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Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Page 65
Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Page 66
Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Page 67
Suggested Citation:"4 References." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10379.
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Page 68

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4 ~ - ~ - ~ - ~ References Anderson RA. 1986. Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man. Clin Physiol Biochem 4:31~1. Anderson RA, Cheng N. Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N. Chi J. Feng J. 1997. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 46:1786- 1791. Anderson TW, Reid DB. 1974. A double-blind trial of vitamin E in angina pectoris. Am J Clin Nutr 27: 1174-1178. Anderson TW, Reid DB, Beaton GH. 1972. Vitamin C and the common cold: A double-blind trial. Can Med. Assoc J 107:503-508. Anderson TW, Suranyi G. Beaton GH. 1974. The effect on winter illness of large doses of vitamin C. Can Med. Assoc J 111:31-36. Anonymous. 1987. Fluoride and root surface caries. Nutr Rev 45: 103-105. ATBC (The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group). 1994. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. NEnglJMed330:1029-1035. Azzi A, Boscoboinik D, Marilley D, Ozer NK, Stauble B. Tasinato A. 1995. Vitamin E: A sensor and an information transducer of the cell oxidation state. Am J Clin Nz~tr 62: 1337S-1346S. Barboriak JJ, Ghatit AZ, Shetty KR, Kalbfleisch JH. 1982. Vitamin E supple- ments and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Pathol 77:371. Bell RR, Draper HH, Tzeng DY, Shin HK, Schmidt GR. 1977. Physiological responses of human adults to foods containing phosphate additives. JNutr 107:42-50. 59

60 EVOLUTION OF EVIDENCE Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W. Dawsey S. Wang GQ, Yang CS, Zheng SF, Gail M, Li GY. 1993. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer inci- dence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 1483-1492. Brazier M, Kamel S. Maamer M, Agbomson F. Elesper I, Garabedian M, Desmet G. Sebert JL. 1995. Markers of bone remodeling in the elderly subject: Effects of vitamin D insufficiency and its correction. J Bone Miner Res 10:1753-1761. Brock KE, Berry G. Mock PA, MacLennan R. Truswell AS, Brinton LA. 1988. Nutrients in diet and plasma and risk of in situ cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:580-585. Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch KD, Gore H. Mueller H. Krumdieck CL. 1982. Improvement in cervical dysplasia associated with folic acid therapy in users of oral contraceptives. Am J Clin Nz~tr 35:73-82. Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch KD, Macaluso M, Cole P. Sauberlich HE, Soong SJ, Borst M, Baker VV. 1992a. Folate deficiency and cervical dysplasia. JAm Med. Assoc 267:528-533. Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch KD, Soong SJ, Cole P. Tamura T. Sauberlich HE, Borst M, Macaluso M, Baker V. 1992b. Oral folic acid supplementation for cervical dysplasia: A clinical intervention trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:803-809. Caniggia A, Nuti R. Galli M, Lore F. Turchetti V, Righi GA. 1986. Effect of a long-term treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on osteocalcin in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 38:328-332. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1992. Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spine bifida and other neural tube defects. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41: 1~. Chalmers TC. 1975. Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold. An evaluation of the evidence. Am JMedS8:532-536. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F. Brun J. Crouzet B. Arnaud S. Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip hactures in elderly women. N Engl J. Med 327: 1637-1642. Chevalley T. Rizzoli R. Nydegger V, Slosman D, Rapin CH, Michel JP, Vasey H. Bonjour JP. 1994. Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients. Osteoporos Int 4:245-252. Coulehan JL, Reisinger KS, Rogers KD, Bradley DW. 1974. Vitamin C prophylaxis in a boarding school. NEngl JMed 290:6-10. Coulehan JL, Eberhard S. Kapner L, Taylor F. Rogers K, Garry P. 1976. Vitamin C and acute illness in Navajo school children. N Engl J Med 295:973-977. Crilly RG, Horseman A, Peacock M, Nordin BE. 1981. The vitamin D metabolites in the pathogenesis and management of osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin 7:337-348.

REFERENCES 61 Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W. Cauley J. Ensrud K, Genant HK, Palermo L, Scott J. Vogt TM. 1993. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 341 :72-75. Czeizel AK, Dudas I. 1992. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 327:1832-1835. Dawson-Hughes B. Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. 1997. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J. Med 337:670-676. Dean HT. 1942. The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemio- logical method. In: Moulton FR, ed. Fluorine and Dental Health. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Pp.23-31. Dean HT, Arnold PA Jr, Elvove E. 1942. Domestic water and dental caries: Additional studies of relation of fluoride domestic waters to dental caries experience in 4,425 white children aged 12 to 14 years, of 13 cities in 4 states. Public Health Rep 57:1155-1179. DeMaio SJ, King SB 3rd, Lembo NJ, Roubin GS, Hearn JA, Bhagavan HN, Sgoutas DS. 1992. Vitamin E supplementation, plasma lipids and incidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). JAm Coll Nutr 11 :68-73. Devaraj S. Li D, Jialal I. 1996. The effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation on monocyte fi~nction. Decreased lipid oxidation, interleukin 1 beta secre- tion, and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. J Clin Invest 98:756-763. Donegan CK, Messer AL, Orgain ES, Ruf~n JM. 1949. Negative results of tocopherol therapy in cardiovascular disease. Am JMed Sci 217:294-299. Draper HH, Bell RR, eds. 1979. Nutrition and Osteoporosis. Vol. 2. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 79-106. Draper HH, Sie TL, Bergan JG. 1972. Osteoporosis in aging rats induced by high phosphorus diets. JNutr 102:1133-1141. Driscoll WS, Heifetz SB, Brunelle JA. 1981. Caries-preventive effects of fluoride tablets in schoolchildren four years after discontinuation of treatments. JAm Dent Assoc 103:878-881. Fardellone P. Sebert JL, Garabedian M, Bellony R. Maamer M, Agbomson F. Brazier M. 1995. Prevalence and biological consequences of vitamin D deficiency in elderly institutionalized subjects. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 62:576- 581. Farrell PM. 1980. Def~ciency states, pharmacological effects, and nutrient requirements. In: Machlin LJ, ed. Vitamin E: A Comprehensive Treatise, Basic and Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 1. New York: Marcel Dekker. Pp. 520- 620. Farrell PM, Bieri JG. 1975. Megavitamin E supplementation in man. Am J Clin Nutr 28: 1381-1386.

62 EVOLUTION OF EVIDENCE Freedman JE, Farhat JH, Loscalzo J. Keaney JF Jr. 1996. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Circulation 94:2434-2440. Gallagher JC, Jerpbak CM, Jee WS, Johnson KA, DeLuca HE, Riggs BL. 1982. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: Short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Proc Natl A cad Sci USA 79:3325-3329. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Trichopoulos D, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. 1993. Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. JNatl Cancer Inst 85:875-884. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. 1995. Alcohol, low-methionine-low-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. JNatl Cancer Inst 87:265-273. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. 1999. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione Trial. Lancet 354:447-455. Glynn SA, Albanes D, Pietinen P. Brown CC, Rautalahti M, Tangrea JA, Gunter EW, Barrett MJ, Virtamo J. Taylor PR. 1996. Colorectal cancer and folate status: A nested case-control study among male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:487~94. Groeneveld A, Van Eck AA, Backer Dirks O. 1990. Fluoride in caries prevention: Is the effect pre- or post-eruptive? J Dent Res 69:751-755; discussion 820-823. Hargreaves JA. 1992. The level and timing of systemic exposure to fluoride with respect to caries resistance. J. Dent Res 71: 1244-1248. Hayes KC. 1974. Pathophysiology of vitamin E deficiency in monkeys. Am J Clin Nutr 27: 1130-1140. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J. Malila N. Rautalahti M, Ripatti S. Maenpaa H. Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK. 1998. Prostate cancer and supplemen- tation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: Incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. JNatl Cancer Inst 90:440-446. Hemila H. 1996. Vitamin C, the placebo effect, and the common cold: A case study of how preconceptions influence the analysis of results. J Clin Epidemiol 49: 1079-1084; discussion 1085, 1087. Hemila H. 1997. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold. Br J Nutr 77:59-72. Hemila H. Herman ZS. 1995. Vitamin C and the common cold: A retrospective analysis of Chalmers' review. JAm Coll Nutr 14:116-123. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B. Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F. Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W. Peto R. 1996. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. NEngl JMed 334:1145-1149.

REFERENCES 63 Herbert V. 1995. Vitamin C supplements and disease Counterpoint. JAm Coll Nutr 14:112-113. Hermann WJ Jr, Ward K, Faucett J. 1979. The effect of tocopherol on high- density lipoprotein cholesterol. A clinical observation. Am J Clin Pathol 72:848-852. Hibbard BM. 1964. The role of folic acid in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 71:529-542. Honkanen R. Alhava E, Parviainen M, Talasniemi S. Monkkonen R. 1990. The necessity and safety of calcium and vitamin D in the elderly. JAm Geriatr Soc 38:862-866. HOPE (The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) Study Investigators. 2000. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Study Investigators. N Engl J. Med 342: 154- 160. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus' Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin Be, Folate, Vitamin By, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000a Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000b. The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation's Elderly. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. 1996. Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid. In: Harris JR, ed. Subcell?ular Biochemistry, Volume 25: Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 215-231. Johnston CS, Martin LJ, Cal X. 1992. Antihistamine effect of supplemental ascorbic acid and neutrophil chemotaxis. JAm Coll Nutr 1 1 :172-176. Kamel S. Brazier M, Rogez JC, Vincent O. Maamer M, Desmet G. Sebert JL. 1996. Different responses of free and peptide-bound cross-links to vitamin D and calcium supplementation in elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 :3717-3721. Karlowski TR, Chalmers TC, Frenkel LD, Kapikian AZ, Lewis TL, Lynch JM. 1975. Ascorbic acid for the common cold. A prophylactic and therapeutic trial. JAm Med Assoc 231: 1038-1042. Knekt P. Reunanen A, Jarvinen R. Seppanen R. Heliovaara M, Aromaa A. 1994. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am JEpidemiol 139:1 180-1189. Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y. Bostick RM. 1996. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death hom coronary heart disease in postmeno- pausal women. NEngl JMed 334:1156-1162.

64 EVOLUTION OF EVIDENCE Lashner BA. 1993. Red blood cell folate is associated with the development of dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 119:549-554. Lashner BA, Heidenreich PA, Su GL, Kane SV, Hanauer SB. 1989. Effect of folate supplementation on the incidence of dysplasia and cancer in chronic ulcerative colitis. A case-control study. Gastroenterology 97:255-259. Le Marchand L, Hankin JH, Kolonel LN, Beecher GR, Wilkens LR, Zhao LP. 1993. Intake of specific carotenoids and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2: 183-187. Lemke CW, Doherty JM, Arra MC. 1970. Controlled fluoridation: The dental effects of discontinuation in Antigo, Wisconsin. JAm Dent Assoc 80:782- 786. Leverett DH, Adair SM, Vaughan BW, Proskin HM, Moss ME. 1997. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of prenatal fluoride supplements in preventing dental caries. Caries Res 31 :174-179. Lips P. Wiersinga A, van Ginkel FC, Jongen MJ, Netelenbos JC, Hackeng WH, Delmas PD, van der Vijgh WJ. 1988. The effect of vitamin D supplementa- tion on vitamin D status and parathyroid function in elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:644-650. Lips P. Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. 1996. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 124:400~06. Ludvigsson J. Hansson LO, Tibbling G. 1977. Vitamin C as a preventive medicine against common colds in children. Scand Jlnfect Dis 9:91-98. Ma J. Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Artigas C, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Willett WC, Selhub J. Hennekens CH, Rozen R. 1997. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reduc- tase polymorphism, dietary interactions, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 57: 1098-1102. Makinson DH, Oleesky S. Stone RV. 1948. Vitamin E in angina pectoris. Lancet 1:102. Malm OJ. 1953. On phosphates and phosphoric acid as dietary factors in the calcium balance of man. Scand Clin Lab Invest 5:75-84. Mangels AR, Holden JM, Beecher GR, Forman MR, Lanza E. 1993. Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: An evaluation of analytic data. J Am Diet Assoc 93 :28~296. Mannick EE, Bravo LE, Zarama G. Realpe JL, Zhang XJ, Ruiz B. Fontham ET, Mera R. Miller MJ, Correa P. 1996. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: Effect of antibiotics and antioxidants. Cancer Res 56:3238-3243. Marquis RE. 1995. Antimicrobial actions of fluoride for oral bacteria. Can J Microbiol 41 :955-964. McClure FJ. 1970. Water Fluoridation: The Search and the Victory. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Dental Research. McKenna MJ. 1992. Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly. Am JMed 93:69-77.

REFERENCES 65 Meenan J. O'Hallinan E, Scott J. Weir DG. 1997. Epithelial cell folate depletion occurs in neoplastic but not adjacent normal colon mucosa. Gastroenterol- o`~ 112:1163-1168. Miller JZ, Nance WE, Norton JA, Wolen RL, Griffith RS, Rose RJ. 1977. Therapeutic effect of vitamin C. A co-twin control study. J Am Med Assoc 237:248-251. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. 1991. Prevention of neural tube defects: Results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 338: 131- 137. NIH (National Institutes of Health). 1998. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—The evidence report. Obes Res 6:5 1 S-209S. NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J. Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B. Williams JH, Barnhart S. Hammar S. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. NEngl JMed 334:1150-1155. Parker RA, Sabrah T. Cap M, Gill BT. 1995. Relation of vascular oxidative stress, alpha-tocopherol, and hypercholesterolemia to early atherosclerosis in hamsters. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15:349-358. Pietschmann P. Woloszczuk W. Pietschmann H. 1990. Increased serum osteocalcin levels in elderly females with vitamin D deficiency. Exp Clin Endocrinol 95:275-278. Portale AA, Booth BE, Halloran BP, Morris RC Jr. 1984. Effect of dietary phosphorus on circulating concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in children with moderate renal insufficiency. J Clin Invest 73: 1580-1589. Portale AA, Halloran BP, Murphy MM, Morris RC Jr. 1986. Oral intake of phosphorus can determine the serum concentration of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D by determining its production rate in humans. J Clin Invest 77:7-12. Potischman N. Brinton LA, Laiming VA, Reeves WC, Brenes MM, Herrero R. Tenorio F. de Britton RC, Gaitan E. 1991. A case-control study of serum folate levels and invasive cervical cancer. Cancer Res 51 :4785~789. Prince R. Devine A, Dick I, Criddle A, Kerr D, Kent N. Price R. Randell A. 1995. The effects of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 10: 1068-1075. Rabinowitz MB, Gonick HC, Levin SR, Davidson MB. 1983. Effects of chromium and yeast supplements on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic men. Diabetes Care 6:319-327. Recker RR, Hinders S. Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB. 1996. Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine hactures in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 1 1: 1 96 1-1 966.

66 EVOLUTION OF EVIDENCE Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. 1995. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 98:331- 335. Riales R. Albrink MJ. 1981. Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids including high-density lipoprotein of adult men. Am J Clin Nutr 34:2670-2678. Riggs BL, Jowsey J. Kelly PJ, Hoffman DL, Arnaud CD. 1976. Effects of oral therapy with calcium and vitamin D in primary osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:1139-1144. Riggs BL, Seeman E, Hodgson SSF, Taves DR, O'Fallon WM. 1982. Effect of the fluoride/calcium regimen on vertebral fracture occurrence in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Comparison with conventional therapy. N Engl JMed 306:446~50. Riis B. Thomsen K, Christiansen C. 1987. Does calcium supplementation prevent postmenopausal bone loss? N Engl J Med 3 16: 173-177. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. 1993. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 328:1450-1456. Rinzler SH, Bakst J. Benjamin ZH, Bobb AL, Travell J. 1950. Failure of alpha tocopherol to influence chest pain in patients with heart disease. Circulation 1 :288-293. Rota S. McWilliam NA, Baglin TP, Byrne CD. 1998. Atherogenic lipoproteins support assembly of the prothrombinase complex and thrombin generation: Modulation by oxidation and vitamin E. Blood 91:508-515. SciPICH (Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health). 1999. Wired for Health and Well-Being: The Emergence of Interactive Health Communication. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Sebert JL, Garabedian M, Chauvenet M, Maamer M, Agbomson F. Brazier M. 1995. Evaluation of a new solid formulation of calcium and vitamin D in institutionalized elderly subjects. A randomized comparative trial versus separate administration of both constituents. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 62:288- 294. Simonoff M. 1984. Chromium deficiency and cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Res 18:591-596. Smithells RW, Sheppard S. Schorah CJ, Seller MJ, Nevin NC, Harris R. Read AP, Fielding DW. 1981. Apparent prevention of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. Arch Dis Child 56:911-918. Smithells RW, Nevin NC, Seller MJ, Sheppard S. Harris R. Read AP, Fielding DW, Walker S. Schorah CJ, Wild J. 1983. Further experience of vitamin supplementation for prevention of neural tube defect recurrences. Lancet 1:1027-1031. Sorva A, Risteli J. Risteli L, Valimaki M, Tilvis R. 1991. Effects of vitamin D and calcium on markers of bone metabolism in geriatric patients with low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Calcif Tissue Int 49:88S-89S.

REFERENCES 67 Spencer H. Kramer L, Osis D, Norris C. 1978. Effect of phosphorus on the absorption of calcium and on the calcium balance in man. JNutr 108:447- 457. Stamm JW, Banting DW. 1980. Comparison of root caries prevalence in adults with life-long residence in fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities. J Dent Res 59:552. Stampfer MJ, Willett W. Castelli WP, Taylor JO, Fine J. Hennekens CH. 1983. Effect of vitamin E on lipids. Am J Clin Pathol 79:714 716. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B. Willett WC. 1993. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl JMed 328: 1444-1449. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S. Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witzh~m JL. 1989. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. NEngl JMed 320:915-924. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F. Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. 1996. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 347:781- 786. Tsai AC, Kelley JJ, Peng B. Cook N. 1978. Study on the effect of megavitamin E supplementation in man. Am J Clin Nz~tr 31 :831-837. USPSTF (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force). 1996. G?~ide to Clinical Pre- ventive Services. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Vergel RG, Sanchez LR, Heredero BL, Rodriguez PL, Martinez AJ. 1990. Primary prevention of neural tube defects with folic acid supplementation: Cuban experience. Prenat Diagn 10:149-152. Verreault R. Chu J. Mandelson M, Shy K. 1989. A case-control study of diet and invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 43: 1050-1054. Vogalsang A, Shute EV. 1946. Effect of vitamin E in coronary heart disease. Nature 157:772. Whitford GM. 1996. The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride. 2nd rev. ed. Basel: Karger. Ziegler RG, Brinton LA, Hamman RF, Lehman HF, Levine RS, Mallin K, Norman SA, Rosenthal JF, Trumble AC, Hoover RN. 1990. Diet and the risk of invasive cervical cancer among white women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 132:432~45. Ziegler RG, Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Norman SA, Mallin K, Levine RS, Lehman HF, Hamman RF, Trumble AC, Rosenthal JF. 1991. Diet and the risk of in situ cervical cancer among white women in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 2: 17-29. Ziegler RG, Colavito EA, Hartge P. McAdams MJ, Schoenberg JB, Mason TJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. 1996. Importance of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and other phytochemicals in the etiology of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:612~15.

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The Committee on Examination of the Evolving Science for Dietary Supplements of the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board was directed to review, retrospectively, selected case studies of diet and health relationships that were relevant to dietary supplements and identified as important in the National Research Council report, Diet and Health: Implications for Chronic Disease Risk (D&H) (NRC, 1989). It was then to determine the extent to which subsequent scientific evidence from the peerreviewed literature used in published reports from the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) series (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000a, 2001) either agreed with the preliminary evidence used to support the relationship identified originally in the 1989 review or significantly modified the original hypotheses and preliminary conclusions. The committee's analysis was to include characteristics of research with apparent high probability of predicting future confirmation by new science in support of a diet and health relationship. It also was to consider characteristics of information useful to consumers that would allow them to make scientifically informed judgments about the role that a specific food component or nutrient plays in health.

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