character, 94 Police, 66, 67 data sources, 26â27 gang interaction, 173 incident response, 54â55, 110â111, 167â 168, 341â342 in schools, 89, 95â96, 124â125, 158, 186â 187, 211, 263, 334 suicide by cop, 59, 323â324 youth perceptions of, 32â33 Pope, Elijah, 203 Porter, Candice, 108, 112 Prevention of violent incidents, 7â8 access to guns and, 7, 93, 335 challenges in designing interventions for, 285, 330 character education programs, 94, 98, 192 community-level interventions, 7 community standards as obstacle to, 227â228 consideration of dynamic/situational factors, 312 costs, 331 cross-case analysis of strategies for, 263â264 fostering student relations for, 213 Heath High School interventions, 89 identification of likely offenders, 332â334 improving youthâadult relationships for, 92â93, 160, 235â236, 237â239, 256, 263â264 intervention with bullying behavior, 67, 124, 317â318 interventions targeting adolescent development, 336 mental health interventions, 40â41, 68, 93â94 monitoring for problems in students, 93â95, 98, 125, 333 Parker Middle School interventions, 89 primary interventions, 330, 331 public health model, 330â331 research needs, 8 school shooter threat assessment, 308â 309 secondary/tertiary interventions, 330, 331â332 in smaller schools, 212 Thomas Jefferson High School interventions, 211â214, 236 thwarted events since Columbine High School shooting, 296 United for Safety Project, 213â214 weekend retreats, 213, 236 Westside Middle School interventions, 123â125 See also Security systems and practices R Race/ethnicity in Chicago gang conflict, 173, 174â175, 178 Heath High School demographics, 134 Heritage High School community, 29, 35, 36 Tilden High School community, 169â 170, 171, 172 Rampage violence, 4, 7, 288 existing research, 303â309 international incidents, 295â296 trends, 4â5 Religion/spirituality to foster childâadult relationships, 119 Heath High School community, 135 Heritage High School community, 30 Parker Middle School shooter, 75 violence and, 30 Westside Middle School community, 102 Westside Middle School shooters, 103â 104 Research needs, 8 contagion mechanisms of school violence, 340
383INDEX developmental effects of exposure to violence, 339â340 effects of community change, 341 effects of school shootings for perpetrators, 337 effects of school shootings for victims, 337 failed attempts of school violence, 342 gun access and use, 338â339 individual risk factors for school violence, 339â340 nonlethal school violence, 337â338 parenting styles, 341 police response to school shootings, 342 prevalence of adolescent mental illness, 339 school security systems, 342 suicidal behavior/ideation among adolescents, 340 types of violence in urban schools vs. suburban/rural schools, 337â338 violence among suburban and rural youth, 336â337 workplace violence against teachers, 340 Responses to incidents, 22 attitudes toward shooter, 64â65, 154 cross-case analysis, 260â264, 278â283 moral panic analysis, 193â195 Parker Middle School community, 92â 96, 99 policy formulation, 4, 22, 263â264 preparedness for, 102 principalâs immediate actions, 190â192, 203 provision of counseling services, 65â66, 125â126, 154â155, 191, 203 school security reforms, 7, 55, 66â67, 95â96, 123â125, 157â159, 184â196, 211â212, 236, 262â263 Thomas Jefferson High School community, 203, 212â214 Tilden High School shooting, 184â190, 192â196 victim memorial, 71, 128, 154, 159 victimâs funeral, 203â204, 206â207 Revenge, 49, 67, 116, 147â148, 306, 307 classroom avenger model, 304â306 Rights of Passage Program, 192 Risk factors, 310 dynamic/situational, 311â312 research needs, 339â340 school shooter threat assessment, 308â 309 shooter characteristics, 5, 256â257, 332â 334 structural, 311, 312 Ritalin, 42â43, 52 Rockdale County, Georgia. See Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting Romantic relationships of shooters, 45, 75, 87, 112, 115, 137â138, 139, 259 Rural schools. See Suburban and rural schools Russell, John, 215, 216 S Sadoff, Robert L., 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 87 Scaletta, Rick, 96 Schaberg, Shelley, 139, 160 Schetky, Diane, 150 Schneider, William, 58, 59â60 School characteristics, 22 as cause of school violence, 255â256 corporal punishment, 107 cross-case comparison, 272â273 culture of bullying, 317â318 gang activity, 178 Heath High School, 134â135 Heritage High School, 38â39, 66â67 immediate actions in response to shootings, 190â192, 203 interventions to prevent violence, 93â 95, 98, 157â159 parental involvement, 135, 238â239 Parker Middle School, 70â71, 88â89 post-incident trauma counseling, 65â66, 125â127, 154â155, 203 reforms following Tilden High School shooting, 184â190, 192â196 rule setting and enforcement, 123, 125â 126, 135, 163, 189â190 teacherâstudent relationships, 119â120 Westside Middle School, 102, 116 See also Security systems and practices School resource officers, 89, 95â96, 124â125, 158, 334 School violence, generally in aggregate patterns of violence, 285â 286, 289â291, 297, 299â301
384 INDEX classification, 288â291 existing research, 303â309 international incidents, 295â296 operational definition, 11â13, 287â288 research needs, 8, 336â342 trends, 1, 9â10, 11, 291â297, 300â301 Secret Service, 306â308 Security systems and practices effectiveness of, in preventing school violence, 334â335 exclusion of students, 192, 196, 212 Heath High School, 157â159 Heritage High School, 38â39 incident response, 55, 190â191 metal detectors, 66, 163, 164, 167, 184â 185, 186â189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 210â211, 236, 263â264, 334 Parker Middle School, 89, 95â96 political context, 193â194 reforms of, after violent incidents, 7, 55, 66â67, 95â96, 123â125, 157â159, 184â 196, 211â212, 263 research needs, 341â342 school resource officers, 124â125, 158 student identification tags, 158 Thomas Jefferson High School, 211â212, 236 Tilden High School, 163, 184â190, 192â 196 Westside Middle School, 123â125 See also Prevention of violent incidents Self-image, 305, 336 Sex differences, 5 Sexuality/sexual behavior Heritage High School, 29â30, 37 taunting of shooter, 146 Sharpe, Daryl, 198, 202â204 Sherrill, Patrick Henry, 320 Shooter characteristics, 5, 21 academic performance, 5, 38, 45, 75, 88, 103, 104, 107, 136, 148, 177, 202, 204, 257 age, 256â257 as cause of school violence, 256â259, 309, 328, 329 childhood abuse experiences, 103, 115 classroom avengers, 304â306 cross-case analysis, 249, 256â259, 272â276 diversity, 307, 332â333 drug and alcohol use, 48, 75, 84 emotional functioning, 50â51, 85, 116 enthusiasm for guns, 44â45, 49, 106, 305 family structure and functioning, 5, 25, 41â44, 76, 78, 83â85, 103, 104â105, 106â107, 114â116, 135â136, 171â172, 228, 258â259, 305, 307 Heath High School shooting, 135â138 Heritage High School shooting, 25â26, 39â49, 67â68 history of antisocial behavior, 38, 48â49, 104, 105, 107, 136, 138, 177, 256, 257 mental health, 5, 26â27, 39â41, 68, 77â 80, 97â98, 114, 257â258, 305, 306 Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 74â 80 peer relations, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48â49, 74, 85â87, 104, 107, 136, 137, 259 preparatory actions, 276â279, 306, 307 recreational and entertainment activities, 47â48, 75, 103â104, 117â 118, 136â137, 305 relationships with teachers, 119â120 religious beliefs/practices, 75, 103â104 risk factors, 5, 256 romantic experiences, 45, 75, 87, 112, 115, 137â138, 139, 259 social status, 252, 259, 336 as target for preventive intervention, 332â334 Thomas Jefferson High shootings, 204â 205 threat assessment, 308â309 Tilden High School shooting, 169â170 Westside Middle School shooting, 102â 108, 114â116 Sinkler, Tyrone, 198, 205 Situation analysis, 199 Small schools, 212 Smith, Marlon, 206 Societal violence, 2â3, 9, 249 avoidance strategies, 225â226 contagion effects, 297 Heritage High School community, 30 literature review, 309â312 in marginalized urban communities, 231 media violence, 117â118, 130, 137, 151â 152, 253â255, 315â316, 325 national trends, 175, 297â300 school violence in context of, 289â291, 297, 299â301 Thomas Jefferson High School community, 203, 204â205, 209, 221â 222, 229, 230â231, 233â234
385INDEX Tilden High School community, 174â 175, 176 urban confrontation scenarios, 222â226 violent video games, 118, 130, 136â137, 151, 315 in workplace, 320â322, 340 youth exposure, 228, 229 Solomon, Anthony, 41 Solomon, Anthony B., Jr., 25, 39â49. See also Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting Statements and writings of perpetrators after shootings, 45â47, 56, 79, 112, 120â 121, 140, 146 before shootings, 47, 50â52, 79, 81â83, 85, 111, 143, 305â306, 307, 308 description of incident, 53â54, 76â77 during incident, 73, 142 regarding co-conspirators, 142â143 suicide note, 84 Steger, Kayce, 139 Steward, Hazel, 178, 188, 189, 190â191, 196 Strand, James A., 73, 77, 93 Stuck-Lewis, Denise, 74 Student characteristics group identification, 35â36, 137, 147â148 Heritage High School, 35â38 loners, 36 recreational activities, 32â33, 37, 91â92, 96 relationships with adults, 6, 7â8, 119â 120, 160, 227â228, 253â254, 256, 263â 264 Suburban and rural schools, 2â3 attributions of causality for shootings, 261â262 causes of violence in, 4 community characteristics, 5â6, 340 consequences of violence in, 3â4 forms of violence in, 7, 18â19, 289 influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 314â315, 316 motivations of shooters, 250â252 peer relations, 6 research needs, 337â338 responses to shooting incidents, 261, 263 shooter characteristics, 256, 257 Suicidal behavior/ideation, 25, 27, 36, 46, 51â52, 54, 61, 62, 82â83 contagion mechanisms, 326â328 early manifestations in shooter, 42, 48, 76, 147 as evidence of mental illness, 58 following commission of homicide, 322â324 Heath High School shooter, 140, 142, 147, 151 legal considerations, 58â59 research needs, 340 shooter characteristics, 258 suicide by cop, 59, 323â324 Summers, Warren, 45â46 Sumpter, Khalil, 198, 204, 214â217, 234, 235â236. See also Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings Suttles, Gerald, 172 T Teich, Stephen, 216â217 Thetford, Lynette, 108 Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings, 20, 198â 199 anti-violence programs after, 212â214, 236 community characteristics, 202, 204â 205, 207â210, 217â222, 229, 230â233, 237 course of events, 200, 202â203, 205â206, 216 data collection, 199â202 precipitating events, 202, 205 prosecution and sentencing, 214â217 security reforms after, 211â212 shooter characteristics, 204â205 student perceptions of, 234â235 victims, 202â203 youthâadult relationships, 227â228, 235â236, 237â239 See also Bentley, Jason; Sumpter, Khalil Thomas theorem, 199 Thompson, Jesse, 202 Thrasher, Frederick, 174 Tilden High School (Chicago, Illinois) shooting, 20 arrest of perpetrator, 167â168 causes, 163 community characteristics, 169â178 course of events, 179â180 gang activity and, 164, 165, 172â174, 175, 176, 177, 178â179, 183 initial media coverage, 164, 165â167, 168 mortality/morbidity, 163, 165
386 INDEX prosecution and sentencing, 164, 166â 167, 168, 178â184 school reforms following, 184â190, 192â 196 school violence preceding, 193â194, 195 Tury, Jacob, 73, 81 Tyson, Cicely, 213 U United for Safety Project, 213â214 Urban schools, 2â3 attitudes toward weapons, 210 attributions of causality for shootings, 261 case study selection, 19â20 causes of violence in, 4 community characteristics, 5â6, 340 consequences of violence in, 4 forms of violence in, 5, 7, 18â19, 289 motivations of shooters, 249â250 peer relations, 6 responses to shooting incidents, 261, 263 shooter characteristics, 256, 257 V Vallas, Paul, 189, 190, 194 Varner, Britthney, 108 Victims of school violence, 10 attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64â65, 97 community trauma, 125â127 Heath High School shooting, 138â139 Heritage High School shooting, 62â63 mortality/morbidity, 1, 55â56, 62, 70, 73, 108, 110, 132, 138â139, 163, 165, 202â203, 249 Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 76â 77, 80â81, 83, 97 psychological problems, 62â63, 125â127, 159â160 selection of, by shooter, 76â77, 80, 81, 112â113, 142 teachers as, 340 Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 202â203 Tilden High School shooting, 163, 164, 165 Westside Middle School shooting, 108, 110, 112â113 Video games, 118, 130, 136â137, 151, 315 W War themes, 303â304, 323 Washok, James J., 73 Weitzel, William, 150 Weprin, Saul, 211 Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) shooting, 20, 82, 97 adjudication, 120â122 causes, 113â120, 129â130 community characteristics, 101â102 course of events, 108â113 data collection, 101 effects on community, 122â129 mortality/morbidity, 101, 108 shooter characteristics, 102â108, 114â 116, 119â120 victim characteristics, 108, 112â113 White, Joseph, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167â168, 169â170, 171, 174, 177, 178â184, 196 White, Karen, 167â168, 171â172, 174, 181, 182 Wilding behavior, 226â227 WiseSkills, 94 Woodard, Gretchen, 101, 103 Woodard, Terry, 103 Wooten, Priscilla, 213 Workplace violence, 320â322, 340 Wozniak, Eric, 73, 77, 80 Wright, Kenneth, 183 Wright, Shannon, 104, 108 Wurst, Andrew Jerome, 70, 74â80. See also Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting Wurst, Catherine, 74, 83 Wurst, Jerome J., 83 Y Youngblood, Johnny Ray, 207, 209, 233 Youth violence, generally characteristics of offenders, 313 homicide epidemic of 1990s, 313â315 literature review, 313â316 school violence in context of, 289â291, 299â300 social causes, 313â314 trends, 9, 298â299, 313â314 Z Zemcik, Robert, 73, 81