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The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs
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The Dynamics of Disability: Measuring and Monitoring Disability for Social Security Programs
Index
A
Activities of daily living, 58, 61, 187, 192-193, 195-196, 227-232, 247, 253, 265, 292, 296
Activity limitation concept, 193, 196, 197, 201, 202, 204-205, 208, 261, 264, 286
Administration and processing of claims.
See also Disability decision process
definitional issues, 4, 55
file linkages for monitoring work disability, 5, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 106-108, 290-291, 293
growth issues, 2, 10, 19-20, 37, 38, 39, 40
research recommendations, 172-173
Age
and ability to work, 10, 135, 242
and growth of disability programs, 1-2, 35, 18-19, 42, 43, 44-45, 46
labor force participation, 306-308, 320-321, 325, 326
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 110, 143, 294, 297
Aid to the Blind, 37
Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, 37
AIDS/HIV infection, 41
Aliens, qualified, 43-44
Allowances. See Awards and allowances
American Community Survey, 99-101, 109, 295, 297, 298
American Housing Survey, 100-101, 295, 300-301
American Institutes for Research (AIR), 122, 133
American Medical Association (AMA), Guides to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 55-56, 203-204
American Psychiatric Association, 241, 242, 245, 250-257, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 279
American Psychological Association, 245-246
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 4, 31, 51, 54, 60, 194, 213, 262, 310, 328, 329
Assistive devices and accommodations, 62, 84, 116, 187, 202, 207, 208, 283-284, 310
Awards and allowances
growth of, 1, 18, 33-42, 46, 47
replacement rate caps, 39
review requirements, 39
minimum benefits, 39
variations in, 136-137
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B
Baby boom generation, 2, 11, 43, 46, 51, 89, 141, 145, 307, 308
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 95, 100-101, 290, 295, 299-300
Bias, defined, 214
Black Lung Program, 35, 37
Boston College, 143
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 282, 298-299
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 133, 282, 299, 310, 314, 315, 316, 317, 324, 326
Bureau of the Census, 94, 297-298, 300
C
California Work and Health Survey, 324-326
Canadian Health and Activity Limitation Survey, 77, 207, 298
Cardiovascular disease, 46
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 192, 299-300
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service, 143
Classification of disabilities.
See also International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
by disabled persons, 218-219, 225-227
fuzzy logic in, 225
mental, 245-250, 253-254
SSA Listings of Impairments, 48, 55, 63, 124, 129-132, 203-204, 245-250
in work disability monitoring system, 6, 296, 298
Clinical Disability Severity Rating, 252
Cognitive considerations
interviewing, 224-225
in survey measurements of disability, 223-225, 236-237, 238, 298
Cognitive theory, 223-225
Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 267
Conceptual issues. See Definition of work disability
Consultative Examiner, 250
Content Reinterview Survey (CRS), 228-231, 234-235
Continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 39, 40
Continuous Work History Sample, 107
Cost containment, 34
Cost-of-living adjustments, 35
Court decisions and class action suits
and definitions of disability, 213
and growth of disability programs, 2, 10, 40, 45, 48, 90, 127
Coverage error, 75-78, 85, 95, 104, 171, 215, 220, 223, 227, 284, 285, 290, 292
Cross-sectional design
for monitoring work disability, 95, 96, 105-106, 291, 293-294
for survey measurement of disability, 96, 219, 291, 293-294
Current Population Survey, 51, 95, 100-101, 104, 106, 206, 234, 290, 295, 298, 299, 318, 324
D
Data collection modes
for monitoring work disability, 95, 97, 102, 106, 110, 291-292, 294, 295
for survey measurement of disability, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78-79, 82, 83-84, 86, 87, 95, 106, 212, 216, 218, 219-220, 223, 228-229, 284, 285, 291-292, 301
Decennial Census, 206, 228-229, 230, 234-235, 236-237, 298
Definition of work disability.
See also Disability decision process
activity limitation concept, 193, 196, 197, 201, 202, 204-205, 208, 261, 264, 286
biopsychosocial model, 260, 285-286
conceptual issues, 4, 53-56, 59, 184-195
cultural perspective, 54, 193
duration or chronicity considerations, 62-63, 202-203
dynamic nature of disability and, 4, 60, 62-63, 84, 198-200, 202-203, 213
enabling-disabling process, 7-8, 74, 190, 191, 213, 281
environmental factors, 4, 7, 54, 57-58, 59-60, 61, 62-64, 83-84, 185-186, 188-190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 204-205, 208, 211, 213, 261-262, 283, 285-286
functional limitation, 4, 30, 54, 58, 59, 186-187, 193, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 212, 283
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and growth of awards and allowances, 35, 37, 40, 41
handicap concept, 193, 194, 195, 259
ICF model, 54, 56, 58-59, 258, 279
ICIDH model, 54, 57, 58-59, 60, 185, 190, 192-195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 259, 261-263
impairment concept, 186, 192, 196, 197, 201, 203-204, 212, 213, 243, 259, 261
intraindividual factors, 188, 189, 203
IOM models, 54, 56, 60, 188, 190, 194, 200
labor market structural changes and, 4, 30-31, 56, 62, 94, 318
major schools of thought, 56-63, 185-195
and measurement of work disability, 61, 62, 183-184, 212, 200-205, 283-284
for monitoring work disability, 289
Nagi’s Disablement Model, 56, 57-58, 60, 185-190, 192, 195-196, 197, 198, 201, 259
neutral terminology, 193-194, 261, 263-264, 286
in ongoing federal surveys, 49 n.6, 283-284
participation restriction, 193-195, 196, 197, 201-202, 212, 261, 264, 286
pathology/health condition, 186, 192, 196, 197, 201, 203
purposes of, 55, 183, 184-185
quality-of-life and, 58, 60, 190, 199-200, 201
recommendations, 12-13, 63-64
risk factors, 188, 189
as screening device, 55-56, 61, 183-184
secondary conditions, 60, 190, 198-199
social roles concept, 54, 57, 58, 59-60, 61, 187-190, 193, 195-198, 199, 201
statutory, 4, 17-18, 30, 54, 55, 57, 60, 74, 94, 128, 184, 185, 190, 200, 213, 242-243, 251, 262, 279, 281, 283, 289
in surveys, 7-8, 49 n.6, 56, 74, 83-84, 87, 94, 183, 184-185, 211, 212, 213, 263-264, 281-284
Demographic trends
growth of disability programs, 1-2, 18-19, 35, 42, 43-46, 89
Department of Health and Human Services, 18-19
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 300-301
Department of Labor, 9, 61, 122, 123, 132-134, 136, 145, 310, 317, 328-329
Dependents of beneficiaries, 35
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 245, 246
Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 9, 61, 122, 132, 134, 136, 145, 328-329
Differential response error, 220-221
Disability Analyst, 244, 249
Disability claims process, 3, 19, 21
Disability decision process.
See also Administration and processing of claims;
Eligibility criteria
adversary models of benefits adjudication, 138
alternatives to, 10-11, 137-139
American Psychiatric Association evaluation of, 241, 250-257, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 279
appeals, 19-20, 21
baseline evaluative criteria for redesign, 9, 38, 40, 118, 126-129, 130-131, 139
conceptual issues, 4, 113, 183-184, 242-243, 251;
see also Definition of work disability
Consultative Examiner, 250
continuing disability reviews (CDRs), 39, 40
date-of-onset/period-of-review documentation, 255, 256, 270
difficult claim types, 253, 255-256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277
environmental factors in, 4, 61, 138
functional assessment instruments, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120-122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273-274
and growth of awards and allowances, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114, 136-137, 212
ICF assessment instrument and, 242, 257-266, 268, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279
Index of Severely Disabling Impairments, 25, 116-117, 124, 127, 270
for initial claims, 19, 22-26, 34, 37, 114-117, 241-279
Listings of Impairments, 8-9, 22-23, 24 n.4, 48, 55, 63, 115, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129-132, 203-204, 244-250, 253-254, 256, 265, 268, 275, 276
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medical evidence, 19, 22-23, 40, 48, 63, 114, 115, 129, 243, 244, 250, 254-255, 256-257, 268, 270, 271, 272-273, 277-278
for mental impairments, 68, 129, 243-244, 248-249, 253, 265, 275-276, 277-278
Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256, 264, 270, 273, 278
NSHA and, 118, 119
objectives, 137-138
occupational classification system, 9, 61, 114, 117, 119, 122-123, 132-134, 136, 172, 312-314, 322-323
organizational fragmentation, 145-146
physician opinions in, 40
post-redesign period, 123-137
Psychiatric Review Technique Form, 244, 248-249, 250, 251, 253-254, 256, 265, 269, 270, 275
quality assurance reviews, 38, 40
recommendations, 9, 10-11, 14, 63-64, 123, 127, 130-131, 138, 172-173, 256-257, 275-279
redesign proposal, 3, 8, 21, 24-26, 90, 116-123, 127, 128-129, 130-132, 133, 139, 145, 172, 211-212, 241, 242
regulations and guidelines, 114, 115
research plan, 10-11, 63-64, 119-123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 172-173, 241, 256-257, 268-279
Residual Physical Functional Capacity Assessment, 24, 273-274
responsibility for, 19, 21, 34, 37, 107, 136-137, 243, 244
return-to-work model, 8, 10-11, 138
Reviewing Medical Consultant, 244, 248-249, 251, 253-254, 271
scope of committee review of, 3, 8
screening instruments, 247, 267-268, 269, 271, 275, 278
simulation and modeling of, 67, 70, 72, 173, 289, 290
vocational capacity assessment, 9-10, 24, 25, 63, 113, 115, 117, 119, 132-137, 172, 203, 204-205, 242-243, 245, 263, 275, 303
WHO DAS II and, 267-268, 275, 278
Disability Determination Services (DDs), 10, 19, 21, 37, 107, 136-137, 243
Disability Employment Strategy, 67, 70
Disability Evaluation Study (DES), 20, 63-64, 212, 170-171.
See also National Study of Health and Activity
Disability insurance tax rate and trust fund, 34-35
Disability Research Institute, 109, 131, 143
Disabled people
desire to work, 207
discrimination against, 207
employer tolerance, 108
labor force participation rates, 319-321
labor market for, 49-51, 317, 318-328
number of, 212
quality-of-life issues, 58, 60, 190, 199-200, 201
self-classification of disability, 218-219, 225-227
socioeconomic status, 90
stereotypes, 62, 202-203
support for SSA’s Disability Employment Strategy, 67
Disablement process, 84, 188-190, 200
Drug abuse and alcoholism, 48
Duration or chronicity of disability, 19, 44, 62-63, 202-203
Dynamic nature of disability, conceptual issues, 4, 60, 62-63, 84, 198-200, 202-203, 213
enabling-disabling process, 74, 190, 191, 213, 224, 226
and work disability monitoring system, 91
E
Economic censuses, quinquennial, 92
Economic conditions
and growth of disability programs, 2, 18, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 88, 89, 287, 288
Education
and ability to work, 10, 135-136, 242
and labor force participation rates, 308-309, 321-322
Effectiveness, defined, 128
Efficiency, defined, 128
831 Disability file, 107
Eligibility criteria.
See also Disability decision process
and definitions of disability, 55
medical and functional, 48
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for mental impairments, 40, 41, 68
noncitizens, 43-44, 48
original, 34
and program size, 2, 33, 39, 40, 41
substantial gainful activity and, 2, 19, 34, 40, 53, 55, 63, 66 n.1, 94, 114, 115, 123, 184
and survey instrument design, 212
threshold severity requirement, 116
Enabling-disabling process, 7, 74, 190, 191, 224, 226, 281
Environment. See Work environment
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 329
Extraindividual factors, 188, 189, 196, 198.
See also Work environment
F
Federal ongoing surveys
definition of disability in, 49 n.6, 283-284
measurement of disability in, 99-104, 212, 213, 282, 285-286
partnerships for monitoring work disability, 5, 93-94, 95, 99-104, 105-106, 109, 110, 294-301
Functional limitations, 40
assessment instruments, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120-122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273-274
definition of, 4, 30, 54, 58, 59, 186-187, 193, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 212, 283
and disability decision process, 25, 26, 90, 113, 114, 116-117, 119, 120-122, 124-125, 129, 172, 271, 272, 273-274
interviewing techniques, 224-225
of survey respondents, 75, 77-79, 80-81, 223-227, 284
vocational capacity assessment, 132-133, 329
G
Gender
and growth of disability programs, 43, 44-45, 46, 49, 50
labor force participation rates by, 43, 44, 49, 50, 89, 305-306, 319, 320-321, 325, 326
General Accounting Office, 129
Gore, Al, 20-21
Growth of disability programs
administrative initiatives and, 2, 10, 19-20, 37, 38, 39, 40
allowances and awards, 1, 10, 18, 33-42, 46, 47, 136-137
applications, 33, 35, 41
cost shifting by states and, 19, 47, 90
court decisions and, 2, 10, 40, 45, 48, 90, 127
definitions of disability and, 35, 37, 40, 41
demographic trends and, 1-2, 18-19, 35, 42, 43-46, 89
disability decision process and, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114, 136-137, 212
econometric research studies, 20, 34
economic conditions and, 2, 18, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 88, 89, 286, 288
eligibility criteria and, 2, 33, 39, 40, 41, 136-137
historical developments and, 34-42
impairments and, 2, 18, 34, 40, 45-47, 48
labor market dynamics and, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 52, 89, 288
labor market structural changes and, 2, 18, 48, 89, 304
legislative and regulatory changes and, 2, 10, 18, 19, 34, 35, 38, 39-41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51-52, 90, 127
for mental impairments, 2, 45-46, 47, 48
outreach efforts and, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47
projected, 2, 43, 51, 141, 145
research needs, 20, 34, 52, 89-94, 127, 212
SSA surveys of, 286-288
trends, 1-2, 35-42
H
Handicap, defined, 193, 194, 195, 259
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), 288
Homeless populations, 75-76
I
ICF Checklist, 266, 267, 275, 277, 278
Impairments.
See also Mental impairments AMA evaluation guides, 55-55, 203-204
awards by diagnostic group, 47
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circulatory conditions, 2, 46, 47, 62, 203
classification, 54, 57, 58-59, 60, 185, 190, 192-195, 261-263
conceptual issues, 186, 192, 196, 197, 201, 203-204, 212, 213, 243, 259, 261
date of onset and period of review, 255
environmental limitations, 115
fatigue, 62, 203
functional, 54
and growth of disability programs, 2, 18, 34, 40, 45-47, 48
multiple combined, 40, 47, 115, 243
musculoskeletal conditions, 2, 46, 47, 62, 203
pain, 62, 203
pathology/health condition, 186, 192, 196, 197, 201, 203
survey design considerations, 76-77
systemic diseases, 47, 62, 203
threshold severity requirement, 116
Index of Severely Disabling Impairments, 25, 116-117, 124, 127, 270
Institute of Medicine, conceptual models of disability, 54, 56, 60, 188, 190, 194, 200
Institutionalized populations, 75-76
Instrumental activities of daily living, 58, 61, 187, 192-193, 247, 296
Internal consistency, 222
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
coding and rating, 263-264
conceptual model, 54, 58-59, 83-84, 185, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201-202, 258, 261-263, 277, 279, 285-286
and disability decision process, 242, 257-266, 268, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279
domains, 196, 286
features of, 83-84, 257-258, 285-286
ICF Checklist, 266, 267, 278
ICIDH-1 (1980) compared, 54, 57, 58-59, 60, 185, 190, 192-195, 198, 201, 259, 261-263, 285
ICIDH-2, 185, 196, 197, 265, 282, 285
revision process, 185, 192, 260-261, 265
survey questionnaire mapping to, 285-286
taxonomy, 263
work disability, 265-266
International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH). See International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), 257-258
International Task Force on Mental Health, and Addictive, Behavioural, Cognitive, and Developmental Aspects of ICIDH, 260, 265
Interviewing methods, 76-77, 81, 85, 95, 171, 215-217, 219, 220, 224-225, 228, 291-292
L
Labor force participation
accommodations and, 62, 84, 310
age and, 306-308, 320-321, 325, 326
and disability definitions, 56, 62
by disabled persons, 319-321
dynamics of, 89, 304-309
early withdrawal from, 288
educational attainment and, 308-309, 321-322
gender and, 43, 44, 49, 50, 89, 305-306, 319, 320-321, 325, 326
race and, 306, 320-321
Labor market dynamics
alternative work arrangements, 316
contingent employment, 315-316
and definition of work disability, 4, 30-31, 94, 318
for disabled people, 49-51, 317, 318-328
displacement rates, 317-318, 326-328
employment characteristics, 309-318, 321-327
and growth of disability programs, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 52, 89, 288
industries, 310-312, 321-322
internal structure of work, 317
job security, 315
location of work, 316-317
measuring functional demands, 328-330
occupations, 312-314, 322-323
part-time employment, 314-315, 323-324
structural changes, 2, 18, 30-31, 48, 89, 304
terms of employment, 315-318, 324-326
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Legislation and regulations
and growth of disability programs, 2, 10, 18, 19, 34, 35, 38, 39-41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51-52, 90, 127
Leisure activities, 188
Listings of Impairments, 8-9, 22-23, 24 n.4, 48, 55, 63, 115, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129-132, 203-204, 244-250, 253-254, 256, 265, 268, 275, 276
Longitudinal design
for measurement surveys, 96, 199, 219-220, 228, 291, 293
for monitoring work disability, 5, 95, 96, 97, 105-106, 199, 291, 293
M
Master Beneficiary Record (MBR), 107, 108
Master Earnings File (MEF), 107, 108
Measurement error
disabled person as source of, 223-227
in essential survey conditions, 212, 219-221
in Index of ADLs, 228, 296
interviewer-related, 219, 221
psychometric perspective, 221-222, 228, 231-232, 238
questionnaire-related, 82-83, 85, 216-217, 221, 286
research needs on, 74-75, 82-83, 284-285
respondent-related, 217-218, 223-227, 292
in surveys, 74-75, 82-83, 85, 95, 212, 216-227, 232-237, 284, 285, 286, 290, 291, 292
Measurement of disability.
See also National Study of Health and Activity;
Survey measurement of disability
activity limitation (at work), 201, 204-205
conceptual issues, 61, 62, 183-184, 200-205, 212, 283-284
direct assessment, 205-208
duration/chronicity considerations, 202-203
empirical evidence on error in, 227-236
environmental barriers and accommodations and, 109, 232-233, 237
functional limitations, 204, 227-236
health condition or pathology, 201, 203
impairment, 201, 203-204
with Index of ADL, 227-232, 292
participation restriction, 201-202
quality-of-life considerations, 90
research recommendations, 109
role of work and, 201, 205
threshold, 62, 202
work disability, 201, 205, 232-236
Medicaid coverage, 2, 35, 37, 138
Medical evidence, 19, 22-23, 40, 48, 63, 114, 115, 129, 243, 244, 250, 254-255, 256-257, 268, 270, 271, 272-273, 277-278
Medical examinations and performance tests
for monitoring work disability, 95, 96, 102, 290, 293, 295, 300
for NSHA, 70, 71, 78, 79-80, 81
for surveys, 70, 71, 78, 79, 81, 95, 96, 289, 290, 293, 295, 300
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 100-101, 102, 106, 108, 110, 294, 295, 297
Medicare, 2, 138
Mental impairments
affective disorders, 253
anxiety disorders, 247, 253, 254
autistic disorder, 247
American Psychiatric Association evaluation of claims process, 241, 250-257, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 279
Clinical Disability Severity Rating, 252
date-of-onset/period-of-review documentation, 255, 256, 270
difficult claim types, 253, 255-256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277
disability determination process, 68, 129, 243-244, 248-249, 253, 265, 275-276, 277-278
eligibility criteria, 40, 41, 68
growth in awards and allowances for, 2, 45-46, 47, 48
ICF assessment instrument, 242, 257-266, 268, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279
Listing of, 48, 244-250, 253-254, 256, 265, 268, 275, 276
medical evidence, 243, 244, 250, 254-255, 256-257, 268, 270, 271, 272-273, 277-278
Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256, 264, 270, 273, 278
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mental retardation, 247, 253
organic mental disorders, 253
personality disorders, 247, 253, 256
Psychiatric Review Technique Form, 244, 248-249, 250, 251, 253-254, 256, 265, 269, 270, 275
recommendations, 256-257, 275-279
research issues, 256-257, 268-279
schizophrenic, paranoid and other psychotic disorders, 246, 253, 254
sequential evaluation, 243-244, 248-249, 253, 276, 277-278
somatoform disorders, 253
statutory definition, 242-243
substance addiction disorder, 247
vocational capacity assessment, 242-243, 245, 263, 275
WHO DAS II, 267-268, 275, 278
Mentally disabled
deinstitutionalization of, 19, 40, 47
stigmatization, 84
survey design for, 75-76
Monitoring
of costs, 34-35
of work disability, see Work disability monitoring system
N
Nagi, Saad, 57, 185, 259
Nagi’s Disablement Model, 56, 57-58, 60, 185-190, 192, 195-196, 197, 198, 201, 259
National Academy of Social Insurance (NASI), 129, 130, 269, 271
National Center for Health Statistics, 94, 108, 110, 192, 299-300
National Comorbidity Survey, 299
National Crime Victimization Survey, 100-101, 295, 298-299
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 100, 101-103, 109, 171, 295, 289, 300
National Health Interview Survey, 49 n.6, 95, 100, 102-103, 109, 110, 206, 290, 295, 296, 299, 300, 318
Disability Supplement, 171, 226, 234, 235
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 100, 102-103, 104, 292, 295, 301
National Institute of Mental Health, 278
National Institutes of Health, 143, 267
National Longitudinal Study (NLS), 288
National Medical Care Expenditure Survey, 294
National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey, 294
National Organization on Disability/Harris Survey of Americans with Disabilities, 226
National Performance Review, 20-21
National Science Foundation, 143
National Study of Health and Activity.
See also Survey measurement of disability
corrective revisions, 8, 71-72, 86, 87
data collection plans, 7, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78-79, 85, 86, 171, 290
disability decision process evaluation, 118, 119
features, 67-70
field experiments, 6, 73, 74, 171
information goals, 20, 52, 65, 66-67, 88, 91
interim reports on, 66, 70, 78, 80, 81, 170-173
long-term usefulness of, 8, 91
medical examinations, 70, 71, 78, 79-80, 81
monitoring system for work disability, 5, 97-99, 104, 109
pilot study, 6-7, 8, 70, 71, 72-74, 78, 81, 82, 86
quality issues, 70-74
questionnaire design and testing, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81-82, 85, 87, 90, 171, 284
recommendations, 12, 70, 85, 87, 147-148, 170-171, 173
research, 72-73, 85, 172-173
response rates, 8, 69-70, 73, 81, 171
sample design, 7, 67-68, 73, 78, 80, 171
sample sizes, 7-8, 68-69, 70, 80, 170-171
scope of committee study, 2-3, 26-27, 65-66, 147-148
simulation of disability decision process, 67, 70, 72, 173
testing phase, 7, 72, 78, 86, 170
time allocation for, 6-7, 70-74, 86, 173
Nonobservation errors, 214-216, 284-285
Nonresponse error, 76, 77, 80-81, 85, 95, 104, 215-216, 220, 227, 284, 285, 290, 291, 292
Numident, 108
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O
Observational errors, 216-221, 227, 284-285
Occupational classification systems, 9, 61, 114, 117, 119, 122-123, 132-134, 136, 172, 312-314, 322-323, 328-329
Occupational Information Network (ONET) database, 9-10, 61, 122-123, 132-134, 145, 172, 328-329
Office of the Inspector General, 129
Old Age Assistance, 37
Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, 107-108
Outreach efforts, and growth of disability programs, 2, 19, 37, 42, 47
Owens, Patricia, 250
P
Paid and unpaid role activities, 187
Pain, and disability, 40, 62, 114, 203
Parkinson’s disease, 187
Parsons, Talcott, 54, 58, 59, 195
Participation, conceptual issues, 193-195, 196, 197, 201-202, 212, 261, 264, 286
Provider-based survey data, 102, 290, 295, 296
Proxy respondents, 78-79, 83, 95-96, 106, 212, 216, 218, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230-231, 284, 292
Q
Quality issues, in NSHA, 70-74
Quality of Employment surveys, 317
Quality of life
and disability definitions, 58, 60, 190, 199-200, 201
health-related, 199-200
Questionnaire design
for monitoring work disability, 293
for NSHA, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81-82, 85, 87, 90, 171, 284
for survey measurement, 70, 76-77, 82-83, 85, 87, 205-207, 212, 216-217, 223-224, 226-227, 228, 230-231, 232, 233, 236-238, 281-282, 284, 285-286, 293-294
R
Race, and labor force participation rates, 306, 320-321
Recall bias, 217-218
Recommendations
concepts of work disability, 12-13, 63-64
disability decision process, 9, 10-11, 14, 63-64, 123, 127, 130-131, 138, 172-173, 256-257, 275-279
for monitoring work disability, 5, 13, 92-93, 147
for NSHA, 70, 85, 87, 170-171, 173
research infrastructure and capacity building, 14, 142
survey measurement of disability, 13, 85, 86-87, 170-171
Regulations. See Legislation and regulations
Rehabilitation, 60, 134, 188, 190, 191, 198, 203, 259
Reliability
defined, 221, 127
of disability decision process, 127
of Index of ADL, 227
interrater, 134, 222, 254
measures of, 222
of Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment, 254
of occupational classifications, 134
of survey measures of disability, 221, 222, 227, 231-232, 236
of WHO DAS II, 267
Research issues
cooperative agreements, 144
disability decision process, 10-11, 63-64, 119-123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 172-173, 241, 256-257, 268-279
extramural programs, 11, 143
grant programs, 142-143, 144
growth of disability programs, 20, 34, 52, 212
infrastructure and capacity building, 11-12, 142, 140-147
intramural programs, 11, 144
measurement of disabilities, 141-147, 208, 284-285
mental impairments, 268-274
monitoring work disability, 301
NSHA, 72-73, 85, 172-173
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resource requirements, 14, 141-144
survey methods, 74-87, 208, 284-286, 301
Residual Physical Functional Capacity Assessment, 24, 273-274
Respiratory disorders, 203
Respondent burden, 70, 76-77, 81-82, 106, 216, 217-218
Response rates, 8, 69-70, 73, 76, 81, 171, 215
Retirement History Survey, 288
Retirement Research Consortium (RRC), 143
Reviewing Medical Consultant, 244, 248-249, 251, 253-254, 271
S
Sample design, 7, 67-68, 73, 78, 80, 171, 214, 219
Sample sizes, 7-8, 68-69, 70, 80, 98, 104, 106, 170-171, 218, 295, 296
Sampling error, 79-80, 214, 290, 292
Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, 267
Screening
instruments, 247, 267-268, 269, 271, 275, 278
methods, 70, 75-78, 81, 85, 227-232, 298
Secondary conditions, 60, 190, 198-199
Selection bias, 228
Self reports, 83, 95-96, 106, 212, 218-219, 220, 223, 226, 230-231, 284, 291-292
Sensitivity and specificity, 129, 130
Social activities, 188
Social classification, 226-227
Social cognition, 225-226
Social roles, and definition of work disability, 54, 57, 58, 59-60, 61, 84, 187-190, 193, 195-198, 199, 201
Social Security Act, 34
amendments, 35, 44
definition of disability, 4, 17-18, 61, 94, 184, 185, 190, 242-243, 262, 279, 281, 283, 289
Social Security Administration
administrative databases, 106-108
disability surveys, 88 234, 286-288
information needs for policy decisions, 89-91
Office of Research, Evaluation and Statistics (ORES), 141
Program Operations Manual System, 273
regulations, 273
Social Security Advisory Board, 129, 141
Social Security Benefits Reform Act of 1984, 40
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program
administrative database, 107
applications and awards, 18, 35-36, 38, 41, 46, 47, 243
beneficiaries enrolled, 18, 35, 36, 39, 42
composition of beneficiary population, 43, 44-45, 46
cost containment measures, 34-35
coverage and support levels, 34, 35
defined, 1 n.1, 17
definition of disability, 242
DHHS analysis of, 18-19, 20
eligibility criteria, 243
growth trends, 1, 18, 35-37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49
inception, 33, 34-35
income replacement rates, 39
initial determination of disability, 34, 243;
see also Disability decision process
SSI benefits concurrently with, 47
terminations, 35, 36, 38-39, 41-42
waiting period to receive benefits, 35, 37
workers insured, 42, 43
Social Security retirement program, 37, 49, 51-52, 107, 288
Social Security Survey of Disabled Adults, 287
States.
See also Disability Determination Services (DDs)
cost shifting by, 19, 47, 90
initial disability determinations, 34, 37
welfare recipients, 37
Stigmatization, 84, 193, 226
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 301
Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 2, 19, 34, 40, 53, 55, 63, 66 n.1, 94, 114, 123, 133, 184, 242-243
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, 33
administrative database, 107
applications and awards, 18, 37-38, 42
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social cognition, self-concept, and social desirability aspects of, 225-227
SSA initiatives, 286-288;
see also National Study of Health and Activity
testing, 85-86, 171
time allocation issues, 74, 86
types of, 205
Survey of Disability and Work (1978), 287-288
Survey of Disabled and Nondisabled Adults (1972), 287
Survey of Economic Opportunity, 234
Survey of Income and Education, 234
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 95, 100, 102-103, 171, 206, 231, 232, 234, 285, 290, 295, 297, 298
T
Termination of benefits
CDRs and, 41
proof of medical improvements and, 40
reasons for, 38-39
trends, 35, 36, 37-39, 41-42, 51
Test-retest, 222
Testing, survey design, 85-86, 171
Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program, 67, 138
Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, 10, 138
U
University of Michigan, 143
U.S. Census for Year 2000, 206
V
Validity
concurrent, 127, 222
construct, 127, 222
criterion, 127, 221-222
defined, 127, 221-122
of disability decision process, 123, 127-128
of Index of ADLs, 227-228
of Listing of Medical Impairments, 130, 131-132
measures of, 222
predictive, 127, 222, 227-228
of survey measurement of disability, 221-222, 227-228, 236, 238
of WHO DAS II, 267
Variable errors, defined, 214, 221
Variance, defined, 221
Virginia Commonwealth University, 27, 120-122
Vocational capacity assessment, 9-10, 24, 25, 63, 113, 115, 117, 119, 132-137, 172, 203, 204-205, 242-243, 245, 263, 275
W
Waiting period to receive benefits, 35
Welfare recipients, 19, 37
Welfare reform, 48
Westat, 26, 67-70, 71, 72, 78-79
Work disability.
See also Definition of work disability;
Measurement of disability
dynamic nature of, 60
inconsistencies in reporting of, 235-236
Work disability monitoring system.
See also Survey measurement of disability
ad hoc special studies, 5-6, 108
administrative data linkages, 5, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 106-108, 290-291, 293
assessment of utility of, 289
characteristics, 94-108, 285-286
classification of disability in, 6, 296, 298
committee of experts, 6, 111-112
for continuous monitoring, 5, 87, 91-92, 93, 95, 96-108, 109, 212, 284-286, 291, 293, 294
cost considerations, 96, 98, 104, 290, 294, 301
cross-sectional data collection, 95, 96, 105-106, 291, 293-294
data sources, 94, 95, 290-291
defined, 94
design considerations, 5-6, 94-108, 110-111, 285-286, 289, 290-301
development and planning for, 92-93, 108-112, 289-290
disability decision process modeling component, 290
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disability definition for, 289
error considerations, 95, 98, 104, 106, 290, 291, 296
evaluation and testing, 93, 98, 110-112
implementation objectives, 6, 92-93, 111
longitudinal data collection, 5, 95, 96, 97, 105-106, 199, 291, 293
mode of data collection, 95, 97, 102, 106, 110, 291-292, 294, 295
NSHA and, 5, 97-99, 104, 109
partnerships with other federal agencies, 5, 93-94, 95, 99-104, 105-106, 109, 110, 294-301
physical examination data, 95, 96, 102, 290, 293, 295, 300
policy and planning issues to be
addressed by, 5, 89-94, 287
purpose of, 88-89, 94-95
questionnaire-related issues, 293
recommendations, 5, 13, 92-93, 147
reduced sets of measures in intervening years, 6, 97-99
research needs, 301
sample sizes, 98, 104, 106, 295, 296
screening instrument, 298
survey measurement component, 5, 93, 95, 97-98, 99-104, 109, 284-286, 289-301
Work environment
accommodations, adaptations, and barriers, 62, 84, 187, 202, 207, 208, 211, 283-284
and definition of disability, 4, 7, 54, 57-58, 59-60, 61, 62-64, 83-84, 185-186, 188-190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 204-205, 208, 211, 213, 261-262, 283-284, 285-286
and disability decision process, 4, 61, 138
measures of, 83-86
social, 84, 193
survey measurements of, 83-86, 183-184, 211, 232-233, 237, 282, 285-286
Work experience, and ability to work, 10, 136, 242
Work incentives, 39, 67
Workers’ compensation, 55-56, 134, 204, 303
Workshop on Measuring Functional Capacity and Work Requirements, 90, 132
Workshop on the Measurement of Persons with Work Disability, 293, 301
World Health Assembly, 258
World Health Organization
DAS II, 267-268, 275, 277-278
health definition, 199-200
ICIDH model, 54, 57, 58-59, 60, 185, 190-195, 242, 259, 261-263
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 257-258
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