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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Index

Acetaminophen, 285-286

Adherence to treatment, 253-254, 316, 429

adolescents, 354

elderly persons, 43, 353

lithium, 234-235, 254

medications, 43, 234-235, 253-254, 255, 337-338, 350, 353

Administration on Aging, 15, 438

Adolescents and youth, 2, 15, 19, 40-41, 42, 70, 87-89, 131, 200, 211, 425, 438, 452

see also School factors

adherence to treatment, 354

alcohol and substance abuse, 40-41, 49, 88-89, 276

assessment instruments, 230

barriers to treatment, 20, 333, 336, 343, 354-355, 362, 475

childhood trauma, 167, 173-174, 177, 179-180, 199

clustering of suicides, 395

cost of suicide to society, 56

crisis centers and hotlines, 290

drug overdoses, 286

emergency care, 345, 354

firearm use in suicide, 41, 167, 280, 283-284

follow-up care, 255-256, 345

genetic factors, 131-132

imitation and contagion, 131-132, 278, 395

military personnel, 305

Native Americans, 308-309

number of suicides, xi, 1, 17, 40, 46, 57-58 , 425

physicians of, 354-355

pregnancy prevention, 275

preventive efforts, 20, 333, 336, 343, 354-355 , 362, 475

psychological autopsies, 378

racial/ethnic factors, 45, 46, 47-48, 49, 256

religious influences, 256

rural areas, 36

serotonin, 127

sexual abuse, 161, 179-180

sexual orientation, 54-55

surveillance, 386

violence and aggressive behavior, 95, 100

Adoption, children, 2, 132, 133, 140-141

Adrenal gland, see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis;

Noradrenergic system

African-Americans, 44-47, 57, 256, 397-398, 452

childhood trauma, 162

employment factors, 205-206

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

firearm use in suicide, 280

violence, 215, 305

Age factors, xi, 7, 10, 38, 396-400, 452-453

see also Adolescents and youth;

Children;

Elderly persons

alcohol abuse, 84

anti-psychotic medications, 236

anxiety disorders, 75

assessment of patients, 231, 232

bipolar disorder, 234

cost of suicide to society, 56, 57

hotlines, 290

inpatient care, 250

Native Americans, 308

number of suicides, 1, 38, 39

racial/ethnic factors, 44-45, 47-48

serotonin, 126-127

sexual orientation, 54-55

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 302

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ), 14, 436

Aggression, see Child abuse;

Impulsivity;

Sexual abuse;

Violence and aggressive behavior

Agoraphobia, 76, 87

AIDS, see HIV/AIDS

Air Force, see U.S. Air Force

Alaskan Natives, 47-49, 199, 310, 355-356

Alcohol abuse, 2, 3, 5, 69, 70, 81-85, 86, 96, 99-100, 394

see also Substance abuse

adolescents, 49, 88-89, 276

barriers to treatment, 342

bipolar disorder, 74

childhood trauma, 165, 167, 168, 179

diagnosis, 71

firearm use in suicide, 40, 81, 83, 282

gender factors, 40, 84

genetic factors, 131, 136, 137-138

historical perspectives, 21, 22

international perspectives, 81, 83, 85, 211

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 1, 12, 20, 433

Native Americans, 81, 82, 83, 308, 309-310

race/ethnicity, 81, 82, 83, 84, 308, 309-310

religious influences, 202, 203

school-based prevention programs, 276

serotonin, 123-124, 137

surveillance, 380

Ambulatory care, see Inpatient care

American Academy of Pediatrics, 14, 183, 436

American Association of Suicidology, 14, 278, 290

American College of Family Physicians, 14, 436

American College of Physicians, 14, 436

American Foundation for the Prevention of Suicide, 14, 278, 438

American Indians, see Native Americans

American Medical Association, 5, 339-340

American Psychiatric Association, 14, 71, 438

American Psychological Association, 14

American Society of Internal Medicine, 14, 436

Amitriptyline, 287

Animal studies, 77, 122, 128

childhood trauma, 158, 172

Annenberg Public Policy Center, 278

Anticonvulsants, 233, 235-236, 287

Antidepressant medications, 2, 235, 237-242 , 299, 340, 341, 347, 349, 353, 403

clinical trials, 238-240, 241-242, 257

overdose suicides, 287, 340

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 238-239, 240, 241, 342

tricyclic antidepressants, 239, 240, 287

Anti-psychotic medications, 4, 236-237, 350

Anxiety disorders, 75-76, 84, 86, 95, 400-401 , 462

see also Panic disorder;

Post-traumatic stress disorder

agoraphobia, 76, 87

antidepressant medications and, 240, 242

assessment of patients, 231

Beck Anxiety Scale, 231

childhood trauma, 176, 178, 183

inpatient care, 250

medications, 240, 242, 258, 299

neurochemistry, 77, 92-93

panic disorder, 76

psychotherapy, 247

religious influences, 203

Anxiolytics, 240, 242, 258, 299

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Asia, 35, 196, 208

see also specific countries

immigrants from, 50, 51

insecticides as means of suicide, 280

Assisted suicide, 21, 44

Association of Poison Control Centers, 287

Attitudes and beliefs, 6, 70, 89-90, 204, 230, 316, 349-350, 351, 352-353

see also Depression;

Guilt and shame;

Religious influences;

Self-efficacy and self-esteem;

Social and cultural factors;

Stigma;

Temperament

clergy, 257

correctional institution staff, 358, 359

discrimination,

gender-based, 209-210

racial/ethnic, 209-210, 214, 215, 332-334 , 355, 358-359

gatekeeper training, 299

school-based prevention programs, 294-295

Australia, 36, 39, 50, 81, 134, 164, 196, 207, 208, 256, 278, 285, 312

Austria, 35, 196, 278, 279-280, 288, 296

Auto exhaust, 19, 288-289

Autopsies, see Brain and brain repositories;

Coroners and medical examiners;

Psychological autopsies;

Tissue samples

Beck Anxiety Scale, 231

Beck Depression Inventory, 231, 400

Beck Hopelessness Scale, 231

Befrienders International Centers, 289, 290

Benzodiazepines, 242

Bereavement, 4, 13, 19, 22

elderly persons, 42, 352

widows and widowers, 3, 23, 198, 204, 352

Big Horn Center for Public Policy, 303

Biological factors, x, 2, 119-155, 213-215, 424, 426, 429, 431-432

see also Brain and brain repositories;

Genetic factors;

Neurochemistry;

Pharmaceuticals

biological markers, 230

childhood trauma, 158, 170-172, 184

physiological stress system, 26, 75, 77, 89, 92, 94, 119, 120-122, 130, 131, 140

psychological autopsies and, 378

violence, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 128, 131, 136, 138, 140, 235-236, 241

Bipolar disorder, 71, 73, 346

see also Depression

adolescents and youth, 87

electroconvulsive therapy, 242-243

inpatient care, 251

lithium treatment, 4, 233-235, 253, 348

mood stabilizers, 233-236, 253, 346, 348, 350

serotonin, 125

time factors, 74, 254

Black persons, see African-Americans

Borderline personality disorder, 79-81

Brain and brain repositories, 10, 119, 120, 123-124, 127-130, 139-149, 425-426 , 428, 429

see also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis;

Neurochemistry;

Serotonin

antidepressants, negative effects, 240

cerebrospinal fluid, 123, 124-126

childhood trauma, 158, 171-173, 181-182

noradrenergic system, 122, 128-129, 140

psychological autopsies and, 378

Britain, see United Kingdom


Call to Action, 27, 436

Canada, 35, 47, 48, 57, 207, 278, 284, 309-310 , 344

Carbamazepine, 235

Case-control studies, 142, 309, 356, 402

Case management, 254

Catecholamine, 92, 172

Center for Studies of Suicide Prevention, see Suicide Research Unit

Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide , 306

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1, 9, 12, 14, 19-20, 307, 308

Internet site, 57

media coverage of suicides, 278

research centers, 406, 410, 411

surveillance, 12-13, 303, 382, 384, 385- 386, 387, 433-434

Cerebrospinal fluid, 123, 124-126

Child abuse, 4, 80, 158-159, 162-164, 174-178 , 182, 297, 432

memory of lacking, 163, 175

post-traumatic stress disorder, 172, 173

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

prevention programs, 176-177, 181, 182-183 , 184, 303-304

sexual, 132-133, 141, 158, 161-170 (passim), 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179-181, 183

Childhood trauma, xi, 3-4, 21, 22, 52, 80-81, 96-97, 131, 132, 141, 157-191, 199, 432

adolescents, 167, 173-174, 177, 179-180, 199

age of onset, 169, 179-180

alcohol abuse, 165, 167, 168, 179

animal studies, 158, 172

anxiety, 176, 178, 183

brain effects, 158, 171-173, 181-182

clinical trials, 164, 165, 167, 169, 183

cognitive-behavioral factors, 158, 170, 173, 174-177, 179, 181, 183, 184

community programs and studies, 166, 178, 179, 182, 183

crime, 165, 174, 176

depression, 3, 159, 165, 171-172, 176, 177-178, 183

epidemiology, 157-168 (passim), 178-179 , 184

gender factors, 160, 161, 166, 168, 169, 170, 183

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 171-172, 173

legal issues, 164, 182

longitudinal studies, 163, 177-178, 179-180 , 183, 184

memory of, 163

Native Americans, 162, 199

neurochemistry, 158, 171-172, 173, 184

pathway analysis, 157, 164, 179-182

physicians, 183

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 171-172, 173, 177, 178, 181-182

preventive measures, 176-177, 181, 182-183 , 184, 303-304

prisoners’ children, 159, 161, 165

prospective studies, 165, 166, 177

psychiatric and psychological factors, general, 3, 158, 159, 161, 165, 168, 170, 177-181, 183

psychological autopsies, 165, 167

race/ethnicity, 162

research methodology, 157-158, 162-164, 172-173

clinical trials, 164, 165, 167, 169, 183

epidemiology, 157-168 (passim), 178-179 , 184

pathway analysis, 157, 164, 179-182

prospective studies, 165, 166, 177

resiliency, 174

retrospective studies, 164, 179-180

self-efficacy and self-esteem, 169, 173, 174, 175, 181

sociocultural factors, 170, 173-177, 184

socioeconomic status, 159, 165, 179

substance abuse, 159, 161, 165, 173, 177-179 , 181

Surgeon General’s reports, 157, 176, 182, 295-296

time factors, 157, 163

treatment, general, 157, 176-178, 182-183, 184

Children, 87-89

see also Adolescents and youth;

Genetic factors;

School factors

adoption, 2, 132, 133, 140-141

barriers to treatment, 336

educational interventions, 15

historical perspectives, 22

immigrants, 51

isolation from, 250

parental separation from/death of child, ix, 19

personality disorders, 80-81

psychological autopsies, 377

sexual orientation, 54-55

China, ix, 2, 7, 23, 33, 35, 36, 39, 69, 207-213 (passim), 360

Cigarette smoking, see Smoking

City of God, 23

Clinical guidelines, 5, 13-14, 230, 231, 392

barriers to treatment, 336-349 (passim)

elderly persons, 302, 339-340

emergency care, 345

follow-up care, 255

psychotherapy, 246

Clinical trials, 8, 12, 100, 257, 300-301, 317, 403-404, 423, 424, 429, 432, 433

antidepressant medications, 238-240, 241-242, 257

barriers to treatment, 336

childhood trauma, 164, 165, 167, 169, 183

dexamethasone suppression test, 121

elderly persons, 302

electroconvulsive therapy, 243, 257

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

ethical issues, 8, 164, 389-393, 412, 432

firearm use in suicide, 284

follow-up care, 255-256

inpatient care, 250, 251

legal issues, 8, 164

mood stabilizers, 233, 234, 235, 258

physicians, judgment of risk, 391-392

psychotherapy, 246-250

risk-based allocation, 8, 395, 402-404

serotonin, 127, 238-239, 240, 241-242

standards, 8, 389-391, 432

Clomipramine, 240

Clozapine, 4, 236, 257

Clusters, 41, 395-400

see also Imitation and contagion

Cognitive-behavioral factors, 90, 231, 350, 432, 437

see also Adherence to treatment;

Coping;

Intelligence;

Problem solving;

Self-efficacy and self-esteem

childhood trauma, 158, 170, 173, 174-177 , 179, 181, 183, 184

informed consent, 8, 292, 359, 389-392

locus of control, 93-94, 174, 181;

see also Impulsivity

school-based prevention programs, 294, 295-296

treatments, general, 4, 80, 92, 99, 100, 245-249, 258, 348

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 92, 245-249

Collaborative Depression Study, 238

Community programs and studies, 4-5

see also Local government;

Outpatient care;

Public education

assessment of patients, 232

barriers to treatment, 335, 336, 345-346

childhood trauma, 166, 178, 179, 182, 183

committee recommendations, 11, 436

developing countries, 360

imitation and contagion, 277

military personnel, 6, 15, 304-307, 436-437 , 438

Native Americans, 308-309

prevention programs, 6, 15, 275, 304-305 , 436-437, 438;

see also “military personnel” supra

surveillance, 379, 381-382, 386, 411

violence, 162, 173, 175-176, 178, 215, 305

Computer applications

see also Databases;

Internet

assessment of risk, 230

Confidentiality, 359, 388-389, 433

Consumer Product Safety Commission, 385

Contagion, see Imitation and contagion

Contracts, no-suicide, see No-suicide contracts

Convulsions, see Anticonvulsants

Coping

see also Problem solving

coping style, 94-95, 183-184

coping training, 26, 94-95, 100, 274, 317, 437

school-based prevention programs, 294-295, 300-301

Coping and Support Strategy, 300-301

Coroners and medical examiners, 55, 304, 379, 380-381, 384, 411, 432

Correctional facilities, see Prisoners

Corticosteriods, 120, 172

Counseling, 229, 255, 316, 350, 354

alcohol abuse, 342

crisis centers, 255, 275, 279, 289-290, 297

firearm use in suicide, 284

gatekeeper training 297-298

hotlines, 279, 288, 289-290, 304, 315-316

Native Americans, 308, 309

school-based prevention programs, 297-298 , 299-301, 309

Counselors CARE, 299-301

Crime and criminal behavior

see also Child abuse;

Prisoners;

Sexual abuse;

Substance abuse;

Violence and aggressive behavior

childhood trauma, 165, 174, 176

committee recommendations, 13

parental, 165

psychological autopsies, 377

Crisis response

see also Emergency care

centers, 255, 275, 279, 289-290, 297

hotlines, 279, 288, 289-290, 304, 315-316

primary care referral to, 344-345

school-based prevention programs, 301

Cross-sectional studies, 4, 141, 424

childhood trauma, 164, 167, 179-180

cost of suicide to society, 57

Cultural factors, see Immigrants;

Race/ ethnicity;

Social and cultural factors

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Databases, 12, 383-389, 431, 432, 433, 434

see also Registries;

Surveillance cost of suicide to society, 57

military personnel, 305, 306-307

overdose suicides, 287

Death Master Files, 236

Definitional issues, 27-28, 55, 58, 70-71, 375, 376, 379, 380, 411, 424

childhood trauma, 158-159, 163-164

lifetime risk, 394

psychic pain, 97

psychotherapy, 246

sociocultural factors, 193

stigma, 332

Demographic factors, 4, 10, 33-58, 206, 384, 428

see also Adolescents and youth;

Age factors;

Children;

Educational attainment;

Elderly persons;

Epidemiology;

Gender factors;

Geographic factors;

Immigrants and refugees;

Marriage and intimate relations;

Prisoners;

Race/ethnicity;

Rural areas;

Sexual orientation;

Social and cultural factors;

Socioeconomic status;

Urban areas

definitional issues, 27

high-risk occupations, 15, 52-53

military personnel, 6, 15, 304-307, 436-437 , 438

veterans, 1, 12, 14, 20, 230, 336, 433, 438

psychological autopsies, 378

Denmark, 53, 85, 195, 276, 381

Department of Education, 14-15, 438

Department of Health and Human Services

see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

National Institute of Mental Health

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 302

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ), 14, 436

Food and Drug Administration, 392

Indian Health Service, 307, 308, 356

National Cancer Institute, 407, 408, 411

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 384

National Institute on Aging, 12, 407, 408, 433

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 1, 12, 20, 433

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 1, 12, 433

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 431

Social Security Administration, 236

Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA), 1, 12, 14, 20, 230, 336, 433, 438

Depression, ix, 5, 17-19, 72-73, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91-92, 95-96, 98, 231, 310, 400-401 , 462

see also Antidepressant medications;

Bipolar disorder;

Depression;

Guilt and humiliation;

Psychic pain;

Self-efficacy and self-esteem

adolescents and youth, 49, 87, 284, 300

anxiety disorders and, 76

barriers to treatment, 4-5, 73, 252-253, 335, 337, 339-342, 343, 349, 351-353

Beck Depression Inventory, 231, 400

bereavement, 4, 19, 22, 42, 352

elderly persons, 42, 352

widows and widowers, 3, 23, 198, 204, 352

childhood trauma, 3, 159, 165, 171-172, 176, 177-178, 183

committee recommendations, 11, 13, 435

dexamethasone suppression test, 121

diagnosis, 72, 99, 231, 339-341, 355

dysthmia, 72-73, 171-172, 176

elderly persons, 42, 43, 44, 301-302, 339-340 , 351-353, 438

electroconvulsive therapy, 242-244

family history of, 3, 86, 159, 165, 287

maternal, 3, 86, 159, 165

follow-up care, 72, 253, 256

gatekeeper training, 298-299

gender factors, 39-40

genetic factors, 132, 136

historical perspectives, 21-22

informed consent, 390

inpatient care, 73, 340

lithium treatment, 235

locus of control, 93-94

managed care, 337-338, 340

maternal, 3, 86, 159, 165

personality disorders and, 80

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

phenobarbital, epileptic patients, 287

psychotherapy, 246, 249

racial/ethnic factors, 49

religious influences, 203

serotonin, 123-125, 126-127

time factors, 72, 125, 240, 241, 248, 401

Desipramine, 287

Developing countries, 360-361, 431

see also specific countries

Dexamethasone suppression test, 121

Diagnosis and screening, 5, 70-71, 99, 200, 230-233, 257-258, 297, 434-436, 438

see also Clinical guidelines;

Coroners and medical examiners;

Surveillance

alcohol abuse, 81

anxiety disorders, 75-76, 77

barriers to, 331, 332, 339-356 (passim), 360, 361

bipolar disorder, 74

childhood trauma, 184

definitional issues, 27

depression, 72, 99, 231, 339-341, 355

developing countries, 360

elderly persons, 302, 339-340, 352, 353, 438

emergency care, 345

follow-up care, 230, 232, 250, 255

gatekeepers, 297-299, 336, 437, 438

historical perspectives, 273

Native Americans, 308

no-suicide contracts, 292

prisoners, 358

psychological autopsies, 378

schizophrenia, 77

school-based prevention programs, 299-301

serotonin, 123-124

sociocultural factors, 231, 232

standards, 170, 230, 231, 232;

see also Clinical guidelines

substance abuse, 71, 99, 335, 339, 342, 349

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 71-76 (passim), 79

Dialectical behavioral therapy, 80, 248, 249-250

Discrimination, 209-210, 214, 215, 332-334, 355, 358-359

Divalproex, 235

Divorce, ix, 3, 85, 165, 167, 196, 197, 198-199

Domestic gas poisoning, 288

Dopamine, 77, 122, 126, 127, 171, 172

Drowning, 22, 24

Drug abuse, see Alcohol abuse;

Substance abuse

Drug Abuse and Early Warning Network, 287

Drug treatment, see Pharmaceuticals

DSM, see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Durkheim, Emile, 25, 198, 201

Dysthmia, 72-73, 171-172, 176

Eastern Europe, ix, 3

E-codes, see External cause-of-injury codes

Ecological-transactional approaches, 99

Economic factors, ix-x, 3, 69, 193, 196, 205-209 , 212, 214, 215

see also Employment;

Funding;

Health insurance;

Socioeconomic status

barriers to treatment, 5, 334-340, 350, 351;

see also Health insurance

cost of suicides, x, 55-57, 58, 423

historical perspectives, 21, 22

life insurance, 380

managed care, 336-339, 340, 341, 432

phenobarbital, 287

prisons, 357

research centers, 406

Education, see Professional education;

Public education;

School factors

Educational attainment, 50

schizophrenia, 78-79

Elderly persons, 15, 41-44, 57, 256, 301-302, 317, 438, 452

adherence to treatment, 43, 353

barriers to treatment, 331-332, 333, 351-353 , 362

bereavement, 42, 352

cost of suicide to society, 56

depression, 42, 43, 44, 301-302, 339-340, 351-353, 438

firearms, 353

imitation and contagion, 278

inpatient care, 250

international perspectives, 41, 311

number of suicides, 1, 17, 39, 41, 44-45, 48, 425

personality characteristics, 95

pharmacotherapy, 302

physicians of, 43, 339, 352, 353

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

racial/ethnic factors, 44-45, 48, 57

surveillance, 386

Electroconvulsive therapy, 242-244, 251

Emergency care, 21, 38, 424

adolescents and youth, 345, 354

assessment of patients, 230, 255

barriers to treatment, 335, 345, 354

cost of, 56

crisis centers, 255, 275, 279, 289-290, 297

follow-up care, 255-256

hotlines, 279, 288, 289-290, 304, 315-316

number of attempted suicides, 17, 285-286

overdoses, 285-286

surveillance, 385, 386-387, 424, 426

Emergency Department Data Systems, 387

Employment, 3

bipolar disorder, 74

health insurance, employer-based, 337

high-risk occupations, 15, 52-53, 197, 205-206, 317

military personnel, 6, 15, 304-307, 436-437 , 438

psychological autopsies, co-workers, 378

race ethnicity, 205-206

sick leave for depression, 299

unemployed persons, 3, 40, 51, 52, 85, 196, 205, 207, 208, 215, 354

England, see United Kingdom

Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, 47, 169, 384

Epidemiology, 3, 4, 47, 258, 311, 313-316, 384-385, 424

see also Surveillance

alcohol abuse, 85

antidepressant medications, 237-238

anti-psychotic medications, 236-237

centers for research, 10-12, 406-411, 425-431

childhood trauma, 157-168 (passim), 178-179, 184

committee recommendations, 10, 425-426 , 430

firearms, 280

follow-up care, 253

military personnel, 306-307

Native Americans, 308

occupational factors, 53

religious influences, 203

school-based prevention programs, 294-295

Epilepsy, anticonvulsants, 233, 235-236, 287

Ethical issues, 375, 389-393

see also Legal issues

childhood trauma, 164

clinical trails, 8, 164, 389-393, 412, 432

committee recommendations, 12, 428

confidentiality, 359, 388-389, 433

informed consent, 8, 292, 359, 389-392

prisoners, 359

Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity

Ethnographic research, 10, 11-12, 426, 428, 431

Europe, ix, 3, 34, 210-211

see also specific countries

alcohol abuse, 85

employment factors, 205

historical perspectives, 21-22, 210-211

Euthanasia/assisted suicide, 21, 44

External cause-of-injury codes (E-codes), 387

Faith-based interventions, see Religious influences

Falls, see Jumping

Family factors, 2, 3, 130-135, 141-142, 165, 174, 176-177, 182-183, 197-199, 200, 209, 212, 215, 316, 362

see also Child abuse;

Childhood trauma;

Children;

Divorce;

Genetic factors;

Parenthood

adoption, 2, 132, 133, 140-141

bipolar disorder, 74

brother’s suicide, 19

depression, history of, 3, 86, 159, 165, 287

maternal, 3, 86, 159, 165

domestic, 141, 159, 166, 173, 175, 178, 198-199, 297

elderly persons, 44

emergency care, 345

follow-up care, 255-256

military personnel, 305

prisoners, 358

problem solving, 247

psychological autopsies, 377, 378

racial/ethnic factors, 49

stigma of suicide, 334

substance abuse, 86

suicide note of woman, 18

Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria, 378

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), 383

Federal government, 1, 12-15, 19-20, 278, 340, 381, 428, 438

see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

Funding;

Surgeon General;

terms beginning “Department...” and “National...”

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 302

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ), 14, 436

historical perspectives, 1, 19-20, 273

Indian Health Service, 307, 308, 356

Fenfluramine, 122, 126, 137

Field dependence, 181

Finland, 35, 50, 73, 80, 85, 196, 205, 239, 279, 304, 310-311, 312, 313

Firearms, 6, 15, 33, 36, 280-285, 316, 437

adolescents and youth, 41, 167, 280, 283-284

alcohol abuse and, 40, 81, 83, 282

committee workshop agendas, 475

elderly persons, 353

gender factors, 280, 283, 285

gun control legislation, 283, 284-285, 316

racial/ethnic factors, 45, 48-49, 280

Russian roulette, 380

Fluoxetine, 238, 287

Follow-up care, 4-5, 251, 252-256, 259

see also Outpatient care

adolescents and youth, 255-256, 345

assessment of patients, 230, 232, 250, 255

barriers to, 345

bipolar disorder, 74

contact letters, 254, 255, 259, 348

depression, 72, 253, 256

medications, 4-5, 251, 253

primary care and, 253, 335-336

schizophrenia, 78

telephone contacts, 254

time factors, 174(n.11), 231, 255, 259, 394, 425

Food and Drug Administration, 392

Ford Foundation, 407

Foreign countries, see International perspectives

Funding, x, 9, 10, 11-12, 13, 14, 311, 317, 423, 424, 435, 436, 438

research centers, 406, 408-409, 410, 411, 427, 428, 431

school-based prevention programs, 304

state reporting programs, 13

surveillance, 12-13, 384, 433-434

uninsured persons, 362

Gas poisoning, see Auto exhaust;

Domestic gas poisoning

Gatekeepers, 297-299, 336, 437, 438

see also Health insurance;

Managed care;

Primary care

Gay persons, see Sexual orientation

Gender factors, ix, 7, 9, 33, 38, 39-40, 130, 136, 138, 197, 198, 208, 210-211, 396-400, 452-453

see also Marriage and intimate relations;

Sexual orientation

alcohol and substance abuse, 40, 84

assessment of patients, 231

barriers to treatment, 333, 351, 354

discrimination, 209-210

childhood trauma, 160, 161, 166, 168, 169, 170, 183

cost of suicide to society, 56

crisis centers and hotlines, 290

depression, 39-40

discrimination, 209-210

drug overdoses, 286

elderly persons, 17, 41-42, 43, 46, 351

employment factors, 206, 207

firearm use in suicide, 280, 283, 285

follow-up care, 255-256

genetic, 131, 136, 137-138

international perspectives, 39, 57, 195, 196, 208, 211, 212

maternal depression, 3, 86, 159, 165

mood disorders, 71, 72, 74, 136

notes by female suicide victims, 18-19

occupational factors, 53

pregnancy prevention, adolescents, 275

prisoners, 51, 52

racial/ethnic factors, 44-45, 46, 50, 170, 206, 215, 280, 290, 305, 355, 398-399 , 452

religious influences, 202

rural areas, young males, 36

schizophrenia, 77, 78

serotonin, 138

substance abuse, 40, 71

Generalized Estimating Equations, 397, 450-451

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Genetic factors, 2, 89, 96, 127, 130-142, 214, 256, 406

adolescents and youth, 131-132

committee recommendations, 10, 11, 13, 426-427, 430, 431

depression, 132, 136

gender-related, 131, 136, 137-138

impulsivity, 130, 131, 132-133, 136, 138, 141-142, 430

mood disorders, 131, 135

psychological autopsies, 378-379

substance abuse, 131, 132

twin studies, 2, 132, 133-134, 140-142

violence and aggressive behavior, 2, 11, 130, 131, 136, 138, 141-142, 430

Geographic factors, 33, 34, 38-39, 196, 393, 395-400, 443, 451-459

see also International perspectives;

Regions of the U.S.;

Rural areas;

Social and cultural factors;

Urban areas

Government role, see Federal government;

Local government;

State government

Grief, see Bereavement

Guilt and humiliation

see also Stigma

cultural influences, 23, 24, 69

historical perspectives, 21, 22, 24

notes of suicide victims, 18, 19

Guns, see Firearms

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 231, 232, 244

Hanging, 22, 24, 48, 49

prisoners, 51

Health insurance, 14, 334, 362, 434

depressive patients, 73

managed care, 336-339, 340, 341, 432

Medicaid, 353

Medicare, 351, 353

Native Americans, 356

Healthy People 2001, 20

Hispanics, 50-51, 199, 256, 304

Historical perspectives, , xi 21-25, 196, 376

alcohol abuse, 81, 85

childhood trauma, 161, 169, 182

corticosteriods, 120-121

depression, 21-22

Europe, 21-22, 210-211

federal government role, 1, 19-20, 273

firearm use in suicide, 282

guilt and humiliation, 21, 22, 24

imitation and contagion, 276

Native Americans, 307

number of suicides, 17, 34

preventive efforts, 1, 19-20, 302, 310-311

prisoners, 356-357

psychotherapy, 245

racial/ethnic factors, 45, 46, 47, 48

religious influences, 201-202

sociocultural factors, general, 21-25, 194- 195, 199, 201-202, 210-211, 214

surveillance, 385

theory, 25-28, 194, 198, 264, 273

unemployment, 207

HIV/AIDS, xi, 17

costs of care, 357

registries, 13

surveillance, general, 13, 388, 432, 433, 434

Homosexuality, see Sexual orientation

Hopelessness, see Bipolar disorder;

Depression;

Personal suffering;

Psychic pain

Hospital Discharge Data Systems, 387

Hospitalization, see Emergency care;

Inpatient care

Hotlines, 279, 288, 289-290, 304, 315-316

Humiliation, see Guilt and humiliation

Hungary, ix, 41, 196, 239

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 2, 11, 92-93, 120-122, 140, 181-182

childhood trauma, 171-172, 173


Immigrants and refugees, 49-51, 58, 206, 209, 256, 304

Asian, 50, 51

religious influences, 202

Imipramine, 287

Imitation and contagion, 41, 131-132, 276- 278, 316, 385, 395-400, 475

adolescents and youth, 131-132, 278, 395

clusters, 41, 395-400

Impulsivity, 2, 13, 41, 42, 80, 95, 96, 99, 142, 212, 435

see also Bipolar disorder;

Child abuse;

Violence and aggressive behavior

alcohol abuse, 81, 83-84, 99, 138

childhood trauma, 174, 177-178

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

coping style, 94

genetic factors, 130, 131, 132-133, 136, 138, 141-142, 430

insecticides as means of suicide, 280

lithium treatment, 235

serotonin, 126, 127-128

substance abuse, 86, 99

India, 212-213

Indian Americans, see Native Americans

Indian Health Service, 307, 308, 356

Inpatient care, 230, 250-253, 345-346, 386, 394-395

see also Emergency care;

Follow-up care

alcohol abuse, 84

anxiety, 250

barriers to treatment, 4-5, 73, 252-253, 335, 337, 338, 340, 345

bipolar disorder, 74

committee recommendations, 11, 430

depression, 73, 340

discharged patients, 4-5, 73, 252-253, 335, 345;

see also Follow-up care

medications, 4-5, 251, 253

time factors, 4, 74, 84, 255, 259, 345-346 , 425, 430, 434

gatekeeper training, 299

involuntary hospitalization, 250

managed care, 337, 338

schizophrenia, 78

time factors, 43, 345-346, 373

discharged patients, 4, 74, 84, 255, 259, 345-346, 425, 430, 434

length of stay, 11, 249, 259, 337, 338, 400, 401, 430, 462-464

Insecticides, see Pesticides

Insurance, see Health insurance;

Life insurance

Intelligence

childhood trauma, 174, 175

schizophrenia, 78-79

Interdisciplinary approaches, 20, 25-27, 273, 375, 423, 434

centers for research, 10-12, 406-411, 425-431

childhood trauma, 184

school-based prevention programs, 274

International Classification of Diseases, 387

International perspectives, ix, 3, 21-22, 69, 196, 210-213, 215-216, 275, 302-303 , 310-312, 423, 424, 425

see also Immigrants and refugees;

specific countries and world regions

alcohol abuse, 81, 83, 85, 211

anxiety disorders, 75, 76

bipolar disorder, 73-74

childhood trauma, 164

crisis centers, 289

developing countries, 360-361, 431;

see also specific countries

elderly persons, 41, 311

employment factors, 205

gender factors, 39, 57, 195, 196, 208, 211, 212

means of committing suicide, 282-286 (passim), 288, 289

media reporting of suicides, 278-280

number of suicides, 17, 33, 35-36, 39, 41, 57, 58, 425

occupational factors, 53

professional education, 12

registries, 7, 212

research centers, 410, 425-426, 428, 431

school-based prevention programs, 296, 437

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 239

socioeconomic status, 207-208, 212-213

surveillance, 360-361, 381, 387, 411, 431, 434

unemployment, 207, 208

United Nations, 90, 302, 303, 305, 310, 312

World Bank, 428

World Health Organization, 35, 211, 212, 275, 278, 296, 302, 303, 305, 310, 312, 387, 428

Internet

cost of suicide to society, 57

crisis services, 290

media coverage of suicides, 278

Interpersonal relations, see Marriage and intimate relations

Interval estimation, 401-402, 464-467

Israel, 198

Japan, 23, 204, 207, 210, 278, 288

Jumping, 33, 287-288


Latinos, see Hispanic persons

Legal issues, 357, 358

see also Crime and criminal behavior;

Ethical issues;

Prisoners

childhood trauma, 164, 182

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

clinical trials, 8, 164

confidentiality, 359, 388-389, 433

informed consent, 8, 292, 359, 389-392

litigation, 357

malpractice claims, 346-347

military personnel, 306-307

no-suicide contracts, 292

surveillance, 380, 385-386

Legislation

firearms, 283, 284-285, 316

means of suicide, reducing access to, 280

preventive efforts, 273

prisoners, 357

proscriptions against suicide, 23, 25, 212, 215

surveillance, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387

Lesbians, see Sexual orientation

Life insurance, 380

LINK, 304-307

Lithium, 4, 233-236, 254, 258, 348

LivingWorks Suicide Intervention Workshop , 297-298

Local government, 438

see also Community programs and studies

childhood trauma, 162

surveillance, 379, 381-382, 386, 411

see also Coroners and medical examiners

Locus of control, 93-94, 174, 181

see also Impulsivity

Longitudinal studies, 6, 10, 72, 91, 99, 206, 210-211, 259, 317, 412, 424, 431-432

centers for research, 406, 426, 428, 429, 430

childhood trauma, 163, 177-178, 179-180 , 183, 184

cost of suicide to society, 56-57

firearm use in suicide, 280

marital status, 198

neurochemistry, 140

parenthood, 199

personality characteristics, 95

religious influences, 203

school-based prevention programs, 294-295

sexual orientation, 54-55

unemployment, 207

youth, 87-88

Low-base rate events, 27, 232, 290, 313, 344, 375, 376-377, 423, 424, 425-426, 431

Managed care, 336-339, 340, 341, 432

Manic-depression, see Bipolar disorder

Marriage and intimate relations, 165, 167, 175, 197-199, 208, 212-213

alcohol abuse, 83-84

death of spouse, 198, 204

dowry deaths, 212

divorce, ix, 3, 85, 165, 167, 196, 197, 198-199

immigrants, 50-51

religious influences, 202

single persons, 197, 198, 250

widows and widowers, 3, 23, 198, 204, 352

Mass media, 6, 15, 276-280, 289, 294, 304, 310, 316, 437

Means of completing suicide, reducing access to, 21, 52, 206, 274, 280- 289, 313, 316, 347, 437

see also Firearms

alcohol abuse and, 83

acetaminophen, 285-286

auto exhaust, 19, 288-289

domestic gas poisoning, 288

hanging, 22, 24, 48, 49, 51

jumping, 33, 287-288

overdoses, 15, 241, 285-287, 340

pesticides, 280

poisons, other, 15, 33

psychological autopsies, 377

railway suicides, 289

suffocation, 33

Measure of Adolescent Potential for Suicide, 299-300

Media, see Mass media Medicaid, 353

Medical examiners, see Coroners and medical examiners

Medicare, 351, 353

Medications, see Pharmaceuticals

Memory, 91, 350

child abuse, 163, 175

Men, see Gender factors

Methodology, see Research methodology

Mianserin, 287

Military personnel, 6, 15, 304-307, 436-437, 438

veterans, 1, 12, 14, 20, 230, 336, 433, 438

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, 400

Minorities, see Race/ethnicity

Mixed-effects regression models, 400-401, 448-450, 451-454, 458-464

Moclobemide, 240

Mood disorders, 70, 71-75, 80, 84, 86, 92, 339, 394

see also Bipolar disorder;

Depression;

Impulsivity

anxiety disorders and, 75, 247

childhood trauma, 174

coping style, 94

gender factors, 71, 72, 74, 136

genetic factors, 131, 135

psychotherapy, 247

school-based prevention programs, 301

Mood stabilizers, 233-236, 346, 350

anticonvulsants, 235-236

clinical trials, 233, 234, 235, 258

lithium, 4, 233-236, 253, 348

Motor vehicle deaths, 48, 276, 383, 432

auto exhaust, 19, 288-289

surveillance, 380

National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 389

National Cancer Institute, 407, 408, 411

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 384

National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, 160

National Comorbidity Survey, 47, 71

anxiety disorders, 75, 76-77

childhood trauma, 178, 179-180

National Death Index, 231, 236

National Electronic Disease Surveillance System, 387

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), 385

National Health Interview Survey, 72

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 383

National Institute of Drug Abuse, 20

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 1, 9, 20, 238, 376, 435, 436, 438

Center for Studies of Suicide Prevention (Suicide Research Unit), 19, 27

committee recommendations, 10, 12-15 (passim), 427-431, 433

elderly persons, 302

media coverage of suicides, 278

Native Americans, 307

racial/ethnic factors, 47

research centers, 406, 410, 411

National Institute on Aging, 12, 407, 408, 433

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 1, 12, 20, 433

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 1, 12, 433

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 431

National Prescription Audit, 287

National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 20, 90, 278, 338, 340, 342, 346

National Violent Death Reporting System, 13, 383-384, 432-434

Native Americans, 1, 17, 45, 47-49, 57, 307-310 , 313, 317, 355-356

alcohol abuse, 81, 82, 83, 308, 309-310

childhood trauma, 162, 199

Netherlands, 198

Neurochemistry, 2, 92-93, 119-142

see also Alcohol abuse;

Brain and brain repositories;

Pharmaceuticals;

Serotonin;

Substance abuse;

Tissue samples

anxiety disorders and, 77, 92-93

catecholamine, 92, 172

cerebrospinal fluid, 123, 124-126

childhood trauma, 158, 171-172, 173, 184

committee recommendations, 13, 426, 429

corticosteriods, 120-122, 172

dopamine, 77, 122, 126, 127, 171, 172

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 2, 11, 92-93, 120-122, 140, 181-182

childhood trauma, 171-172, 173

memory, 91

pathway analysis, 77, 119, 121, 122, 130, 142

prospective studies, 140, 141

psychological autopsies, 378

violence and aggressive behavior, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 128, 131, 136, 138, 140, 235-236, 241;

see also Genetic factors

New Zealand, 40, 55, 73, 86, 164, 180-181, 278, 282-283

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Noradrenergic system, 122, 128-129, 140

Nortriptyline, 287

No-suicide contracts, 291-292

Norway, 35, 85, 195, 276, 312

Notes by suicide victims, 18-19, 28, 32, 132, 380

Nursing homes, 43

Oregon State Adolescent Suicide Attempt Data System (ASADS), 386, 388

Outcome measures, 6, 393, 403

childhood trauma, 162, 164, 177

clinical trials, 8

committee recommendations, 11

coping training, 94-95

elderly persons, 302

lithium treatment, 235

managed care, 337

personality disorders, 79

school-based prevention programs, 294-296

surveillance, 386

Outpatient care, 249, 250, 251, 252-253, 395

see also Emergency care;

Follow-up care

assessment of patients, 230, 232

bipolar disorder, 74

childhood trauma, 169

crisis centers, 255, 275, 279, 289-290, 297

depression, 73

schizophrenia, 78

Overdose suicides, 15, 241, 285-287, 340


Pain, see Physical pain;

Psychic pain;

Terminal illness

Panic disorder, 76

Paracetamol, see Acetaminophen

Parenthood, 3, 159, 160, 168, 175-176, 199

see also Child abuse;

Childhood trauma;

Children;

Family factors

adoption, 2, 132, 133, 140-141

death of, 167

firearm use in suicide, 284

maternal depression, 3, 86, 159, 165

preventive measures, 275

suicide of parent, 165

Paroxetine, 238, 242

Pathway analysis, 89, 90, 97, 100, 119, 141

childhood trauma, 157, 164, 179-182

genetic, 141

neurological, 77, 119, 121, 122, 130, 142

school-based prevention programs, 276

Peer influences, 275, 304, 305

see also Imitation and contagion psychological autopsies, 378

Personal suffering, ix, xi, 2, 17-19

psychological autopsies, 377

Personality disorders, 79-81, 95-97

borderline personality disorder, 79-81

childhood trauma, 177

psychological autopsies, 377, 378

serotonin, 123-124

Pesticides, 280

Pharmaceuticals, 5, 11, 80, 128, 229, 230, 233-242, 248(n.7), 250, 258, 259, 425, 437

see also Antidepressant medications;

Mood stabilizers;

Substance abuse

Acetaminophen, 285-286

adherence to treatment, 43, 234-235, 253-254, 255, 337-338, 350, 353

Amitriptyline, 287

anticonvulsant medications, 233, 235-236 , 287

anti-psychotic medications, 4, 236-237, 350

anxiolytics, 240, 242, 258, 299

benzodiazepines, 242

bipolar disorder, 74

Carbamazepine, 235

Clomipramine, 240

Clozapine, 4, 236, 257

Desipramine, 287

dexamethasone suppression test, 121

Divalproex, 235

education of practitioners, 99

electroconvulsive therapy and, 243-244

fenfluramine, 122, 126, 137

fluoxetine, 238, 287

genetic factors, 140, 256

hospitalization, 250-251

hospitalization discharge follow-up care, 4-5, 251, 253

Imipramine, 287

lithium, 4, 233-236, 254, 258, 348

managed care, 337-338

medication resistant patients, 243, 254

Mianserin, 287

overdose suicides, 15, 241, 285-287, 340

Paroxetine, 238, 242

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 238-239, 240, 241-242, 342

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

special mental health care providers, 99, 347, 349

time factors, 234, 235, 240, 241, 242, 244, 248, 254, 350

vaproic acid, 235

Physical pain, 21

elderly persons, 44

Physician assistants, 344-345

Physicians, 5, 13-14, 205

adolescents, 354-355

alcohol abuse, 99

barriers to treatment and intervention, 331, 335-346 (passim), 348, 358, 359, 360, 435

childhood trauma, 183

clinical trials, judgment of risk, 391-392

education of, 99, 297, 298-299, 317, 344-345 , 436

elderly persons, 43, 339, 352, 353

managed care, 336-337, 340, 341

prisoners, 358, 359, 360

Physiological stress system, 26, 75, 77, 89, 92, 94, 119, 120-122, 130, 131, 140

Pituitary gland, see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Poison, 15, 33

auto exhaust, 19, 288-289

domestic gas, 288

pesticides, 280

Poisson regression, 7, 396-400, 445-459, 465- 467

Political factors, x-xi, 3, 196, 209-210

committee recommendations, 11, 431

martyrdom, 195, 204

surveillance, 379

terrorists, 195

violence, x, 3, 195, 209

Population Council, 407

Population laboratories, see Research methodology

Population studies, see Epidemiology

Populations at risk, see Demographic factors

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 43, 51, 70, 71, 75, 76-77, 89

childhood trauma, 171-172, 173, 177, 178, 181-182

psychotherapy, 246

Pregnancy prevention, 275

Preventive measures, xi, 2-4, 6-7, 89-90, 273-317, 428

see also Clinical trials;

Coping;

Crisis response;

Diagnosis and screening;

Means of committing suicide, reducing access to;

Pharmaceuticals;

Specialty mental health care;

Treatment

barriers to, 331-373

centers for, xi

childhood trauma, 176-177, 181, 182-183 , 184, 303-304

committee recommendations, 10-11, 15, 21, 423, 424, 436-438

federal role, historical perspectives, 19- 20

historical perspectives, 1, 19-20, 302, 310-311

military personnel, 6, 15, 275, 304-305, 436-437, 438

veterans, 1, 12, 14, 20, 230, 336, 433, 438

research methodology, 6-7, 80, 89-90, 273-275, 290, 295, 304, 313-316

school-based, 181, 273, 274, 275-276, 293-297, 299-301, 304, 306, 317, 436, 437, 438

gatekeeper training, 297-298

Native Americans, 308-309

social support, 194-196, 200

state government, 276, 279, 303-304, 312, 313, 436, 438

Universal, Selective, and Indicated model, 274-275

Primary care

adolescents, 354-355

alcohol abuse, 99

assessment of patients, 230

barriers to treatment and intervention, 331, 335-337, 339-345, 348, 352, 353, 434-435

childhood trauma, 182-183

clinical trials, judgment of risk, 391-392

education of practitioners, 99, 297, 298-299 , 317, 344-345, 436

elderly persons, 43, 339, 352, 353

follow-up care, 253, 335-336

managed care, 336-337, 340, 341

time factors, pre-suicide contacts with, 43-44, 301, 331-332, 341, 342-343, 344, 346, 353, 434

Prison Litigation Reform Act, 357

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Prisoners, 51-52

assessment of patients, 230

barriers to care, 356-360

children of, 159, 161, 165

Privacy, see Confidentiality

Problem solving, 70, 89-90, 91, 95, 99, 194

see also Coping

childhood trauma, 175, 181

family-based, 247

school-based prevention programs, 275, 301

treatments, 4, 245, 246-247, 249

Professional education, 99, 273, 316, 344-345 , 436

see also Clinical guidelines

autopsies, 55

committee recommendations, 12, 13, 14, 36, 431, 437

coroners and medical examiners, 380-381

developing countries, 360

gatekeeper training, 297-299, 344-345, 437, 438

physicians, 99, 297, 298-299, 317, 344-345 , 436

research centers, 12, 406, 431

school-based prevention programs, 296, 297

supportive therapists, 297

surveillance, 380-381, 386

Professional organizations

American Academy of Pediatrics, 14, 183, 436

American Association of Suicidology, 14, 278, 290

American College of Family Physicians, 14, 436

American College of Physicians, 14, 436

American Foundation for the Prevention of Suicide, 14, 278, 438

American Medical Association, 5, 339-340

American Psychiatric Association, 14, 71, 438

American Psychological Association, 14

American Society of Internal Medicine, 14, 436

committee recommendations, 14, 436, 438

Prospective studies, 6, 11, 141, 412, 430, 432

childhood trauma, 165, 166, 177

neurochemistry, 140, 141

Psychiatric and psychological factors, 2, 4, 11, 68-118, 119, 199, 200, 212, 230-233 , 426, 429, 437

see Alcohol abuse;

Anxiety disorders;

Diagnosis and screening;

Guilt and humiliation;

Mood disorders;

Pharmaceuticals;

Psychological autopsies;

Specialty mental health care;

Substance abuse

adherence to treatment, 253-254, 255

adolescents and youth, 40-41

autopsies, 5, 7

barriers to treatment, 331-362 (passim)

childhood trauma, 3, 158, 159, 161, 165, 168, 170, 177-181, 183

electroconvulsive therapy, 242-244, 251

employment factors, 205

genetic factors, 130

interventions, 229-270

prisoners, 51-52

psychotherapy, 2, 4, 11, 52, 80, 94, 203-204 , 229, 244-250, 258, 259, 437

clinical trials, 246-250

cognitive behavioral therapy, 92, 245-249

coping training, 26, 94-95, 100, 274, 294-295, 300-301, 317, 437

dialectical behavioral therapy, 80, 248, 249-250

elderly persons, 302

no-suicide contracts, 291

resiliency training, 2, 17, 100, 275, 302, 424

school-based prevention programs, 294-295, 300-301

see also Cognitive-behavioral factors

racial/ethnic factors, 46-47, 49, 356

religious influences, 203-204

statistical analysis, 69, 71-100 (passim), 393-395, 400-401

theory, general, 25-26

Psychic pain, 17-19, 68, 87, 91-92, 93, 97-99, 100, 214-215, 350

see also Depression;

Guilt and humiliation;

Personal suffering

assessment of patients, 231, 232

Beck Hopelessness Scale, 231

childhood trauma, 167, 175

elderly persons, 302

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

follow-up care, 253

medication for, 236

Native Americans, 309

primary care, 339

prisoners, 357

psychological autopsies, 378

Psychological autopsies, 230-231, 343, 349, 377-379

anxiety disorders, 75

childhood trauma, 165, 167

elderly persons, 43

international perspectives, 212

military personnel, 306

Psychosis, 68, 70, 73, 79

see also Schizophrenia

anti-psychotic medications, 4, 236-237, 350

electroconvulsive therapy, 242-243

Public education, 15, 274, 310, 316

see also School factors

mass media, 6, 15, 276-280, 289, 294, 304, 310, 316, 437

military personnel, 305, 307

Public opinion, see Attitudes and beliefs;

Mass media;

Stigma

Race/ethnicity, 1, 7, 10, 11, 38, 44-51, 57, 58, 138, 200, 214, 256, 396-400, 424, 425, 452-453

see also Immigrants and refugees;

specific racial/ethnic groups

adolescents and youth, 45, 46, 47-48, 49, 256

alcohol abuse, 81, 82, 83, 84, 308, 309-310

barriers to treatment, 332-334, 336, 346, 355-356

centers for research, 406, 428

childhood trauma, 162

cost of suicide to society, 56-57

crisis centers and hotlines, 290

discrimination, 209-210, 214, 215, 332-334 , 355, 358-359

elderly persons, 44-45, 48, 57

employment factors, 205-206

firearm use in suicide, 45, 48-49, 280

gender factors, 44-45, 46, 50, 170, 206, 280, 290, 305, 315, 355, 398-399, 452

genetic factors, 130

historical perspectives, 45, 46, 47, 48

prisoners, 51, 358-359

psychiatric and psychological factors, general, 46-47, 49, 356

religious influences, 46, 50-51, 202

urban areas, 45, 356

Railway suicides, 289

Reasons for Living Inventory, 231

Refugees, see Immigrants and refugees

Regions of the U.S., 36, 37, 39, 48, 81, 428

childhood trauma, 169

surveillance, 379, 380, 382, 385-386

Registries, 9, 12, 13, 55, 237, 285, 361, 378, 406, 411, 426, 431, 433

international perspectives, 7, 212

Regression analysis, 7, 341, 396-401, 403

mixed-effects regression models, 400-401 , 448-450, 451-454, 458-464

Poisson regression, 7, 396-400, 445-459, 465-467

Religious influences, 3, 98, 195, 201-204, 214, 256-257

elderly persons, 43

gender factors, 46

historical perspectives, 23

martyrdom, 195, 204

racial/ethnic factors, 46, 50-51, 202

surveillance, 380, 381

terrorists, 195

Reporting, 7, 8, 12, 380, 384, 424

see also Definitional issues;

Surveillance

childhood trauma, 162-164

coroners and medical examiners, 55, 304, 379, 380-381, 384, 411, 432

developing countries, 361

state government, 13, 379

Research methodology, , x 4, 8-9, 213, 246, 348-349, 375-412

see also Animal studies;

Clinical trials;

Databases;

Definitional issues;

Epidemiology;

Interdisciplinary approaches;

Pathway analysis;

Psychological autopsies;

Registries;

Reporting;

Statistical analysis;

Surveillance

case-control studies, 142, 309, 356, 402

centers for research, 10-12, 406-411, 425-431

childhood trauma, 157-158, 162-164, 172-173

committee recommendations, 10-15, 99-100 , 139-142, 216-217, 257-259, 425-438

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

cost of suicide to society, 56-57

crisis centers and hotlines, 290

electroconvulsive therapy, 243

follow-up care, 255

genetic studies, 135-142

historical perspectives, 273-274

imitation and contagion, 277

interval estimation, 401-402, 464-467

mood stabilizer use, 233-234

no-suicide contracts, 291

preventive measures, 6-7, 80, 89-90, 273-275 , 290, 295, 304, 313-316

regression analysis, 7, 341, 396-401, 403

mixed-effects regression models, 400-401, 448-450, 451-454, 458-464

Poisson regression, 7, 396-400, 445-459 , 465-467

risk-based allocation, 8, 395, 402-404

sample size considerations, 10, 56, 138, 248, 394, 397, 404-406, 410, 411, 425, 426, 428, 441-442

low-base rate events, 27, 232, 290, 313, 344, 375, 376-377, 423, 424, 425-426, 431

school-based prevention programs, 295

time factors, 395, 401, 402, 406, 429, 462-464

Resiliency, 87-88, 89, 90, 97

childhood trauma, 174

training, 2, 17, 100, 275, 302, 424

Retrospective studies, 4, 424

childhood trauma, 164, 179-180

Risk-based allocation, 8, 395, 402-404

Risk factors, general, xi, 2-4, 9, 12, 21, 26-27, 55, 273, 384-385, 423, 425, 426

see also Diagnosis and screening;

Preventive measures;

Treatment

assessment of, 229-233

barriers to treatment and intervention, 331-373

clinical trails, 8, 258, 391-392, 425

committee recommendations, 10, 13-15, 140-142, 423, 425, 426, 429

definitional issues, 28

informed consent, 8, 292, 359, 389-392

occupations, high-risk, 15, 52-53, 197, 205-206, 317

school-based prevention programs, 276

Robert Woods Johnson Foundation, 407

Rockefeller Foundation, 407

Rural areas, 209, 210, 307-310, 336, 356

firearm use in suicide, 283-284

insecticides as means of suicide, 280

number of suicides, 36, 38, 425

Russia, 3, 85, 196, 210-211

Russian roulette, 380

Samaritans, 290

Sample size considerations, 10, 56, 138, 248, 394, 397, 404-406, 410, 411, 425, 426, 428, 441-442

low-base rate events, 27, 232, 290, 313, 344, 375, 376-377, 423, 424, 425-426 , 431

SAMSHA, see Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Scale for Suicide Ideation, 230

Schizophrenia, 68, 71, 77-79, 80, 123-124, 138-140, 394

anti-psychotic medications, 236

electroconvulsive therapy, 242-243

inpatient care, 250

lithium treatment, 235

time factors, 78, 237, 254

School factors

assessment of students, 232

barriers to treatment, 335, 354

childhood trauma, 174-175

cognitive-behavioral factors, 294, 295-296

counseling, 297-298, 299-301, 309

dropouts, 299, 300, 354

international perspectives, 296, 437

prevention programs, 181, 273, 274, 275-276 , 293-297, 299-301, 304, 306, 317, 436, 437, 438

gatekeeper training, 297-298

Native Americans, 308-309

professional education for programs, 296, 297

psychological autopsies, 378

self-efficacy and self-esteem, 275, 293, 299-300, 301, 309, 437

surveillance, 381-382, 387

time factors, 293, 295, 298, 299, 301

Screening, see Diagnosis and screening

Seizures, see Anticonvulsants

Self-destructive behavior, general, 181

definitional issues, 71

elderly persons, 43

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

follow-up care, 253

personality disorders, 79

psychosis and, 68

serotonin, 126

Self-efficacy and self-esteem, 74, 92-93, 99

see also Coping;

Depression;

Stigma

childhood trauma, 169, 173, 174, 175, 181

family factors, 334

Native Americans, 309

psychotherapy, 245

school-based prevention programs, 275, 293, 299-300, 301, 309, 437

Serotonin, 2, 121-122, 123-129, 132, 135, 136, 137-138, 142

alcohol abuse, 123-124, 137

anxiety disorders and, 77

clinical trials, 127, 238-239, 240, 241-242

depression, 123-125, 126-127

impulsivity, 126, 127-128

lithium treatment, 235

psychological autopsies, 378

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 238-239, 240, 241-242, 342

Sex differences, see Gender factors

Sexual abuse, 132-133, 141, 158, 159

adolescents and youth, 161, 179-180

prisoners, 357, 358

Sexual orientation, 53-55, 176, 378

Shame, see Guilt and humiliation

Single persons, 197, 198, 250

Smoking, 84

Social and cultural factors, ix-x, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 33, 58, 141, 193-227, 256-257, 311, 317, 424, 431, 432, 435

see also Community programs and studies;

Demographic factors;

Family factors;

Immigrants and refugees;

International perspectives;

Race/ethnicity;

Religious influences;

Stigma

alcohol abuse, 83

assessment of patients, 231, 232

centers for research, 406, 425-426, 428

childhood trauma, 170, 173-177, 184

cost of suicide to society, x, 55-57, 58, 423

discrimination, 209-210, 214, 215, 332-334 , 355, 358-359

ethnographic research, 10, 11-12, 426, 428, 431

guilt and humiliation, 23, 24, 69

historical perspectives, 21-25, 194-195, 199, 201-202, 210-211, 214

imitation and contagion, 276-278

isolation, 25, 42, 50, 175, 176, 194-195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 208-209, 250, 253, 274, 309, 350

mass media, 6, 15, 276-280, 289, 294, 304, 310, 316, 437

military personnel, 304-305

peer influences, 275, 304, 305, 378

personality disorders, 79

prisoners, 356-357, 358

psychological autopsies, 377

psychotherapy, 245, 249

safety net, 194-196, 200

self-efficacy, 93

substance abuse, 86

widows and widowers, 23, 198, 204

Social Security Administration, 236

Socioeconomic status, 3, 53, 196, 205-206, 207-209, 214, 215

see also Educational attainment;

Employment

childhood trauma, 159, 165, 179

committee recommendations, 10, 11, 428, 431

educational attainment, 50

immigrants, 50

international perspectives, 207-208, 212-213

psychological autopsies, 377

religious influences, 202

Soviet Union, ix

see also Russia

Spanish-speaking persons, see Hispanics

Specialty mental health care

barriers to, 335, 336-340 (passim), 342, 345-349, 357-359

clinical guidelines, 5, 346, 348-349

cognitive-behavioral aspects, general, 4, 80, 92, 99, 100, 245-249, 258

coping training, 26, 94-95, 100, 274, 317, 437

school-based prevention programs, 294-295, 300-301

diagnosis, 346-348

education of, 345, 346

malpractice claims, 346-347

medications, prescription of, 99, 347, 349

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

prisoners, 358-359

problem solving, 4, 245, 246-247, 249

Standards

see also Clinical practice guidelines;

Definitional issues;

Ethical issues

assessment of patients, 170, 230, 231, 232

clinical trials, 8, 389-391, 432

informed consent, 389

media coverage of suicides, 278-279, 289, 304, 310, 437

no-suicide contracts, 291

surveillance, 387

see also Definitional issues

State government

childhood trauma, 162

drinking, minimum age laws, 276

firearms, 283, 284-285, 316

prevention programs, 276, 279, 303-304, 312, 313, 436, 438

reporting, 13, 379

surveillance, 379, 381-384, 386, 433

Statistical analysis, 25, 55, 85-86, 160-162, 375, 393-406, 411, 441-468

see also Databases;

Epidemiology;

Reporting;

Surveillance

alcohol use, 81-86 (passim)

anxiety disorders and, 76-77

clustering, 41, 395-400

ethical issues, 375

interval estimation, 401-402

lifetime risk, 394-395

low-base rate event, 27, 232, 290, 313, 344, 375, 376-377, 423, 424, 425-426 , 431

number of suicides, x, xi, 1, 2, 9, 17, 20, 33, 34-58 , (passim) 375, 423, 424

psychiatric and psychological factors, 69, 71-100 (passim), 393-395, 400-401

regression analysis, 7, 341, 396-401, 403

mixed-effects regression models, 400-401, 448-450, 451-454, 458-464

Poisson regression, 7, 396-400, 445-459, 465-467

risk-based allocation, 8, 395, 402-404

sample size considerations, 10, 56, 138, 248, 394, 397, 404-406, 410, 411

low-base rate event, 27, 232, 290, 313, 344, 375, 376-377, 423, 424, 425-426, 431

Stigma, 5, 53-54, 216, 244, 312, 316, 332-334, 349-350, 351, 352, 361, 434

see also Guilt and humiliation child abuse, denial, 163, 175

developing countries, 360-361

media coverage of suicides, 279

Substance abuse, ix, 2, 3, 5, 39, 69, 70, 85-86, 96, 99-100, 435

see also Alcohol abuse

adolescents and youth, 40-41, 49, 88-89, 276

anxiety disorders, 75

barriers to treatment, 339, 342, 349, 350, 361

bipolar disorder, 74

childhood trauma, 159, 161, 165, 173, 177-179, 181

diagnosis, 71, 99, 335, 339, 342, 349

firearm use in suicide, 280

gender factors, 40, 71

genetic factors, 131, 132

historical perspectives, 21

impulsivity, 86, 99

lithium treatment, 235

media portrayals of, 278

Native Americans, 308

overdoses, 15, 241, 285-287, 340

personality disorders, 79, 80

religious influences, 202, 203

school-based prevention programs, 275

surveillance, 384

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 1, 9, 12, 14-15, 20, 411, 433, 438

media coverage of suicides, 278

Suffocation, 33

Suicide, Options, Awareness and Relief (Project SOAR), 298

Suicide Research Unit, 27

Supportive therapy, 6, 245, 247, 248, (n.7) 258, 274-275, 297, 299-301, 437

Surgeon General, 1, 27, 193, 340, 344-345, 353, 436

childhood trauma, 157, 176, 182, 295-296

emergency care, 345

managed care, 337, 338

media coverage of suicides, 278

specialty mental health care, 346

substance abuse, 384

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

Surveillance, 12-13, 303, 379-389, 432-434

see also Databases;

Registries;

Reporting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12-13, 303, 382, 384, 385-386, 387, 433-434

childhood trauma, 160

coroners and medical examiners, 55, 304, 379, 380-381, 384, 411, 432

emergency rooms, 385, 386-387, 424, 426

funding, 12-13, 384, 433-434

HIV/AIDS, 13, 388, 432, 433, 434

international perspectives, 360-361, 381, 387, 411, 431, 434

legal issues, general, 380, 385-386

legislation, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387

local government, 379, 381-382, 386, 411

professional education, 380-381, 386

regional factors, U.S., 379, 380, 382, 385-386

religious influences, 380, 381

school factors, 381-382, 387

standards, 387

state government, 379, 381-384, 386, 433

Sweden, 5, 76, 207-208, 239, 296, 343-344

Switzerland, 278, 279

Telephone contacts

follow-up services, 254

hotlines, 279, 288, 289-290, 304, 315-316

Television, 277

Temperament, 70, 95-97, 214

see also Attitudes and beliefs;

Depression;

Impulsivity;

Personality disorders

Terminal illness

attitudes toward suicide, 333

elderly persons, 42, 43-44

euthanasia/assisted suicide, 21, 44

Terminology, see Definitional issues

Terrorists, 195

Time factors, 400, 401, 462

see also Age factors;

Historical perspectives;

Longitudinal studies;

Prospective studies;

Retrospective studies

African-Americans, mental disorders, 47

bipolar disorder, 74, 254

childhood trauma, 157, 163

depression, 72, 125, 240, 241, 248, 401

discharge from inpatient care, suicide following, 4, 74, 84, 255, 259, 345-346 , 425, 430, 434

elderly, death following attempt, 42

electroconvulsive therapy, 243

euthanasia, consideration of, 44

Fatality Analysis Reporting System, 383

follow-up, 174(n.11), 231, 255, 259, 394, 425

gun control, 283, 284-285

health service contacts prior to suicide, 5, 255, 331, 348, 361, 377, 434

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, 172

imitation and contagion, 41, 131-132, 276-278, 316, 385, 395-400, 475

inpatient care, 43, 345-346, 373

discharge from inpatient care, suicide following, 4, 72, 74, 255, 259, 345-346, 425, 430, 434

length of stay, 11, 249, 259, 337, 338, 400, 401, 430, 462-464

locus of control, 93-94

media reporting of suicides, 279-280

medication, 234, 235, 240, 241, 242, 244, 248, 254, 350

primary care providers, pre-suicide contacts with, 43-44, 301, 331-332, 341, 342-343, 344, 346, 353, 434

psychological autopsies, 377-378, 383

psychotherapy visits, 349

research methodology, 395, 401, 402, 406, 429, 462-464

schizophrenia, 78, 237, 254

school-based prevention programs, 293, 295, 298, 299, 301

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 240

Time series analysis, 77

Tissue samples, 12, 119, 426-427

see also Brain and brain repositories

Tobacco use, see Smoking

Training, see Professional education;

Public education

Trauma, see Childhood trauma

Treatment, general, 4-6, 79-80, 99, 275

see also Adherence to treatment;

Clinical trials;

Emergency care;

Follow-up care;

Health insurance;

Inpatient care;

Outpatient care;

Pharmaceuticals;

Preventive measures;

Specialty mental health care

barriers to, 331-373

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
×

discrimination, 209-210, 214, 215, 332-334

managed care, 336-339

see also Health insurance;

Stigma

childhood trauma, 157, 176-178, 182-183 , 184

cognitive-behavioral factors, 4, 80, 92, 99, 100, 245-249, 258, 348

committee recommendations, 10-11, 141, 423, 424, 428, 429

coping training, 26, 94-95, 100, 274, 317, 437

school-based prevention programs, 294-295, 300-301

cost of, 56;

see also Health insurance

developing countries, 360-361

elderly persons, 302

electroconvulsive therapy, 242-244, 251

fragmentation of services, 5, 332, 335-336 , 350, 355, 361, 434

media coverage of suicides, 279

no-suicide contracts, 291-292

psychological autopsies, 377

religious influences, 203-204, 256-257

supportive therapy, 6, 245, 247, 248(n.7), 258, 274-275, 297, 299-301, 437

Tricyclic antidepressants, 239, 240, 287

Trytophan hydroxylase, 135

Twin studies, 2, 132, 133-134, 140-142

Ukraine, 35, 36, 206, 210

Unemployment, 3, 40, 51, 52, 85, 196, 205, 207, 208, 215, 354

Uniform Crime Reports, 384

United Kingdom, 35, 50, 194-195, 212, 251, 276, 286, 288, 312, 381

United Nations, 90, 302, 303, 305, 310, 312

Universal, Selective, and Indicated model, 274-302, 436-438

Urban areas, 209, 210, 299-300, 336

alcohol abuse, 82

drug overdoses, 286-287

firearm use in suicide, 283-284

jumping as means of suicide, 287-288

number of suicides, 36, 37, 38, 425

racial/ethnic factors, 45, 356

railway suicides, 289

U.S. Air Force, 6, 15, 304-307, 313, 436-437, 438


Vaproic acid, 235

Veterans Administration, see Department of Veterans Affairs

Violence and aggressive behavior, 40, 58, 72, 95, 119, 120, 122, 240, 315, 377, 435

see also Child abuse;

Crime and criminal behavior;

Firearms;

Impulsivity;

Sexual abuse

domestic, other than child abuse, 141, 159, 166, 173, 175, 178, 198-199, 297

genetic factors, 2, 11, 130, 131, 136, 138, 141-142, 430

neurobiological factors, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 128, 131, 136, 138, 140, 235-236, 241

political violence, , x 3, 195, 209

prisoners, 357


Widows and widowers, 3, 352

cultural influences, 23, 198, 204

Women, see Gender factors

World Bank, 428

World Health Organization, 35, 211, 212, 275, 278, 296, 302, 303, 305, 310, 312, 387, 428

World Wide Web, see Internet


Youth, see Adolescents and youth

Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 385-386

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2002. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10398.
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Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative Get This Book
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Every year, about 30,000 people die by suicide in the U.S., and some 650,000 receive emergency treatment after a suicide attempt. Often, those most at risk are the least able to access professional help.

Reducing Suicide provides a blueprint for addressing this tragic and costly problem: how we can build an appropriate infrastructure, conduct needed research, and improve our ability to recognize suicide risk and effectively intervene. Rich in data, the book also strikes an intensely personal chord, featuring compelling quotes about people’s experience with suicide. The book explores the factors that raise a person’s risk of suicide: psychological and biological factors including substance abuse, the link between childhood trauma and later suicide, and the impact of family life, economic status, religion, and other social and cultural conditions. The authors review the effectiveness of existing interventions, including mental health practitioners’ ability to assess suicide risk among patients. They present lessons learned from the Air Force suicide prevention program and other prevention initiatives. And they identify barriers to effective research and treatment.

This new volume will be of special interest to policy makers, administrators, researchers, practitioners, and journalists working in the field of mental health.

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