D
Acronyms and Abbreviations
3G
third generation
AFOSR
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
API
American Petroleum Institute
ARO
Army Research Office
ARPA
Advanced Research Projects Agency
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
ATF
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
ATP
Advanced Technology Program (at NIST)
BW
biological warfare
CBACI
Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute
CBIRF
Chemical, Biological Incident Response Force
CBO
Congressional Budget Office
CBRNE
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive
CDC
(United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CFD
computational fluid dynamics
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CHIPS
Clearing House Interbank Payments System
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
C3I
command, control, communications, and information
CRS
Congressional Research Service
CSTB
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
C-TPAT
Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
CW
chemical weapons
DARPA
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DDOS
distributed denial-of-service (attack)
DI
deionized
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DOC
Department of Commerce
DOD
Department of Defense
DOE
Department of Energy
DOJ
Department of Justice
DOT
Department of Transportation
DSL
digital subscriber line
DTRA
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
EHV
extra high voltage
EIA
Energy Information Administration
EMP
electromagnetic pulse
EOC
emergency operations center
EOP
Executive Office of the President
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EPRI
Electric Power Research Institute
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
FBI
Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FERC
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FFRDC
federally funded research and development center
FOIA
Freedom of Information Act
GIS
geographic information system
GN&C
guidance, navigation, and control
GNP
gross national product
GOCO
government-owned, contractor-operated
GTI
Gas Technology Institute
HACCP
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (an FDA program)
HE
high explosives
HEPA
high-efficiency particulate air (filter)
HEU
highly enriched uranium
HHS
Department of Health and Human Services
HSC
Homeland Security Council
HVAC
heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMS
ion mobility spectrometer
IND
investigational new drug
IND
improvised nuclear device
IOM
Institute of Medicine
IPP
independent power producers
IRS
Internal Revenue Service
ISO
independent system operator
IT
information technology
IU
intelligent information unit
IW
information warfare
LAN
local area network
LD50
lethal dose at which 50 percent of the exposed subjects die
LDC
local distribution company
LNG
liquefied natural gas
m2/g
square meters per gram
MANET
mobile ad hoc network
MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MPC&A
material protection, control, and accounting
MWS
multisensor warning systems
14N
the most common isotope of nitrogen
NARUC
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDEA
National Defense Education Act
NDMS
National Disaster Medical System
NEHRP
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program
NEI
Nuclear Energy Institute
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NIAID
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIH
National Institutes of Health
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
NNSA
National Nuclear Security Administration
NPC
National Petroleum Council
NPP
nuclear power plant
NQR
nuclear quadrupole resonance
NRC
National Research Council
NSF
National Science Foundation
NSTC
National Science and Technology Council
OHS
Office of Homeland Security
OMB
Office of Management and Budget
ONR
Office of Naval Research
OPCW
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OSTP
Office of Science and Technology Policy
PAL
permissive action link
PCAST
President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology
PCCIP
President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
PDD62
Presidential Decision Directive No. 62
PDD63
Presidential Decision Directive No. 63
picogra
m a trillionth (10-12) of a gram
PETN
pentaerythritol tetranitrate, a high explosive
PPE
personal protective equipment
PRA
probabilistic risk assessment
Pu
plutonium
QA
quality analysis
QC
quality control
R&D
research and development
RAM-D
reliability, availability, maintainability, and durability
RDD
radiological dispersal device
RDT&E
research, development, test, and evaluation
RDX
1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane, a high explosive
RF
radio frequency
RTO
regional transmission operator
S&T
science and technology
SBIR
Small Business Innovation Research
SCADA
supervisory control and data acquisition
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
SNM
special nuclear material
SWIFT
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication
TIC
toxic industrial chemical
TMR
tactical mobile robotics
TNT
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, a high explosive
TSA
Transportation Security Administration
USCOM
U.S. Conference of Mayors
USDA
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USNRC
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
VX
O-ethyl, S[2-(diisopropyl amino) ethyl]methylphosphonothiolate, a nerve agent
WHO
World Health Organization
WMD
weapons of mass destruction
WWI
World War I
WWII
World War II
XML
extensible markup language
Y2K
year 2000