National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program

Board on Army Science and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-01-C-008 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
×

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM

JOHN B. CARBERRY, Chair,

E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware

JOHN C. ALLEN,

Battelle Memorial Institute, Washington, D.C.

RICHARD J. AYEN,

Waste Management, Inc. (retired), Wakefield, Rhode Island

ROBERT A. BEAUDET,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles

LISA M. BENDIXEN,

Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

JOAN B. BERKOWITZ,

Farkas Berkowitz and Company, Washington, D.C.

JUDITH A. BRADBURY,

Battelle Patuxent River, California, Maryland

MARTIN C. EDELSON,

Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa

SIDNEY J. GREEN,

TerraTek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah

PAUL F. KAVANAUGH, Consultant,

Fairfax, Virginia

TODD A. KIMMELL,

Argonne National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

DOUGLAS M. MEDVILLE,

MITRE Corporation (retired), Reston, Virginia

WINIFRED G. PALMER, Consultant,

Frederick, Maryland

GEORGE W. PARSHALL,

E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company (retired), Wilmington, Delaware

JAMES P. PASTORICK,

Geophex UXO, Alexandria, Virginia

R. PETER STICKLES, Consultant,

Concord, Massachusetts

WILLIAM J. WALSH,

Pepper Hamilton LLP, Washington, D.C.

RONALD L. WOODFIN,

Sandia National Laboratories (retired), Albuquerque, New Mexico

Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison

HENRY J. HATCH,

U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia

Staff

NANCY T. SCHULTE, Senior Program Officer

DELPHINE D. GLAZE, Administrative Assistant

GREG EYRING, Consultant

DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JOHN E. MILLER, Chair,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

GEORGE T. SINGLEY III, Vice Chair,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

ROBERT L. CATTOI,

Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

GILBERT F. DECKER,

Walt Disney Imagineering (retired), Glendale, California

ROBERT R. EVERETT,

MITRE Corporation (retired), New Seabury, Massachusetts

PATRICK F. FLYNN,

Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana

HENRY J. HATCH,

U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia

EDWARD J. HAUG,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

GERALD J. IAFRATE,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh

MIRIAM E. JOHN,

California Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California

DONALD R. KEITH,

Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

CLARENCE W. KITCHENS,

IIT Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia

SHIRLEY A. LIEBMAN,

CECON Group (retired), Holtwood, Pennsylvania

KATHRYN V. LOGAN,

Georgia Institute of Technology

(professor emerita),

Roswell, Georgia

STEPHEN C. LUBARD,

S-L Technology, Woodland Hills, California

JOHN W. LYONS,

U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Ellicott City, Maryland

JOHN H. MOXLEY,

Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

STEWART D. PERSONICK,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

MILLARD F. ROSE,

Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama

JOSEPH J. VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director

MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Associate Director

WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

GWEN ROBY, Administrative Assistant

DEANNA P. SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant

DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Preface

The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program (see Appendix A for biographies of committee members) was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct studies on technical aspects of the U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. During its first year, the committee evaluated the Army’s plans to dispose of chemical agent identification sets (CAIS)—test kits used for soldier training (NRC, 1999b). During the second year, the committee recommended nonincineration technologies that might be used for the posttreatment of neutralization wastes from Army non-stockpile materiel disposal systems (NRC, 2001a). During the third year, the Army asked the committee to supplement its report on neutralent wastes to include wastes produced by the Army’s newest mobile system, the explosive destruction system (EDS) (NRC, 2001e). During this fourth year the committee has assessed the operational concepts for the mobile and semi-permanent facilities being developed by the product manager.

At its meetings, the committee was given a number of briefings (see Appendix B), and between meetings it held deliberations. The committee is grateful to the many individuals who provided technical information and insights during these briefings, particularly Lt. Col. Christopher Ross, Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, and his staff. This information provided a sound foundation for the committee’s deliberations.

This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC’s Board on Army Science and Technology. The committee acknowledges the continued superb support of the director, Bruce A. Braun, as well as of NRC staff and committee members, who all worked diligently on a demanding schedule to produce this report.

John B. Carberry, Chair

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Elisabeth M. Drake, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (retired)

Gene Dyer, consultant

F. Wayne Jennings, consultant

Herbert J. Kouts, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (retired)

Richard Magee, Carmagan Engineering

James Michael, Environmental Protection Agency

Alvin Mushkatel, Arizona State University, and

William Tumas, Los Alamos National Laboratory

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by John C. Bailar III, Professor Emeritus, University of Chicago. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Contents

 

 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 

1

1

 

BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW

 

8

   

The Stockpile Destruction Program,

 

9

   

The Baseline Incineration Program,

 

9

   

Alternative Technologies for Destroying the Stockpile,

 

9

   

The Alternative Technologies and Approaches Program,

 

9

   

The Alternative Technologies Program for Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment,

 

9

   

The Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program,

 

10

   

Non-Stockpile Sites,

 

10

   

Non-Stockpile Inventory,

 

10

   

Systems for Destroying NSCWM,

 

15

   

Statement of Task,

 

16

   

The Committee’s Approach,

 

16

   

Scope of the Report,

 

16

   

Structure of the Report,

 

16

2

 

THE TOOLBOX OF NON-STOCKPILE TREATMENT OPTIONS

 

17

   

Non-Stockpile Facilities,

 

17

   

MAPS and PBNSF,

 

19

   

Stockpile Facilities,

 

22

   

Research and Development Facilities,

 

24

   

Commercial Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities,

 

 

   

Mobile Treatment Systems,

 

27

   

Explosive Destruction System.

 

28

   

Rapid Response System,

 

29

   

Single CAIS Accessing and Neutralization System,

 

31

   

Donovan Blast Chamber,

 

32

   

Individual Treatment Technologies,

 

34

   

Plasma Arc,

 

34

   

Chemical Oxidation,

 

37

   

Wet Air Oxidation,

 

38

   

Batch Supercritical Water Oxidation,

 

39

   

Neutralization (Chemical Hydrolysis),

 

40

   

Open Burning/Open Detonation,

 

42

   

Integrated Ballistic Tent and Foam System,

 

43

   

Multiple-Round Containers,

 

44

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
×

3

 

APPLICATION OF THE NON-STOCKPILE TREATMENT SYSTEMS TO THE NSCWM INVENTORY

 

46

   

Introduction,

 

46

   

Comparison of Candidate Technologies and Needs,

 

46

   

CAIS PIGS,

 

48

   

Individual CAIS Vials and Bottles,

 

48

   

Small Quantities of Small Munitions,

 

49

   

Chemical Agent in Bulk Containers,

 

49

   

Binary Chemical Warfare Materiel Components,

 

49

   

Unstable Explosive Munitions That Cannot Be Moved,

 

50

   

Secondary Liquid Waste Streams,

 

50

   

Large Quantities of NSCWM Items Currently in Storage,

 

51

   

Large NSCWM Items,

 

51

   

Large Quantities of Not-Yet-Recovered Small Munitions,

 

52

   

NSCWM Treatment Categories for Which Available or In-Pipeline Tools Are Adequate,

 

52

   

CAIS PIGs,

 

52

   

Individual CAIS Vials and Bottles,

 

52

   

Small Quantities of Small Munitions,

 

53

   

Chemical Agents in Bulk Containers,

 

53

   

Binary Chemical Warfare Materiel Components,

 

53

   

Unstable Explosive Munitions That Cannot Be Moved,

 

53

   

Secondary Liquid Waste Streams

 

 

   

NSCWM Treatment Categories for Which Significant Additional Investment and Planning Are Needed,

 

54

   

Large Quantities of NSCWM Items Currently in Storage,

 

54

   

Large NSCWM Items,

 

54

   

Large Quantities of Not-Yet-Recovered Small Munitions,

 

54

   

Developing New Systems for New Finds,

 

54

4

 

REGULATORY APPROVAL AND PERMITTING ISSUES

 

56

   

The Army’s RAP Experience,

 

56

   

Munitions Management Device,

 

56

   

Rapid Response System,

 

57

   

Spring Valley, Washington, D.C.,

 

57

   

Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado,

 

57

   

Munitions Assessment and Processing System,

 

57

   

Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility,

 

58

   

Specific Issues,

 

58

   

Regulatory Approval and Permitting Mechanisms,

 

58

   

Cooperation between the Army, the States, and the Public in the RAP Process,

 

58

   

Classification of Chemical Agent Identification Sets,

 

58

   

Diverse Army Organizations with Responsibility for RAP,

 

58

   

Schedule Requirements of the CWC,

 

59

   

Overall Lack of a Regulatory Program for Treatment Requirements,

 

59

   

Secondary Waste Classification,

 

60

   

RAP for Mobile Technologies,

 

61

   

Findings and Recommendations,

 

62

   

Regulatory Permitting/Approval Mechanisms,

 

62

   

Cooperation Between the Army, the States, and the Public in the RAP Process,

 

62

   

Classification of CAIS,

 

62

   

Diverse Army Organizations with a Responsibility for RAP,

 

62

   

Schedule Requirements of the CWC,

 

63

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Tables and Figures

TABLES

1-1

 

Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Pine Bluff, Arkansas,

 

11

1-2

 

Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) and Deseret Chemical Depot (DCD), Utah,

 

12

1-3

 

Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland,

 

13

1-4

 

Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Anniston Chemical Activity, Alabama,

 

13

2-1

 

Overview of Non-Stockpile Treatment Options,

 

18

2-2

 

Composition of Liquid Waste Streams from the EDS Treatment of Sarin (GB) Bomblets at RMA,

 

26

2-3

 

Numbers of Explosively Configured NSCWM and Total Recovered NSCWM, by Location,

 

29

2-4

 

NSCMP Technology Test Program,

 

35

2-5

 

Multiple-Round Containers and Their Contents,

 

44

3-1

 

Match of Primary Technologies and Systems to Items in the Non-Stockpile Inventory,

 

47

3-2

 

Focus of Secondary Technologies,

 

48

E-1

 

Approximate EDS Processing Time, by Agent,

 

94

FIGURES

1-1

 

Main chemical warfare agents in the U.S. inventory,

 

10

2-1

 

Floor plan of MAPS,

 

20

2-2

 

Glove-box system in the operations trailer of the RRS,

 

30

2-3

 

Schematic of one SCANS concept,

 

32

2-4

 

PLASMOX system layout,

 

36

2-5

 

Hydrolysis of the nerve agent GB (sarin),

 

41

2-6

 

Hydrolysis of DF with warm water,

 

42

D-1

 

Typical process flow for explosively configured munitions at PBNSF,

 

88

D-2

 

Typical process flow for non-explosively configured munitions at PBNSF,

 

89

D-3

 

Typical process flow for chemical agent identification sets at PBNSF,

 

89

E-1

 

Diagram of the EDS-1 vessel on its trailer,

 

93

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations


ABCDF

Aberdeen Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

ACW

assembled chemical weapons

ACWA

Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (Program)

ANAD

Anniston Army Depot

ANCDF

Anniston Chemical Disposal Facility

APG

Aberdeen Proving Ground

ATAP

Alternative Technology Approach Program


BGAD

Bluegrass Army Depot

BGCDF

Bluegrass Chemical Disposal Facility


CAC

Citizens’ Advisory Commission

CAIS

chemical agent identification set(s)

CAMDS

Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System

CDF

chemical disposal facility

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

CG

phosgene

CHATS

Chemical Agent Transfer System

CK

cyanogen chloride

CN

chloroacetophenone

CSDP

Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

CTF

Chemical Transfer Facility

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention

CWM

chemical warfare materiel

CWWG

Chemical Weapons Working Group


D&D

drill and drain

DBC

Donovan blast chamber

DCD

Deseret Chemical Depot

DCDMH

dichlorodimethylhydantoin

DF

a binary precursor (methylphosphonic difluoride)

DM

adamsite

DOD

U.S. Department of Defense

DOE

U.S. Department of Energy

DOT

U.S. Department of Transportation

DPG

Dugway Proving Ground

DRE

destruction and removal efficiency

DSHW

Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste (Utah)

DTV

drill-through valve


ECC

explosive containment chamber

EDS

explosive destruction system

EIS

environmental impact statement

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency


FOTW

federally owned treatment works

FUDS

formerly used defense site


GA

tabun (nerve agent)

GB

sarin (a nerve agent)

GD

soman


H

sulfur mustard

H-CHCl3

sulfur mustard in chloroform solution

HD

sulfur mustard (distilled)

HHS

Department of Health and Human Services

HL

mustard-lewisite mixture

HN-1

nitrogen mustard 1

HN-3

nitrogen mustard 3

HS

sulfur mustard

HT

mustard agent T mixture

HWIR

hazardous waste identification rule


IMPA

isopropyl methylphosphonic acid

IRP

Installation Restoration Program


JACADS

Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal

System
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
×

L

lewisite

L-CHCl3

lewisite in chloroform solution

LDR

Land Disposal Restriction


MAPS

Munitions Assessment and Processing System

MDM

multipurpose demilitarization machine

MEA

monoethanolamine

MPA

methylphosphonic acid

MPF

metal parts furnace

MRC

multiple-round container


NPL

National Priorities List

NRC

National Research Council

NS

non-stockpile

NSCM

Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel

NSCMP

Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Product

NSCWCC

Non-Stockpile Chemical Weapons Citizens’ Coalition

NSCWM

Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel


OB/OD

open burning/open detonation

OPA

binary component (isopropyl alcohol with amine)

OPCW

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons


PBA

Pine Bluff Arsenal

PBCDF

Pine Bluff Chemical Disposal Facility

PBNSF

Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility

PCD

Pueblo Chemical Depot

PIG

package in-transit gas shipment

PMCD

Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization

PMNSCM

Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel

POTW

publicly owned treatment works

PPM

parts per million

PS

chloropicrin

PS-CHCl3

chloropicrin in chloroform solution

PUCDF

Pueblo Chemical Disposal Facility


QL

binary agent precursor (ethyl-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite)


RAB

Restoration Advisory Board

RAP

regulatory approval and permitting

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RCWM

recovered chemical warfare materiel

R&D

research and development

RDX

cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine

RMA

Rocky Mountain Arsenal

RRS

Rapid Response System


SBCCOM

Soldier and Biological Chemical Command

SCANS

Single CAIS Accessing and Neutralization System

SCWO

supercritical water oxidation

SRC

single-round container


TNT

trinitrotoluene

TOCDF

Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

TSDF

treatment, storage, and disposal facility


USACE

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

UCAR

Utah Chemical Agent Rule

UV

ultraviolet


VX

a nerve agent


WAO

wet-air oxidation

WHEAT

water hydrolysis of explosives and agent technologies

WIPT

working integrated process team

3X

level of decontamination (suitable for transport or further processing)

5X

level of decontamination (suitable for commercial release)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2002. Systems and Technologies for the Treatment of Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10407.
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