NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This report is supported by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (EMW-2001-SA-0051); Institute for Business and Home Safety; the National Academies; National Aeronautic and Space Administration (W-24245); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Task order 56-DKNA-0-95111); Pacific Gas & Electric; and US Environmental Protection Agency (X-82953601-0). The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of any of these agencies or any of their subagencies.

Supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, under assistance award No. 00HQAG0205. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMS-9981962 and 0126041. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author and do not reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.