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The Polygraph and Lie Detection
B
Background checks, 20 , 25 , 170-172 , 264 , 281
Base rate of deception
and accuracy measurement, 46 , 48 , 50 , 148 , 354-357
and decision threshold, 46 , 48 , 50 , 148 , 183 , 184 , 354-357
diagnostic model, 48 , 50 , 149
false positive index and, 180-182 , 354-357
masking of examiners to, 328 , 334 , 341
and other uses of polygraphs, 192
in screening situations, 50 , 109 , 130 , 153 n.4, 181-182 , 183-184
in specific-incident studies, 130 , 181 , 184
Behavioral confirmation research, 90
Benzodiazepines, 142
Bite-mark identification, 201 , 203 , 206-207
Blood pressure, 81 , 88 , 287 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 295.
See also Cardiovascular activity
“Bogus pipeline” research, 55 , 56 , 59-60 , 110
Brain function measurement, 80 , 104 n.9, 154-155 , 157-162 , 174-175
C
Cardiovascular activity, 286-287 , 303 , 305-306 , 309
blood pressure measurement, 81 , 88 , 287 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 295
cardiac vagal activation, 155
countermeasures, 156
heart rate, 308
individual differences in direction and extent of, 82
myocardial contractility, 155-156
respiratory sinus arrhythmia, 156 , 308
social and psychological influences, 82 , 88-89 , 156
traditional measures in polygraph testing, 81 , 155
Central Intelligence Agency, 118 , 188 , 263 , 264
Cerograph, 314
Classification error, 311
Cognitive neuroscience, 157-160 , 162
Commission on Science and Security, 189.
See also Hamre Commission recommendations
Comparison question technique.
See also Test of Espionage and Sabotage
accuracy, 124-125 , 127 , 128 , 135 , 346 , 351
computer voice stress analyzer compared, 168
countermeasures, 140 , 141 , 143
dataset for quantitative assessment, 341
directed-lie, 71 , 79 , 256 , 328
inferences from, 104 n.9
legal issues, 205
meta-analyses of laboratory studies, 152 n.1
orienting theory and, 75 , 76-77
in pretest interview, 16 , 62 n.2, 77 , 261
probable-lie, 14 , 71 , 255 , 256 , 328
psychophysiological responses, 14-15 , 67 , 70-71 , 72 , 74 , 76-77 , 83 , 93
Reid (modified general questions) test, 255 , 304 , 311 , 316 , 318
scoring systems, 255-257 , 318
situational effects and, 28 n.5, 87 , 91
standardization, 91 , 256 , 311
stimulation (acquaintance) test, 27 n.4, 91 , 255 , 257 , 258
test-retest reliability, 62 n.2, 87
theoretical bases, 69 , 70 , 72-77 , 80-81 , 93 , 127
thermal imaging and, 156-157
threat-of-punishment theory and, 74 , 127
uses, 15 , 17 , 71 , 205 , 255 , 256
