CHAPTER 5
PRIORITIES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH*
CHAPTER 5
PRIORITIES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH
COSMAT PRIORITY SURVEY
As part of the COSMAT study of the field of Materials Science and Engineering, a survey of various professionals in the field was conducted. The purpose of this survey was to gather information on areas of priority for basic and applied research. The breadth and scope of the responses was impressive. Materials are so diversely used in our society that no one person or indeed any small group of people could have information on the variety of materials and their uses which were present in the responses to the survey. The survey has succeeded admirably in obtaining a broad-based assessment of the current state-of-the-art for the wide range of materials, properties, processes and disciplines which make up Materials Science and Engineering.
This chapter is a detailed report on the responses to the Survey. The survey solicited some broad overall assessments but took into account the fact that few people have detailed knowledge of the whole spectrum of Materials Science activity. The Survey therefore asked for detailed responses only in a few areas selected by the respondee. The questionnaire was designed so that various cross correlations and sub-groupings of the responses could be selected for analysis.
The survey was divided into two main parts: One of these asked for an assessment of priorities for Basic Research; the other part, for Applied Research and Engineering. In this latter part, the priorities will depend on the area of intended application, which were grouped into nine major areas of impact. Each area of impact was in turn subdivided into various sub-areas of impact, and the respondees were asked to rate priorities in up to five of these. As will be seen from the responses below, priorities differ widely from one area of impact to another and even amongst the sub-areas.
In addition to providing a numerical rating of priorities, the respondees also provided comments on various areas of importance. These comments are also presented here to supplement the numerical ratings.
The Questionnaire
The questionnaire was accompanied by a cover letter, signed by M.Cohen and W.O.Baker, a copy of which is included in Appendix 5A. The instruction sheet for filling out the questionnaire, and the list of Areas and Sub-areas of Impact are also in Appendix 5A. The questionnaire (also included in Appendix 5A) began (page 1) by asking for a ranking on a 1 to 5 scale of the overall importance of Materials Science and Engineering to each area of impact. On page 2, the respondees were asked to select up to five sub-areas of impact, with which they were familiar, and to list materials problems which they judged of critical importance in each. These responses are summarized below.
The respondees were then asked to rate priorities for each of the subareas selected on page 2 according to Properties of Materials (page 3), Classes of Materials (page 4), Processes for Materials (page 5) and Disciplines and Sub-disciplines in the Field of Materials Science and Engineering (page 6). They were also asked to rate their familiarity with each Property, Material, Process and Discipline. A rating of level of priority for Basic Research for each Property, Material and Process was requested on the right hand side of pages 3, 4 and 5, along with a brief statement of the nature of the basic research. The last page of the questionnaire asked for personal information for statistical purposes.
Some 2800 copies of the questionnaire were mailed, using the names on the lists which are included in Appendix 5A. These lists were chosen in order to obtain a broad but in-depth coverage of Materials Science and Engineering. In all, 555 useful questionnaires were returned. Each respondee was asked to provide up to 451 answers or rankings, which would require an hour or more to do. Not all of these were completely filled in. The responses were computerized for analysis.
A rating scale was adopted to determine the average response to a question. The questionnaire asked for responses on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicated great importance and 5 indicated little importance. The responses of this type have been converted to a 0 to 100 scale, where 100 corresponds to all responses being “1” and 0 corresponds to all responses being “5”.
The rating number used to report these responses is given by:
where <1> is the number of “1” responses, <2> is the number of “2” responses and so on. Blank responses were not counted.
The Respondees
On the last page of the questionnaire personal information about the respondees was requested for statistical purposes, to provide information about the background of those who responded to the questionnaire. A summary of the responses to the personal information is shown in Table 5.1a. Most of the respondees have Ph.D.’s and are over forty years old. The respondees are fairly uniformly distributed between academia, government laboratories and industrial laboratories with a much smaller fraction being in non-profit organizations and “other”. Most of the people are engaged in research or in technical management but there is also a good representation of teachers and those engaged in development or engineering work as well as a significant number in general management. The respondees could check more than one category in this section, so the totals exceed the total number of respondees. About half of the managers have between 10 and 100 people reporting to them with about a quarter of them having less than 10 and a quarter having more than 100 people reporting to them. The discipline in which the respondees obtained their highest degree are shown in Table 5.1b, according to the responses which they wrote in. These have been divided into four main groups, the largest of which can be called Metallurgy but includes Physical Metallurgy, Earth Sciences, Ceramics and the newer discipline of Materials Science. The next largest group is Physics followed by Chemistry and the fourth category is Engineering which includes a variety of engineers.
The average age and educational level of the respondees are as expected in view of the lists which were used for mailing the questionnaire. The respondees typically have advanced scientific training and have reached a fairly mature stage of their careers. They are fairly evenly divided amongst the disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Metallurgy and Engineering. This seems to be a fairly typical distribution for those involved in Materials Science and Engineering. We believe this cross section and this group of people to be fairly optimal for assessing the current priorities in Materials Science and Engineering.
TABLE 5.1a Personal Information
Highest Degree: None 0, Bachelor 62, Master 78, Ph.D. 379. Age Bracket: Under 30 5, 30–39 74, 40–49 214, 50 & up 262. Employment: a) Type of Institution: Academic 187, Government 120, Industrial 215, Non-Profit 16, Other 17. b) Type of Activity: Teaching 181, Research 350, Development or Engineering 122, Technical Management 262, General Management 76, Other 52. Number of Personnel reporting to you (if a management category were checked): Less than 10 80, 10–100 163, over 100 81. |
TABLE 5.1b Discipline of Highest Degree
Discipline |
Number of Responses |
||
Chemistry |
43 |
|
95 |
Analytical Chemistry |
1 |
||
Physical Chemistry |
43 |
||
Inorganic Chemistry |
2 |
||
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
3 |
||
Solid State Chemistry |
1 |
||
Polymer Processing |
2 |
||
Physics |
129 |
|
153 |
Solid State Physics |
14 |
||
Applied Physics |
4 |
||
Chemical Physics |
6 |
||
Metallurgy |
60 |
|
172 |
Mining, Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy |
10 |
||
Earth Sciences |
1 |
||
Physical Metallurgy |
14 |
||
Ceramics, Ceramics Engineering, Glass |
44 |
||
Metallurgical Engineering |
31 |
||
Materials Science |
12 |
||
Engineering |
2 |
|
71 |
Mechanical Engineering |
20 |
||
Electrical, Electronic Engineering |
12 |
||
Aerospace |
3 |
||
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
9 |
||
Wood Technology |
4 |
||
Chemical Engineering |
21 |
||
Physiology |
1 |
|
8 |
Industrial Management |
3 |
||
Political Science |
1 |
||
Zoology |
1 |
||
Economics |
2 |
Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering
The first page of the questionnaire asked for the “overall importance of Materials Science and Engineering” to each Area of Impact. The responses are summarized in Table 5.2a. The number of “1” (very high), “2” (high) responses etc. are indicated, as well as the corresponding rating on the 0–100 scale in the right-hand column.
TABLE 5.2a Overall Response
|
Number of Responses |
|
|||||
Area of Impact |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Rating |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, AND CONTROL |
298 |
185 |
68 |
14 |
2 |
84 |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
41 |
107 |
257 |
141 |
27 |
50 |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
366 |
165 |
41 |
3 |
2 |
89 |
40 |
ENERGY |
329 |
187 |
53 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
84 |
157 |
214 |
91 |
22 |
58 |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
54 |
165 |
227 |
91 |
30 |
55 |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
54 |
110 |
227 |
145 |
38 |
50 |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
30 |
110 |
259 |
141 |
28 |
49 |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
65 |
202 |
216 |
72 |
16 |
60 |
The responses can be grouped as:
TABLE 5.2b Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact
Very Important |
Defense and Space Energy Communications, Computers, and Control |
Moderate |
Transportation Equipment Environmental Quality Health Services |
Low |
Housing and Other Construction Consumer Goods Production Equipment |
In Tables 5.3a through 5.3f, the responses of various sub-groups (selected using the personal data on the last page of the questionnaire) are presented. The number in parentheses above each category indicates the number of people in the group.
There are minor variations in these various Tables. These are indicated by “+” of “–” for a greater than 1σ deviation from the mean, and by “++” or “––” for a greater than 2σ deviation from the mean. Although few significant trends have been detected, some specific comments can be made. The responses from people with bachelors and masters degrees rate Communications lower than the larger group of Ph.D.’s and they also rate Production Equipment higher. This may reflect different interests of the two groups. In Table 5.3b, the Chemists are higher than average on Consumer Goods, Health Services, and low on Communications and Energy. The Physicists are high on Communications, low on Production and Transportation Equipment. Again these and other minor differences tend to reflect the interests of the group.
In Table 5.3c, the under-30 age group is small but the indicated differences from the other groups are statistically significant. The 30–39 age group rated Housing and Other Construction higher than average and gave a lower than average rating for Production Equipment. The 40–49 age group gave a low rating to Health Services, Housing and Other Construction and to Production Equipment. The over-50 age group gave a higher than average rating to Defense and Space, to Environmental Quality, to Production Equipment and to Transportation Equipment. Although there are significant deviations from the mean, no clearcut pattern emerges here.
TABLE 5.3a Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Highest Degree
Area of Impact |
(62) Bachelors |
(78) Masters |
(379) Ph.D. |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
74–– |
78–– |
86+ |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
48 |
45– |
51 |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
91 |
91 |
88 |
40 |
ENERGY |
86 |
88 |
87 |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
61 |
59 |
59 |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
57 |
54 |
56 |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
50 |
50 |
50 |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
53+ |
53+ |
47– |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
61 |
61 |
60 |
TABLE 5.3b Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Discipline of Highest Degree
Area of Impact |
(95) Chemistry |
(153) Physics |
(172) Metallurgy |
(71) Engineering |
(8) Other |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
81– |
91++ |
82 |
79– |
78– |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
54+ |
48 |
48 |
49 |
58 |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
90 |
88 |
90 |
91 |
89 |
40 |
ENERGY |
83– |
87 |
88 |
88 |
89 |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
59 |
58 |
60 |
57 |
67 |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
60+ |
55 |
52– |
57 |
67+ |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
57++ |
43–– |
51 |
49 |
56 |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
50 |
44–– |
51 |
51 |
44 |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
62 |
56– |
62 |
61 |
50 |
TABLE 5.3c Assessment of Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Age Bracket
Area of Impact |
(5) <30 |
(74) 30–39 |
(214) 40–49 |
(262) >50 |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
80 |
85 |
85 |
83 |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
45 |
52 |
49 |
50 |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
95 |
87 |
88 |
92+ |
40 |
ENERGY |
75– |
86 |
87 |
87 |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
75+ |
61 |
56 |
61+ |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
70+ |
56 |
56– |
55 |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
55 |
55+ |
47– |
51 |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
65+ |
44– |
46– |
51+ |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
50 |
61 |
59 |
62+ |
TABLE 5.3d Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Type of Institution
Area of Impact |
(187) Academic |
(120) Government |
(215) Industrial |
(16) Non-Profit |
(17) Other |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
90++ |
80– |
80–– |
86 |
85 |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
56++ |
45–– |
47– |
58+ |
42– |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
89 |
89 |
90 |
97+ |
83– |
40 |
ENERGY |
86 |
90+ |
86 |
84 |
82 |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
64++ |
56 |
57 |
56 |
52– |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
63++ |
51–– |
52–– |
67+ |
40–– |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
52+ |
47– |
50 |
56 |
48 |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
52+ |
52+ |
46– |
58+ |
38– |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
63+ |
61 |
58– |
58 |
60 |
TABLE 5.3e Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Type of Activity
Area of Impact |
(181) Teaching |
(350) Research |
(122) Development or Engineering |
(262) Technical Management |
(76) General Management |
(52) Other |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
90++ |
87+ |
79–– |
83 |
78– |
83 |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
55++ |
50 |
40–– |
48– |
52 |
51 |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
89 |
88 |
89 |
91+ |
85– |
87 |
40 |
ENERGY |
87 |
86 |
86 |
89+ |
87 |
91+ |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
64++ |
59 |
60 |
59 |
67++ |
64+ |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
63++ |
58+ |
51–– |
54– |
60+ |
56 |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
57++ |
50 |
49 |
50 |
57++ |
54+ |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
53+ |
49 |
49 |
49 |
57++ |
47 |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
63+ |
60 |
56– |
63+ |
62 |
63 |
TABLE 5.3f Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Management Level
Area of Impact |
(80) <10 |
(163) 10–100 |
(81) >100 |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
83 |
82 |
81– |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
47– |
50 |
47– |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
89 |
90 |
89 |
40 |
ENERGY |
90+ |
87 |
88 |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
64+ |
59 |
58 |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
55 |
55 |
51– |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
50 |
51 |
48 |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
52+ |
48 |
49 |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
62 |
62 |
62 |
The assessment broken down by type of institution in Table 5.3d shows that people in academic institutions gave higher ratings to a number of areas for the overall importance of Materials Science and Engineering than the rest of the community. The government and industrial laboratories are fairly consistent with each other and the non-profit group rates several areas higher than average and the people classified under “others” tend to give lower ratings than the average. But these latter two groups are small.
Table 5.3e shows the breakdown according to type of activity that the respondee is engaged in. Those engaged in teaching again gave significantly higher ratings than average and the ratings are very similar to the ratings given by the academic group in Table 5.3d (the two groups probably have most members in common). The people in development or engineering rate Communications, Consumer Goods, and Health Services low. The general management group are high on Environmental Quality, Housing and Production Equipment. The managers with between 10 and 100 people reporting to them gave ratings very close to the average ratings as shown in Table 5.3f.
The tendency of respondees to give a higher rating to those areas with which they are familiar or in which they are active than to other areas is further demonstrated in Table 5.4. In this table the responses from page 1 of the questionnaire are broken down according to the areas of impact with which the respondees are familiar. This was done in the following way. On page 2 of the questionnaire the respondees were asked to list areas and sub-areas in which they are knowledgeable or to which their experience relates. All of the respondees who indicated by a response on page 2 that they are familiar with, for example, Communications, Computers and Control were selected and the responses of this group to page 1 appear on the top line of Table 5.4. Those who indicated on page 2 a knowledge of or experience in Consumer Goods were grouped together and their responses appear on the second line. Of course, each respondee could indicate knowledge of, or experience in, up to five different sub-areas which might or might not be contained in the same area. His responses were counted in each of the groups in which he indicated knowledge and experience. Thus Table 5.4 gives a rating of how people who feel they are knowledgeable in a particular area, rate the importance of each of the areas of impact.
In each case, each group rated its own area approximately ten points higher than the average overall response (except for the three areas that already had very high scores). These ratings are found on the major diagonal of Table 5.4. The ratings of the other areas of impact by each group are not too different from the overall average. Each Area of Impact was given its highest rating by its own group, but the lower groups gave high ratings to areas other than their own. The right hand column in Table 5.4 is the average of the responses in each row and shows that each group of respondees gave fairly similar overall ratings. The bottom line in Table 5.4 is an average of each column in the table. These averages can be compared with Table 5.2a with which there is a high degree of consistency. The rankings given by each group to its own area, that is, the rating on the major diagonal of the Table, also give a rank ordering which is not dissimilar from the ranking shown in Table 5.2b. A few of the Areas of Impact change place but they can still be grouped into three categories shown there. We can conclude that although each group is
TABLE 5.4 Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Areas of Impact-Classification by Respondees Familiar with Area of Impact
enthusiastic about the importance of Materials Science and Engineering to the area with which they are familiar, the relative assessment of each group is nevertheless in line with the overall assessment.
The tendency of people familiar with or active in a particular area to rate highly the importance of Materials Science and Engineering to their own area runs throughout the responses in this report. This could be regarded merely as chauvinism on the part of the respondees who feel that their own areas are more important than others. But taken at face value, the more familiar the respondees are with a particular area the higher they rate the importance of Materials Science and Engineering to that area. From this point of view the rankings are a very healthy sign for Materials Science and Engineering.
The same trend runs through the responses for Priorities for Basic Research and for Applied Research and Engineering reported below. Here again, the correlation between the “familiarity” of a respondee with a particular area and the priority he feels should be accorded it for research may be regarded as merely self-serving. On the other hand, it could be regarded as indicating a fairly optimal situation in which interest and effort are being concentrated in the very areas to which high priority should be afforded. Indeed, both are true to some degree, since researchers tends to seek out the problems which they think are important within the areas of their backgrounds and interests, and also seek to improve their knowledge and expertise in areas which they believe to be important.
PRIORITIES FOR BASIC RESEARCH
The level of priority for basic research was assessed from responses on pages 3, 4 and 5 of the questionnaire (Appendix 5A). The level of priority for each of the Properties, Classes of Materials and Processes were requested. In addition, the familiarity of the respondee with each of these specialties was obtained. The responses in these two columns are summarized in Fig. 5.1, where the responses for the Priority for Basic Research are plotted vertically on a 1–100 scale and the familiarity rating is plotted horizontally on a 0–100 scale, although only the 10–80 part of this scale is shown on the horizontal axis. The responses for all three categories are shown. The Properties are shown as a “+”, the Materials as a “o” and Processes as an “x”. There is an obvious correlation between the familiarity of the respondees with a particular specialty and the Priority for Basic Research, which is shown by the general lower-left to upper-right trend of the data. As a result of this bias high priority should probably be accorded to categories which are on the upper envelope of the curve as well as to those which have a high absolute priority rating. Those on the lower envelope of the curve or with a low absolute rating should have less priority. On this basis the Properties that achieve highest priority are Mechanical and Acoustic Properties, Chemical Properties and Biological Properties; amongst the Materials, Ceramics, Glasses, Composites, Plastics and Prosthetic Materials rate highest; amongst the Processes Testing and Synthesis stand out. The Materials Asphalt, Wood and Concrete are at the bottom of the priority list for Basic Research.
Priorities for Basic Research by Groups Based on Personal Data
The priorities for basic research accorded by each of the groups based on the personal data on the last page of the questionnaire were also collected and are presented in Tables 5.5a through 5.5f. The numbers in parentheses after each category are the number of respondees in each group. The ratings are shown for each class of materials, properties, and processes. The respondees were not asked to rate the priority for basic research in various disciplines.
The ratings in Table 5.5a are broken down according to highest degree of the respondee. The Ph.D. group was by far the largest and the ratings they gave to the various categories are, for that reason, fairly similar to the overall average. By and large the Ph.D. group tended to give higher ratings than the other two groups, especially to categories of more fundamental interest such as Atomic Structure, Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level), Electrical, Magnetic, Dielectric and Nuclear properties. Ph.D.’s also give higher ratings to Ceramics, Glasses, Composites, Thin Films and Prosthetic materials, as well as to Vapor Deposition, Radiation Treatment and Chemical Treatment. For the older and better established materials and processes the ratings tended to be more similar between the three groups. Table 5.5b gives the priority classified according to discipline of highest degree. Here the major groupings of Table 5.1b are presented along with ratings from the larger of the sub-groups. In these tables again one can see that the respondees rate the properties, materials and processes with which they are familiar more highly than others did. For example, the physicists and electrical engineers rate Electrical Properties much more highly than mechanical engineers. The physical chemists rate Prosthetic Materials much more highly than chemical engineers. The mining engineers rate Extraction as a very important process. Metallurgical and mechanical engineers are very high on Testing and Non-Destructive Testing but give Radiation Treatment a low rating.
Table 5.5c reports the priority for basic research according to the age of the respondee. There are differences amongst the various groups but the differences are not large so no coherent picture emerges from these data.
In Table 5.5d the priority for basic research according to the type of institution in which the respondee works is presented. Once again the members of the academic community tended, on average, to give higher ratings than the rest of the population. However many of the categories to which they gave high rating are the same areas to which the Ph.D.’s gave high ratings in Table 5.5a.
Table 5.5e presents the rating for priority for basic research classified by the type of activity. In this case the people involved in teaching consistently give higher ratings correlating well with academic group in Table 5.5d. Those doing development work give lower than average ratings to work on some of the more fundamental categories such as Optical, Electrical, Magnetic, Dielectric Properties and also to materials such as Semiconductors and Prosthetic Materials and to Radiation Treatment and Chemical Processing. These are the same categories to which the Ph.D. group gave higher than average ratings.
Table 5.5f shows the priority for basic research classified according to the level of management. Few significant differences emerge from these tables.
TABLE 5.5a Priority for Basic Research-Classified According to Highest Degree
Bachelors (62) |
Masters (78) |
Ph.D. (379) |
|
63 |
60 |
71 |
Atomic Structure |
62 |
59 |
71 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
45 |
50 |
54 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
53 |
61 |
66 |
Thermodynamic |
51 |
53 |
59 |
Thermal |
64 |
72 |
70 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
41 |
50 |
65 |
Optical |
50 |
52 |
71 |
Electrical |
41 |
39 |
56 |
Magnetic |
36 |
38 |
56 |
Dielectric |
48 |
52 |
63 |
Nuclear |
65 |
69 |
71 |
Chemical |
50 |
49 |
58 |
Biological |
67 |
66 |
74 |
Ceramics |
59 |
53 |
72 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
50 |
46 |
66 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
48 |
48 |
62 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
64 |
59 |
60 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
60 |
63 |
63 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
42 |
53 |
60 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
68 |
61 |
65 |
Plastics |
38 |
42 |
48 |
Fibers and Textiles |
41 |
37 |
44 |
Rubbers |
65 |
64 |
73 |
Composites |
42 |
46 |
53 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
54 |
45 |
67 |
Thin Films |
53 |
61 |
59 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
40 |
44 |
44 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
37 |
46 |
60 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
23 |
34 |
33 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
26 |
28 |
27 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
21 |
28 |
32 |
Wood and Paper |
48 |
59 |
61 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
53 |
53 |
63 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
54 |
59 |
68 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
55 |
57 |
57 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
37 |
40 |
44 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
50 |
57 |
56 |
Heat Treatment |
51 |
48 |
52 |
Material Removal |
61 |
60 |
61 |
Joining |
52 |
54 |
58 |
Powder Processing |
47 |
45 |
61 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
42 |
40 |
60 |
Radiation Treatment |
52 |
50 |
56 |
Plating and Coating |
38 |
40 |
55 |
Chemical |
76 |
72 |
71 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
TABLE 5.5b Priority for Basic Research-Classified According to Discipline of Highest Degree
Chemistry (95) |
Physical Chemistry (43) |
Chemical Engineering (21) |
Physics (153) |
Solid State Physics (14) |
Metallurgy/Ceramics (172) |
Mining, Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy (10) |
Physical Metallurgy (14) |
Ceramics, Ceramic Engineering, Glass (44) |
Metallurgical Engineering (31) |
Material Science (12) |
Engineering (71) |
Mechanical Engineering (20) |
Electrical, Electronic Engineering (12) |
Total |
|
65 |
72 |
57 |
72 |
65 |
70 |
70 |
77 |
75 |
70 |
58 |
65 |
59 |
88 |
68 |
Atomic Structure |
67 |
71 |
55 |
68 |
68 |
72 |
70 |
79 |
73 |
70 |
65 |
63 |
55 |
72 |
69 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
54 |
53 |
61 |
47 |
48 |
61 |
54 |
52 |
68 |
60 |
65 |
43 |
43 |
43 |
53 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
59 |
58 |
60 |
68 |
77 |
67 |
70 |
58 |
68 |
67 |
55 |
53 |
50 |
59 |
64 |
Thermodynamic |
57 |
55 |
61 |
62 |
66 |
54 |
60 |
52 |
58 |
54 |
42 |
50 |
41 |
72 |
57 |
Thermal |
67 |
69 |
71 |
62 |
52 |
76 |
87 |
65 |
74 |
83 |
80 |
66 |
67 |
56 |
70 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
54 |
50 |
50 |
76 |
78 |
52 |
55 |
62 |
52 |
52 |
53 |
45 |
31 |
72 |
61 |
Optical |
65 |
67 |
50 |
80 |
84 |
56 |
58 |
59 |
54 |
57 |
39 |
51 |
37 |
77 |
66 |
Electrical |
50 |
46 |
36 |
63 |
66 |
49 |
55 |
52 |
49 |
52 |
28 |
31 |
26 |
50 |
52 |
Magnetic |
49 |
48 |
36 |
65 |
69 |
44 |
55 |
47 |
47 |
36 |
39 |
36 |
25 |
65 |
52 |
Dielectric |
57 |
60 |
50 |
65 |
71 |
59 |
50 |
56 |
54 |
62 |
65 |
41 |
44 |
46 |
60 |
Nuclear |
73 |
77 |
80 |
64 |
70 |
76 |
63 |
70 |
77 |
77 |
71 |
65 |
64 |
78 |
70 |
Chemical |
65 |
61 |
66 |
55 |
56 |
52 |
65 |
47 |
50 |
43 |
46 |
53 |
50 |
64 |
56 |
Biological |
72 |
76 |
69 |
68 |
65 |
81 |
82 |
72 |
92 |
73 |
66 |
55 |
50 |
66 |
72 |
Ceramics |
64 |
68 |
53 |
77 |
77 |
67 |
66 |
64 |
86 |
58 |
63 |
57 |
46 |
83 |
68 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
54 |
58 |
32 |
76 |
79 |
57 |
50 |
56 |
64 |
56 |
42 |
52 |
35 |
67 |
62 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
57 |
58 |
50 |
67 |
70 |
57 |
68 |
52 |
63 |
45 |
42 |
41 |
30 |
53 |
59 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
60 |
56 |
65 |
55 |
65 |
69 |
70 |
59 |
65 |
77 |
55 |
50 |
57 |
37 |
59 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
64 |
62 |
75 |
57 |
56 |
70 |
62 |
63 |
60 |
81 |
61 |
54 |
65 |
35 |
63 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
53 |
58 |
41 |
63 |
72 |
59 |
50 |
50 |
63 |
61 |
56 |
37 |
34 |
40 |
57 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
71 |
63 |
67 |
60 |
56 |
66 |
65 |
63 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
62 |
54 |
71 |
64 |
Plastics |
53 |
49 |
50 |
41 |
35 |
47 |
50 |
32 |
46 |
52 |
50 |
38 |
34 |
32 |
46 |
Fibers and Textiles |
49 |
45 |
40 |
39 |
35 |
44 |
43 |
37 |
41 |
52 |
32 |
36 |
41 |
28 |
42 |
Rubbers |
74 |
73 |
69 |
66 |
60 |
74 |
79 |
67 |
67 |
78 |
83 |
66 |
68 |
46 |
70 |
Composites |
48 |
46 |
44 |
61 |
65 |
45 |
50 |
40 |
45 |
41 |
39 |
43 |
35 |
42 |
51 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
58 |
59 |
48 |
74 |
75 |
55 |
62 |
52 |
64 |
46 |
43 |
52 |
35 |
88 |
62 |
Thin Films |
60 |
54 |
58 |
53 |
52 |
62 |
65 |
57 |
65 |
64 |
53 |
59 |
60 |
53 |
58 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
45 |
43 |
44 |
40 |
37 |
47 |
56 |
35 |
50 |
51 |
32 |
40 |
39 |
29 |
43 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
59 |
69 |
26 |
55 |
45 |
56 |
65 |
52 |
56 |
47 |
50 |
42 |
32 |
64 |
54 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
32 |
30 |
30 |
25 |
20 |
38 |
66 |
25 |
38 |
36 |
35 |
33 |
33 |
16 |
31 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
28 |
23 |
26 |
21 |
20 |
31 |
37 |
17 |
34 |
32 |
17 |
25 |
25 |
16 |
27 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
35 |
31 |
38 |
24 |
27 |
31 |
43 |
31 |
31 |
31 |
17 |
28 |
16 |
25 |
30 |
Wood and Paper |
64 |
63 |
69 |
57 |
68 |
64 |
89 |
55 |
70 |
58 |
43 |
39 |
23 |
66 |
60 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
66 |
62 |
46 |
60 |
63 |
56 |
55 |
50 |
57 |
50 |
56 |
58 |
50 |
71 |
61 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
60 |
66 |
46 |
72 |
77 |
66 |
58 |
57 |
71 |
65 |
63 |
60 |
45 |
82 |
66 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
59 |
60 |
59 |
48 |
50 |
66 |
50 |
66 |
52 |
73 |
50 |
47 |
58 |
39 |
56 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
48 |
50 |
34 |
39 |
38 |
45 |
60 |
38 |
39 |
46 |
39 |
41 |
45 |
28 |
42 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
56 |
51 |
50 |
50 |
63 |
64 |
60 |
63 |
65 |
66 |
63 |
38 |
41 |
37 |
55 |
Heat Treatment |
52 |
51 |
44 |
47 |
50 |
58 |
54 |
40 |
54 |
63 |
42 |
41 |
44 |
53 |
51 |
Material Removal |
61 |
62 |
51 |
51 |
52 |
70 |
66 |
69 |
65 |
79 |
64 |
59 |
62 |
59 |
61 |
Joining |
56 |
54 |
50 |
49 |
63 |
69 |
54 |
60 |
80 |
63 |
56 |
43 |
48 |
53 |
56 |
Powder Processing |
53 |
51 |
42 |
68 |
79 |
53 |
54 |
57 |
54 |
43 |
50 |
48 |
36 |
82 |
58 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
52 |
51 |
34 |
73 |
75 |
42 |
35 |
41 |
44 |
40 |
46 |
41 |
25 |
78 |
55 |
Radiation Treatment |
54 |
50 |
53 |
54 |
68 |
57 |
45 |
55 |
52 |
63 |
50 |
48 |
48 |
62 |
55 |
Plating and Coating |
47 |
45 |
34 |
60 |
63 |
45 |
50 |
36 |
52 |
35 |
37 |
45 |
30 |
80 |
51 |
Chemical |
76 |
77 |
69 |
62 |
56 |
76 |
66 |
75 |
78 |
84 |
71 |
75 |
76 |
78 |
71 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
TABLE 5.5c Priority for Basic Research-Classification by Age
(74) <39 |
(214) <49 |
(262) <50 |
|
64 |
68 |
69 |
Atomic Structure |
67 |
69 |
69 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
55 |
52 |
53 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
65 |
65 |
63 |
Thermodynamic |
59 |
56 |
57 |
Thermal |
73 |
66 |
73 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
63 |
64 |
57 |
Optical |
66 |
70 |
63 |
Electrical |
46 |
55 |
52 |
Magnetic |
51 |
56 |
48 |
Dielectric |
60 |
59 |
59 |
Nuclear |
75 |
67 |
72 |
Chemical |
61 |
55 |
56 |
Biological |
70 |
72 |
72 |
Ceramics |
68 |
72 |
64 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
61 |
63 |
61 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
54 |
60 |
58 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
60 |
55 |
63 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
62 |
58 |
67 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
59 |
55 |
58 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
67 |
64 |
66 |
Plastics |
46 |
46 |
46 |
Fibers and Textiles |
45 |
42 |
43 |
Rubbers |
75 |
70 |
70 |
Composites |
49 |
54 |
49 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
54 |
65 |
62 |
Thin Films |
61 |
55 |
61 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
47 |
40 |
46 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
56 |
56 |
53 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
34 |
29 |
33 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
33 |
24 |
27 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
31 |
29 |
32 |
Wood and Paper |
55 |
57 |
63 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
56 |
60 |
63 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
68 |
66 |
64 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
58 |
51 |
60 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
49 |
41 |
42 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
58 |
54 |
56 |
Heat Treatment |
52 |
49 |
53 |
Material Removal |
65 |
57 |
63 |
Joining |
60 |
54 |
59 |
Powder Processing |
58 |
58 |
58 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
53 |
55 |
56 |
Radiation Treatment |
58 |
53 |
56 |
Plating and Coating |
50 |
53 |
48 |
Chemical |
68 |
69 |
75 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
TABLE 5.5d Priority for Basic Research-Classification According to Type of Institution
Academic (187) |
Government (120) |
Industrial (215) |
Non-Profit (16) |
Other (17) |
|
72 |
62 |
68 |
64 |
56 |
Atomic Structure |
73 |
60 |
69 |
67 |
62 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
56 |
45 |
54 |
61 |
50 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
71 |
56 |
63 |
56 |
55 |
Thermodynamic |
64 |
53 |
54 |
54 |
47 |
Thermal |
72 |
71 |
68 |
71 |
67 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
66 |
52 |
61 |
63 |
60 |
Optical |
76 |
58 |
63 |
63 |
56 |
Electrical |
64 |
42 |
49 |
50 |
47 |
Magnetic |
61 |
39 |
52 |
50 |
36 |
Dielectric |
67 |
58 |
53 |
63 |
50 |
Nuclear |
73 |
66 |
72 |
63 |
55 |
Chemical |
64 |
49 |
53 |
65 |
52 |
Biological |
75 |
65 |
73 |
70 |
66 |
Ceramics |
75 |
57 |
67 |
70 |
68 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
67 |
50 |
63 |
59 |
65 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
62 |
48 |
61 |
56 |
63 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
61 |
61 |
57 |
54 |
69 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
65 |
64 |
58 |
56 |
70 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
66 |
52 |
51 |
45 |
62 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
67 |
61 |
66 |
55 |
75 |
Plastics |
54 |
44 |
40 |
40 |
64 |
Fibers and Textiles |
48 |
39 |
40 |
40 |
48 |
Rubbers |
76 |
69 |
67 |
60 |
75 |
Composites |
56 |
47 |
49 |
56 |
56 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
68 |
55 |
62 |
52 |
67 |
Thin Films |
61 |
55 |
59 |
38 |
75 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
46 |
48 |
45 |
36 |
46 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
66 |
50 |
47 |
56 |
58 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
37 |
31 |
28 |
30 |
40 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
32 |
28 |
23 |
25 |
34 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
35 |
27 |
29 |
22 |
39 |
Wood and Paper |
68 |
51 |
57 |
58 |
57 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
63 |
57 |
61 |
52 |
67 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
70 |
58 |
66 |
63 |
70 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
60 |
54 |
54 |
47 |
57 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
47 |
37 |
43 |
33 |
57 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
62 |
50 |
53 |
58 |
53 |
Heat Treatment |
54 |
47 |
52 |
41 |
45 |
Material Removal |
62 |
59 |
62 |
52 |
53 |
Joining |
65 |
52 |
54 |
50 |
58 |
Powder Processing |
61 |
50 |
59 |
58 |
46 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
60 |
50 |
52 |
63 |
50 |
Radiation Treatment |
58 |
50 |
57 |
44 |
45 |
Plating and Coating |
56 |
43 |
51 |
55 |
39 |
Chemical |
70 |
74 |
71 |
75 |
57 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
TABLE 5.5e Priority for Basic Research-Classified According to Type of Activity
Teaching (181) |
Research (350) |
Development (122) |
Technical Management (262) |
General Management (76) |
Other (52) |
|
74 |
68 |
56 |
67 |
69 |
73 |
Atomic Structure |
75 |
69 |
60 |
69 |
67 |
73 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
57 |
54 |
48 |
55 |
50 |
58 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
73 |
65 |
56 |
63 |
55 |
70 |
Thermodynamic |
65 |
59 |
50 |
56 |
56 |
56 |
Thermal |
73 |
69 |
67 |
72 |
66 |
75 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
66 |
64 |
48 |
62 |
59 |
63 |
Optical |
77 |
71 |
51 |
65 |
67 |
64 |
Electrical |
65 |
55 |
39 |
50 |
53 |
58 |
Magnetic |
61 |
55 |
38 |
50 |
50 |
54 |
Dielectric |
68 |
62 |
51 |
61 |
53 |
66 |
Nuclear |
75 |
69 |
70 |
75 |
63 |
75 |
Chemical |
65 |
67 |
49 |
56 |
51 |
64 |
Biological |
77 |
72 |
71 |
72 |
72 |
75 |
Ceramics |
76 |
70 |
62 |
65 |
70 |
71 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
67 |
64 |
50 |
61 |
67 |
58 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
66 |
62 |
52 |
59 |
58 |
53 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
62 |
58 |
61 |
58 |
60 |
69 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
66 |
61 |
60 |
63 |
61 |
65 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
67 |
60 |
50 |
55 |
56 |
66 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
68 |
63 |
65 |
65 |
67 |
64 |
Plastics |
55 |
48 |
43 |
41 |
47 |
55 |
Fibers and Textiles |
50 |
44 |
41 |
39 |
38 |
44 |
Rubbers |
77 |
71 |
66 |
69 |
71 |
69 |
Composites |
57 |
53 |
43 |
50 |
53 |
46 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
70 |
65 |
54 |
60 |
65 |
56 |
Thin Films |
63 |
57 |
58 |
59 |
58 |
56 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
48 |
42 |
41 |
43 |
43 |
46 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
66 |
59 |
42 |
48 |
52 |
57 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
38 |
31 |
32 |
28 |
36 |
38 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
31 |
28 |
29 |
23 |
28 |
25 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
36 |
30 |
30 |
29 |
25 |
35 |
Wood and Paper |
68 |
60 |
53 |
58 |
65 |
69 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
64 |
62 |
53 |
59 |
61 |
62 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
71 |
69 |
56 |
65 |
66 |
62 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
61 |
54 |
52 |
57 |
61 |
59 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
49 |
43 |
39 |
42 |
38 |
43 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
63 |
58 |
52 |
55 |
56 |
63 |
Heat Treatment |
55 |
48 |
50 |
53 |
51 |
52 |
Material Removal |
65 |
58 |
64 |
62 |
63 |
65 |
Joining |
66 |
57 |
53 |
57 |
61 |
58 |
Powder Processing |
62 |
60 |
47 |
57 |
64 |
46 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
61 |
58 |
37 |
55 |
55 |
49 |
Radiation Treatment |
59 |
55 |
52 |
57 |
58 |
48 |
Plating and Coating |
57 |
51 |
40 |
50 |
59 |
46 |
Chemical |
72 |
70 |
71 |
74 |
77 |
66 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
TABLE 5.5f Priority for Basic Research-Classified According to Level of Management
(80) <10 |
(163) 10–100 |
(81) >100 |
|
65 |
67 |
71 |
Atomic Structure |
64 |
69 |
68 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
52 |
54 |
59 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
60 |
62 |
57 |
Thermodynamic |
53 |
55 |
55 |
Thermal |
68 |
71 |
70 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
62 |
62 |
59 |
Optical |
68 |
64 |
67 |
Electrical |
52 |
51 |
48 |
Magnetic |
56 |
48 |
46 |
Dielectric |
64 |
59 |
60 |
Nuclear |
72 |
75 |
69 |
Chemical |
55 |
53 |
59 |
Biological |
66 |
74 |
70 |
Ceramics |
60 |
69 |
64 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
59 |
63 |
60 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
55 |
59 |
57 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
62 |
60 |
55 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
66 |
63 |
61 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
56 |
56 |
55 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
67 |
64 |
63 |
Plastics |
41 |
43 |
46 |
Fibers and Textiles |
39 |
41 |
37 |
Rubbers |
68 |
69 |
70 |
Composites |
54 |
46 |
56 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
64 |
63 |
59 |
Thin Films |
58 |
59 |
54 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
42 |
43 |
43 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
47 |
49 |
49 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
31 |
30 |
29 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
23 |
24 |
24 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
33 |
27 |
27 |
Wood and Paper |
60 |
57 |
66 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
61 |
58 |
60 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
64 |
69 |
59 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
56 |
59 |
56 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
40 |
41 |
41 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
55 |
57 |
49 |
Heat Treatment |
52 |
52 |
49 |
Material Removal |
66 |
63 |
57 |
Joining |
56 |
60 |
52 |
Powder Processing |
56 |
57 |
55 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
56 |
51 |
56 |
Radiation Treatment |
60 |
54 |
53 |
Plating and Coating |
48 |
51 |
54 |
Chemical |
72 |
74 |
73 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
Ratings of Priority for Basic Research by Experts in Each Specialty
The level of priority for basic research in each of the specialties of Properties, Classes of Materials and Processes are presented in Tables 5.6a, b and c as rated by experts in each category. The “experts” were selected as follows. In the questionnaire each respondee was asked to rate his familiarity with each of the specialties. In constructing Tables 5.6 the respondee who rated himself 2, that is, indicated that he had a very high familiarity with the particular specialty, was selected as an “expert” in that specialty. Respondees could of course rate themselves as experts in more than one specialty, but the few who rated themselves as very familiar with more than five specialties in one category of Properties, Materials, Processes or Disciplines were excluded.
The specialty for each group is shown on the right hand side of the page in Tables 5.6 and the number of people who rated themselves as very familiar with that specialty is indicated in the left hand column. The respondees were asked to rate their familiarity with each of the specialties under properties, classes of materials, processes and disciplines. However they were not asked to rate the priority that should be accorded to basic research in the disciplines so that the tables include ratings given by the four sets of experts but for only the three categories of Properties (5.6a), Materials (5.6b) and Processes (5.6c). These tables are similar to Table 5.4 in structure.
Each group of experts gave a high priority to basic research in their specialty. These ratings tended to be significantly higher than the average rating. For example, one of the highest numbers in the table is for basic research on Prosthetic Materials given by the experts in that area. This rating of 94 is considerably above the group average rating of 54, although Fig. 5.1 identifies this as an important area for basic research. The highest number in the table is the 100 priority rating given by the 8 experts in Organic and Organo-metallic Compounds for basic research on Joining.
Much detailed information can be derived from these tables, for example the 66 experts on Optical Properties give a high rating for basic research on Optical and Electrical Properties, they rate Semiconductors, Glasses and Thin Films as important materials for basic research (Table 5.6b) and Radiation Treatment (presumably ion implantation) and Crystal Growth as important processes for basic research (Table 5.6c). Similarly the reader can extract information about the properties, materials and processes which are viewed as important by each group of experts.
The diagonal elements of these three tables, that is, the rating by each group of experts of their own specialty, were used as part of the input to Tables 5.7, where an attempt is made to assess overall priorities for Basic Research.
TABLE 5.6a Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Classes of Materials as Rated by Experts in Each Category
Number of Experts |
Atomic Structure |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
Thermodynamic |
Thermal |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
Optical |
Electrical |
Magnetic |
Dielectric |
Nuclear |
Chemical |
Biological |
|
96 |
83 |
79 |
57 |
70 |
61 |
70 |
63 |
71 |
58 |
57 |
69 |
71 |
56 |
Atomic Structure |
56 |
75 |
79 |
62 |
69 |
57 |
73 |
68 |
67 |
53 |
52 |
53 |
67 |
55 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
119 |
73 |
76 |
64 |
68 |
54 |
78 |
52 |
53 |
43 |
43 |
55 |
73 |
56 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
87 |
79 |
76 |
58 |
80 |
59 |
74 |
58 |
67 |
54 |
55 |
69 |
78 |
69 |
Thermodynamic |
64 |
73 |
68 |
49 |
68 |
69 |
66 |
61 |
71 |
55 |
52 |
65 |
62 |
56 |
Thermal |
131 |
65 |
68 |
53 |
60 |
53 |
84 |
45 |
52 |
42 |
41 |
53 |
71 |
51 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
66 |
70 |
67 |
45 |
62 |
60 |
58 |
81 |
78 |
60 |
54 |
51 |
57 |
52 |
Optical |
97 |
72 |
66 |
45 |
66 |
63 |
57 |
77 |
82 |
62 |
65 |
64 |
64 |
53 |
Electrical |
52 |
68 |
70 |
48 |
65 |
57 |
59 |
72 |
75 |
67 |
64 |
82 |
63 |
51 |
Magnetic |
41 |
72 |
72 |
53 |
58 |
61 |
62 |
69 |
74 |
56 |
73 |
58 |
62 |
51 |
Dielectric |
37 |
75 |
68 |
50 |
58 |
57 |
75 |
69 |
72 |
52 |
49 |
84 |
78 |
49 |
Nuclear |
68 |
63 |
64 |
53 |
60 |
53 |
67 |
49 |
59 |
44 |
42 |
53 |
82 |
61 |
Chemical |
14 |
37 |
61 |
52 |
40 |
44 |
50 |
41 |
53 |
43 |
50 |
46 |
80 |
77 |
Biological |
86 |
70 |
72 |
59 |
68 |
58 |
78 |
55 |
60 |
47 |
50 |
57 |
70 |
55 |
Ceramics |
71 |
72 |
70 |
58 |
72 |
62 |
72 |
61 |
66 |
49 |
52 |
58 |
66 |
58 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
87 |
77 |
71 |
48 |
69 |
61 |
53 |
82 |
83 |
59 |
66 |
66 |
62 |
46 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
62 |
76 |
68 |
45 |
67 |
64 |
65 |
70 |
77 |
57 |
58 |
66 |
60 |
50 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
145 |
69 |
70 |
56 |
62 |
55 |
77 |
52 |
62 |
54 |
45 |
62 |
73 |
55 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
110 |
68 |
71 |
58 |
64 |
53 |
80 |
51 |
60 |
52 |
41 |
59 |
75 |
34 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
68 |
73 |
75 |
55 |
69 |
60 |
71 |
63 |
76 |
60 |
56 |
68 |
72 |
58 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
37 |
63 |
65 |
58 |
61 |
47 |
74 |
51 |
62 |
40 |
54 |
49 |
74 |
60 |
Plastics |
18 |
64 |
73 |
60 |
63 |
55 |
75 |
55 |
67 |
40 |
67 |
57 |
82 |
71 |
Fibers and Textiles |
20 |
67 |
66 |
64 |
66 |
45 |
76 |
50 |
64 |
42 |
57 |
50 |
75 |
67 |
Rubbers |
36 |
63 |
69 |
54 |
65 |
48 |
63 |
38 |
45 |
31 |
34 |
49 |
73 |
42 |
Composites |
8 |
71 |
82 |
71 |
64 |
54 |
71 |
75 |
62 |
58 |
41 |
67 |
83 |
50 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
45 |
83 |
75 |
52 |
66 |
65 |
70 |
74 |
83 |
65 |
64 |
72 |
71 |
53 |
Thin Films |
19 |
68 |
78 |
62 |
67 |
45 |
75 |
54 |
58 |
41 |
39 |
62 |
80 |
39 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
9 |
81 |
71 |
59 |
59 |
65 |
75 |
67 |
82 |
75 |
57 |
85 |
78 |
78 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
10 |
63 |
80 |
61 |
55 |
58 |
61 |
50 |
63 |
66 |
55 |
58 |
72 |
86 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
19 |
60 |
58 |
45 |
61 |
63 |
81 |
42 |
39 |
41 |
33 |
46 |
68 |
58 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
7 |
65 |
60 |
60 |
45 |
45 |
70 |
31 |
40 |
25 |
30 |
55 |
75 |
65 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
11 |
54 |
65 |
39 |
37 |
39 |
57 |
35 |
45 |
33 |
42 |
30 |
78 |
60 |
Wood and Paper |
55 |
72 |
70 |
58 |
68 |
63 |
66 |
62 |
70 |
55 |
54 |
60 |
71 |
59 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
31 |
70 |
68 |
51 |
66 |
58 |
65 |
58 |
67 |
55 |
66 |
55 |
69 |
60 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
111 |
74 |
73 |
50 |
69 |
57 |
63 |
68 |
76 |
58 |
59 |
64 |
67 |
51 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
79 |
69 |
70 |
53 |
58 |
49 |
77 |
53 |
55 |
50 |
40 |
63 |
75 |
58 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
20 |
60 |
66 |
54 |
63 |
60 |
77 |
60 |
67 |
45 |
65 |
56 |
76 |
61 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
105 |
72 |
75 |
59 |
67 |
55 |
77 |
52 |
60 |
50 |
47 |
61 |
75 |
56 |
Heat Treatment |
28 |
69 |
75 |
56 |
63 |
60 |
83 |
65 |
67 |
51 |
52 |
64 |
72 |
66 |
Material Removal |
45 |
62 |
71 |
50 |
50 |
53 |
80 |
42 |
56 |
37 |
50 |
51 |
80 |
50 |
Joining |
48 |
71 |
76 |
61 |
72 |
62 |
79 |
53 |
56 |
46 |
47 |
54 |
74 |
54 |
Powder Processing |
52 |
77 |
73 |
47 |
67 |
59 |
56 |
77 |
79 |
60 |
67 |
62 |
70 |
46 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
37 |
73 |
70 |
42 |
63 |
68 |
59 |
85 |
81 |
66 |
63 |
74 |
66 |
44 |
Radiation Treatment |
27 |
63 |
69 |
59 |
56 |
60 |
70 |
60 |
65 |
53 |
47 |
59 |
80 |
57 |
Plating and Coating |
27 |
72 |
76 |
45 |
55 |
62 |
55 |
78 |
82 |
60 |
66 |
60 |
66 |
53 |
Chemical |
137 |
63 |
68 |
50 |
59 |
56 |
80 |
52 |
60 |
46 |
50 |
55 |
75 |
56 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
30 |
66 |
68 |
57 |
71 |
58 |
73 |
47 |
58 |
51 |
44 |
48 |
73 |
61 |
Earth Sciences |
16 |
56 |
68 |
47 |
37 |
50 |
65 |
52 |
61 |
52 |
50 |
56 |
68 |
63 |
Analytical Chemistry |
63 |
74 |
70 |
54 |
61 |
57 |
72 |
62 |
71 |
49 |
52 |
60 |
70 |
60 |
Physical Chemistry |
26 |
60 |
61 |
53 |
60 |
47 |
64 |
53 |
61 |
41 |
53 |
43 |
68 |
64 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
23 |
66 |
72 |
51 |
65 |
57 |
71 |
66 |
72 |
59 |
57 |
60 |
63 |
60 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
56 |
68 |
67 |
45 |
67 |
62 |
65 |
73 |
77 |
64 |
58 |
55 |
68 |
59 |
Solid State Chemistry |
149 |
73 |
69 |
48 |
66 |
62 |
62 |
77 |
62 |
61 |
63 |
63 |
63 |
53 |
Solid State Physics |
76 |
71 |
75 |
61 |
71 |
63 |
80 |
61 |
64 |
50 |
52 |
59 |
72 |
57 |
Ceramics and Glass |
16 |
64 |
75 |
64 |
64 |
44 |
72 |
55 |
55 |
51 |
53 |
46 |
66 |
60 |
Polymer Processing |
27 |
61 |
61 |
55 |
68 |
55 |
72 |
50 |
64 |
48 |
83 |
59 |
83 |
59 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
74 |
64 |
68 |
58 |
61 |
55 |
79 |
45 |
32 |
43 |
39 |
55 |
73 |
51 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
115 |
68 |
71 |
55 |
64 |
54 |
78 |
50 |
56 |
48 |
42 |
60 |
76 |
57 |
Physical Metallurgy |
15 |
64 |
67 |
57 |
62 |
57 |
71 |
60 |
67 |
50 |
42 |
57 |
71 |
71 |
Chemical Engineering |
25 |
55 |
56 |
44 |
51 |
40 |
67 |
35 |
44 |
30 |
34 |
50 |
68 |
59 |
Mechanical Engineering |
31 |
72 |
68 |
51 |
63 |
62 |
65 |
65 |
74 |
53 |
63 |
53 |
66 |
51 |
Electronic Engineering |
16 |
71 |
71 |
53 |
59 |
62 |
81 |
55 |
61 |
51 |
55 |
62 |
78 |
53 |
Aerospace Engineering |
10 |
70 |
63 |
44 |
55 |
61 |
72 |
52 |
61 |
43 |
43 |
83 |
72 |
56 |
Nuclear Engineering |
4 |
66 |
91 |
75 |
50 |
41 |
66 |
65 |
57 |
66 |
41 |
50 |
91 |
100 |
Bioengineering |
14 |
60 |
68 |
56 |
54 |
58 |
68 |
41 |
47 |
43 |
53 |
50 |
64 |
67 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
Table 5.6b Level of priority for Basic Research Classified According to Classes of Properties as Rated by Experts in Each Category
Number of Experts |
Ceramics |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
Plastics |
Fibers and Textiles |
Rubbers |
Composites |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
Thin Films |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
Prosthetic and Reinforced Concrete |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
Wood and Paper |
|
96 |
82 |
78 |
68 |
64 |
63 |
65 |
64 |
60 |
46 |
41 |
73 |
52 |
68 |
55 |
44 |
60 |
32 |
25 |
26 |
Atomic Structure |
56 |
79 |
76 |
63 |
58 |
57 |
64 |
58 |
70 |
58 |
50 |
79 |
58 |
63 |
63 |
48 |
65 |
35 |
31 |
34 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
119 |
76 |
67 |
57 |
54 |
65 |
67 |
55 |
69 |
50 |
49 |
74 |
50 |
55 |
64 |
47 |
59 |
33 |
30 |
36 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
87 |
78 |
73 |
65 |
63 |
61 |
65 |
49 |
63 |
50 |
46 |
72 |
51 |
66 |
61 |
41 |
64 |
33 |
27 |
38 |
Thermodynamics |
84 |
73 |
72 |
67 |
50 |
62 |
62 |
62 |
61 |
47 |
37 |
69 |
56 |
66 |
56 |
38 |
61 |
33 |
30 |
33 |
Thermal |
131 |
67 |
58 |
48 |
52 |
65 |
69 |
49 |
63 |
46 |
45 |
75 |
46 |
48 |
60 |
42 |
50 |
34 |
25 |
29 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
66 |
67 |
76 |
79 |
70 |
53 |
51 |
60 |
58 |
40 |
36 |
56 |
58 |
74 |
52 |
34 |
51 |
20 |
22 |
21 |
Optical |
97 |
66 |
77 |
78 |
66 |
51 |
54 |
62 |
58 |
38 |
35 |
62 |
62 |
76 |
50 |
37 |
50 |
21 |
19 |
22 |
Electrical |
52 |
68 |
75 |
70 |
69 |
57 |
56 |
61 |
61 |
48 |
48 |
63 |
62 |
73 |
47 |
41 |
58 |
38 |
26 |
36 |
Magnetic |
41 |
68 |
78 |
68 |
64 |
47 |
46 |
51 |
68 |
51 |
41 |
65 |
65 |
72 |
53 |
37 |
50 |
32 |
18 |
34 |
Dielectric |
37 |
75 |
73 |
72 |
71 |
69 |
71 |
75 |
55 |
41 |
31 |
58 |
49 |
64 |
45 |
39 |
41 |
22 |
26 |
20 |
Nuclear |
68 |
71 |
61 |
50 |
55 |
62 |
66 |
49 |
71 |
47 |
46 |
72 |
47 |
51 |
62 |
43 |
51 |
33 |
29 |
38 |
Chemical |
14 |
50 |
45 |
35 |
45 |
47 |
61 |
50 |
87 |
73 |
65 |
75 |
54 |
67 |
77 |
52 |
47 |
45 |
40 |
59 |
Biological |
86 |
88 |
78 |
61 |
61 |
60 |
60 |
55 |
60 |
47 |
37 |
72 |
47 |
61 |
62 |
43 |
61 |
36 |
25 |
31 |
Ceramics |
71 |
83 |
85 |
65 |
57 |
52 |
50 |
53 |
63 |
49 |
41 |
71 |
49 |
61 |
61 |
43 |
61 |
34 |
25 |
34 |
Classes and Amorphous Materials |
87 |
66 |
76 |
84 |
68 |
50 |
50 |
59 |
54 |
34 |
32 |
62 |
56 |
75 |
48 |
35 |
48 |
19 |
16 |
22 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
62 |
82 |
79 |
73 |
79 |
60 |
66 |
65 |
55 |
40 |
31 |
64 |
56 |
70 |
46 |
38 |
54 |
22 |
18 |
19 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
145 |
74 |
61 |
54 |
53 |
73 |
76 |
60 |
65 |
43 |
40 |
75 |
48 |
52 |
56 |
44 |
53 |
34 |
27 |
29 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
110 |
77 |
61 |
57 |
55 |
71 |
80 |
59 |
67 |
44 |
44 |
77 |
48 |
51 |
61 |
46 |
51 |
36 |
29 |
31 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
68 |
76 |
71 |
67 |
62 |
69 |
74 |
70 |
67 |
47 |
41 |
73 |
55 |
62 |
56 |
43 |
56 |
39 |
32 |
30 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
37 |
56 |
62 |
45 |
53 |
45 |
53 |
42 |
87 |
65 |
61 |
60 |
53 |
61 |
66 |
42 |
60 |
37 |
28 |
40 |
Plastics |
18 |
52 |
62 |
47 |
54 |
57 |
55 |
50 |
89 |
77 |
68 |
68 |
60 |
77 |
76 |
53 |
82 |
43 |
31 |
45 |
Fibers and Textiles |
20 |
56 |
64 |
46 |
53 |
40 |
50 |
44 |
80 |
65 |
72 |
81 |
60 |
58 |
68 |
48 |
75 |
39 |
31 |
33 |
Rubbers |
36 |
66 |
55 |
41 |
45 |
54 |
68 |
41 |
73 |
50 |
50 |
86 |
45 |
44 |
66 |
45 |
46 |
33 |
24 |
30 |
Composites |
8 |
59 |
68 |
64 |
57 |
75 |
82 |
62 |
66 |
41 |
66 |
78 |
82 |
75 |
50 |
54 |
33 |
29 |
50 |
41 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
45 |
74 |
75 |
74 |
62 |
57 |
60 |
62 |
66 |
45 |
41 |
73 |
60 |
83 |
58 |
41 |
50 |
25 |
21 |
20 |
Thin Films |
19 |
67 |
65 |
48 |
50 |
55 |
61 |
48 |
82 |
53 |
45 |
76 |
50 |
57 |
76 |
50 |
50 |
44 |
28 |
26 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
9 |
84 |
71 |
67 |
30 |
75 |
81 |
64 |
75 |
60 |
50 |
78 |
65 |
63 |
65 |
78 |
75 |
39 |
42 |
37 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
10 |
77 |
77 |
40 |
37 |
50 |
55 |
46 |
83 |
59 |
59 |
81 |
53 |
59 |
66 |
46 |
94 |
34 |
31 |
37 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
19 |
59 |
56 |
38 |
48 |
54 |
51 |
35 |
67 |
48 |
42 |
80 |
51 |
40 |
64 |
43 |
59 |
54 |
38 |
30 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
7 |
50 |
50 |
40 |
45 |
70 |
65 |
45 |
66 |
47 |
40 |
66 |
55 |
55 |
55 |
55 |
45 |
40 |
54 |
29 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
11 |
53 |
42 |
46 |
42 |
46 |
46 |
46 |
83 |
68 |
43 |
66 |
44 |
60 |
77 |
50 |
68 |
40 |
27 |
65 |
Wood and Paper |
55 |
76 |
67 |
68 |
68 |
61 |
67 |
68 |
65 |
46 |
41 |
70 |
55 |
61 |
60 |
42 |
55 |
37 |
31 |
34 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
31 |
69 |
69 |
62 |
68 |
51 |
55 |
50 |
82 |
60 |
63 |
85 |
56 |
70 |
66 |
50 |
65 |
36 |
30 |
38 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
111 |
76 |
76 |
70 |
65 |
54 |
59 |
56 |
60 |
44 |
38 |
68 |
51 |
67 |
51 |
37 |
54 |
29 |
21 |
27 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
79 |
73 |
63 |
53 |
55 |
65 |
72 |
55 |
70 |
47 |
45 |
72 |
52 |
50 |
63 |
46 |
53 |
37 |
31 |
34 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
20 |
53 |
59 |
44 |
60 |
50 |
61 |
43 |
88 |
67 |
70 |
84 |
58 |
55 |
71 |
53 |
52 |
39 |
31 |
45 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
105 |
76 |
66 |
60 |
59 |
68 |
71 |
60 |
66 |
48 |
43 |
71 |
46 |
55 |
63 |
44 |
61 |
35 |
30 |
35 |
Heat Treatment |
28 |
75 |
61 |
55 |
52 |
69 |
72 |
56 |
70 |
50 |
46 |
79 |
50 |
43 |
67 |
51 |
53 |
34 |
25 |
38 |
Material Removal |
45 |
61 |
52 |
42 |
52 |
64 |
61 |
48 |
69 |
46 |
45 |
73 |
49 |
46 |
68 |
48 |
41 |
29 |
24 |
35 |
Joining |
48 |
90 |
77 |
66 |
62 |
65 |
64 |
57 |
65 |
53 |
42 |
73 |
47 |
58 |
61 |
44 |
61 |
38 |
29 |
33 |
Powder Processing |
52 |
71 |
74 |
76 |
60 |
46 |
50 |
62 |
60 |
35 |
32 |
69 |
52 |
77 |
52 |
36 |
52 |
23 |
21 |
20 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
37 |
69 |
77 |
62 |
70 |
55 |
60 |
68 |
58 |
39 |
33 |
62 |
63 |
75 |
48 |
32 |
47 |
24 |
20 |
21 |
Radiation Treatment |
27 |
70 |
58 |
56 |
53 |
65 |
71 |
55 |
69 |
52 |
45 |
73 |
48 |
64 |
61 |
60 |
45 |
38 |
36 |
44 |
Plating and Coating |
27 |
67 |
77 |
81 |
60 |
48 |
52 |
62 |
60 |
42 |
31 |
50 |
47 |
77 |
53 |
35 |
59 |
22 |
18 |
30 |
Chemical |
137 |
70 |
62 |
55 |
57 |
60 |
61 |
52 |
69 |
49 |
46 |
73 |
53 |
59 |
64 |
47 |
55 |
37 |
26 |
33 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
30 |
80 |
58 |
57 |
61 |
65 |
62 |
56 |
65 |
46 |
36 |
66 |
50 |
63 |
65 |
51 |
56 |
40 |
37 |
36 |
Earth Sciences |
16 |
73 |
56 |
52 |
45 |
52 |
61 |
43 |
75 |
50 |
47 |
72 |
33 |
56 |
61 |
52 |
47 |
29 |
27 |
34 |
Analytical Chemistry |
63 |
75 |
72 |
63 |
60 |
55 |
56 |
51 |
67 |
51 |
45 |
73 |
48 |
61 |
57 |
43 |
59 |
28 |
22 |
27 |
Physical Chemistry |
26 |
61 |
56 |
47 |
50 |
44 |
46 |
44 |
90 |
69 |
68 |
86 |
54 |
57 |
72 |
47 |
66 |
32 |
26 |
35 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
23 |
78 |
76 |
62 |
54 |
52 |
56 |
48 |
65 |
34 |
26 |
67 |
31 |
68 |
53 |
35 |
60 |
25 |
20 |
23 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
56 |
77 |
61 |
70 |
71 |
53 |
54 |
54 |
62 |
46 |
37 |
72 |
48 |
70 |
52 |
41 |
56 |
23 |
18 |
22 |
Solid State Chemistry |
149 |
70 |
77 |
75 |
68 |
52 |
56 |
60 |
58 |
42 |
37 |
65 |
58 |
72 |
50 |
37 |
52 |
23 |
19 |
24 |
Solid State Physics |
76 |
89 |
83 |
62 |
61 |
58 |
58 |
54 |
60 |
47 |
36 |
73 |
44 |
62 |
58 |
40 |
59 |
37 |
28 |
38 |
Ceramics and Glass |
16 |
59 |
63 |
54 |
56 |
43 |
54 |
45 |
80 |
67 |
64 |
83 |
59 |
54 |
73 |
44 |
51 |
32 |
23 |
41 |
Polymer Processing |
27 |
69 |
58 |
57 |
61 |
69 |
70 |
63 |
63 |
48 |
38 |
76 |
50 |
50 |
55 |
44 |
48 |
26 |
20 |
35 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
74 |
73 |
60 |
52 |
51 |
72 |
72 |
56 |
62 |
43 |
42 |
75 |
43 |
47 |
58 |
42 |
43 |
31 |
25 |
27 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
115 |
76 |
63 |
53 |
51 |
71 |
74 |
59 |
62 |
43 |
42 |
72 |
44 |
55 |
61 |
46 |
53 |
31 |
25 |
29 |
Physical Metallurgy |
15 |
72 |
55 |
28 |
43 |
71 |
75 |
53 |
59 |
53 |
43 |
56 |
40 |
53 |
56 |
53 |
18 |
37 |
37 |
43 |
Chemical Engineering |
25 |
55 |
51 |
36 |
31 |
62 |
63 |
42 |
63 |
42 |
43 |
73 |
50 |
43 |
60 |
50 |
46 |
43 |
33 |
36 |
Mechanical Engineering |
31 |
68 |
77 |
77 |
62 |
55 |
58 |
59 |
64 |
39 |
39 |
64 |
54 |
78 |
56 |
41 |
54 |
29 |
25 |
25 |
Electronic Engineering |
16 |
66 |
66 |
58 |
51 |
64 |
66 |
51 |
80 |
50 |
50 |
85 |
55 |
65 |
71 |
61 |
50 |
25 |
13 |
29 |
Aerospace Engineering |
10 |
80 |
65 |
57 |
67 |
69 |
66 |
68 |
37 |
37 |
28 |
56 |
42 |
60 |
46 |
35 |
55 |
17 |
25 |
31 |
Nuclear Engineering |
4 |
83 |
83 |
33 |
50 |
33 |
41 |
33 |
75 |
50 |
50 |
83 |
41 |
50 |
83 |
41 |
91 |
25 |
25 |
33 |
Bioengineering |
14 |
61 |
55 |
40 |
51 |
59 |
59 |
46 |
71 |
53 |
46 |
73 |
55 |
55 |
59 |
55 |
46 |
59 |
50 |
50 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
TABLE 5.6c Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Processes as Rated by Experts in Each Category
Number of Experts |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
Heat Treatment |
Material Removal |
Joining |
Powder Processing |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
Radiation Treatment |
Planting and Coating |
Chemical |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
|
96 |
69 |
64 |
76 |
62 |
42 |
64 |
55 |
61 |
63 |
62 |
62 |
53 |
51 |
72 |
Atomic Structure |
56 |
63 |
68 |
78 |
53 |
54 |
59 |
57 |
66 |
63 |
55 |
57 |
51 |
48 |
77 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
119 |
63 |
63 |
67 |
66 |
50 |
65 |
58 |
65 |
64 |
50 |
49 |
53 |
44 |
60 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
87 |
68 |
62 |
74 |
60 |
48 |
66 |
53 |
61 |
63 |
56 |
58 |
54 |
53 |
67 |
Thermodynamic |
64 |
61 |
59 |
69 |
54 |
44 |
57 |
47 |
47 |
50 |
56 |
63 |
48 |
52 |
66 |
Thermal |
131 |
50 |
56 |
61 |
61 |
42 |
56 |
52 |
67 |
56 |
45 |
41 |
50 |
36 |
79 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
66 |
57 |
62 |
70 |
44 |
39 |
50 |
43 |
44 |
42 |
64 |
71 |
51 |
61 |
60 |
Optical |
97 |
59 |
59 |
71 |
46 |
36 |
50 |
48 |
47 |
49 |
69 |
73 |
53 |
65 |
64 |
Electrical |
52 |
62 |
56 |
72 |
47 |
35 |
54 |
43 |
51 |
50 |
63 |
70 |
52 |
61 |
58 |
Magnetic |
41 |
61 |
63 |
68 |
41 |
35 |
47 |
49 |
52 |
56 |
62 |
67 |
50 |
62 |
69 |
Dielectric |
37 |
64 |
68 |
73 |
64 |
39 |
59 |
52 |
69 |
51 |
60 |
71 |
60 |
52 |
70 |
Nuclear |
68 |
63 |
62 |
62 |
56 |
45 |
53 |
54 |
67 |
55 |
54 |
48 |
59 |
45 |
72 |
Chemical |
14 |
59 |
81 |
42 |
46 |
42 |
42 |
43 |
61 |
43 |
42 |
50 |
62 |
56 |
64 |
Biological |
86 |
64 |
61 |
69 |
52 |
39 |
66 |
55 |
62 |
70 |
59 |
53 |
54 |
51 |
77 |
Ceramics |
71 |
67 |
69 |
69 |
45 |
40 |
67 |
51 |
57 |
65 |
57 |
58 |
50 |
55 |
76 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
87 |
57 |
59 |
81 |
44 |
32 |
47 |
45 |
46 |
47 |
75 |
76 |
52 |
66 |
59 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
62 |
70 |
63 |
78 |
55 |
39 |
54 |
47 |
55 |
54 |
67 |
67 |
52 |
59 |
67 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
145 |
63 |
55 |
65 |
68 |
42 |
59 |
55 |
68 |
60 |
51 |
47 |
56 |
41 |
74 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
110 |
57 |
56 |
67 |
74 |
43 |
62 |
58 |
72 |
64 |
53 |
44 |
60 |
39 |
79 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
68 |
67 |
80 |
72 |
65 |
41 |
58 |
56 |
61 |
62 |
61 |
55 |
61 |
48 |
69 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
37 |
46 |
73 |
57 |
52 |
60 |
50 |
48 |
64 |
47 |
44 |
48 |
56 |
46 |
70 |
Plastics |
18 |
55 |
76 |
58 |
59 |
70 |
63 |
56 |
57 |
56 |
50 |
59 |
62 |
60 |
66 |
Fibers and Textiles |
20 |
48 |
78 |
54 |
51 |
71 |
56 |
42 |
63 |
57 |
33 |
50 |
53 |
41. |
66 |
Rubbers |
36 |
34 |
59 |
63 |
65 |
46 |
52 |
60 |
72 |
57 |
44 |
32 |
53 |
35 |
81 |
Composites |
8 |
50 |
78 |
70 |
56 |
18 |
75 |
62 |
100 |
50 |
62 |
68 |
75 |
50 |
70 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
45 |
70 |
63 |
75 |
59 |
46 |
52 |
52 |
57 |
51 |
75 |
70 |
60 |
66 |
79 |
Thin Films |
19 |
51 |
71 |
67 |
53 |
53 |
53 |
55 |
82 |
52 |
58 |
53 |
57 |
51 |
85 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
9 |
82 |
64 |
62 |
75 |
58 |
71 |
67 |
65 |
75 |
75 |
50 |
60 |
54 |
85 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
10 |
42 |
65 |
57 |
57 |
50 |
64 |
53 |
60 |
67 |
46 |
42 |
50 |
39 |
68 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
19 |
50 |
57 |
60 |
46 |
50 |
48 |
33 |
66 |
43 |
38 |
40 |
38 |
36 |
75 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
7 |
43 |
62 |
62 |
50 |
56 |
43 |
37 |
56 |
56 |
31 |
31 |
43 |
43 |
60 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
11 |
53 |
75 |
54 |
35 |
65 |
35 |
42 |
59 |
35 |
45 |
50 |
45 |
41 |
80 |
Wood and Paper |
55 |
85 |
64 |
67 |
58 |
46 |
57 |
51 |
63 |
62 |
58 |
52 |
61 |
54 |
66 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
31 |
63 |
83 |
65 |
56 |
55 |
56 |
50 |
64 |
57 |
61 |
59 |
59 |
55 |
73 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
111 |
65 |
59 |
79 |
55 |
39 |
56 |
50 |
58 |
56 |
67 |
63 |
52 |
57 |
69 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
79 |
60 |
61 |
65 |
71 |
46 |
60 |
59 |
73 |
62 |
52 |
46 |
58 |
44 |
82 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
20 |
46 |
73 |
52 |
58 |
69 |
57 |
55 |
68 |
56 |
41 |
46 |
58 |
48 |
71 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
105 |
67 |
57 |
67 |
66 |
43 |
64 |
56 |
66 |
63 |
50 |
49 |
57 |
45 |
75 |
Heat Treatment |
28 |
56 |
66 |
65 |
64 |
44 |
58 |
63 |
77 |
62 |
50 |
48 |
66 |
41 |
81 |
Material Removal |
45 |
52 |
60 |
50 |
53 |
38 |
50 |
45 |
72 |
50 |
43 |
38 |
55 |
40 |
79 |
Joining |
48 |
65 |
64 |
71 |
61 |
45 |
68 |
57 |
69 |
82 |
56 |
44 |
53 |
47 |
49 |
Powder Processing |
52 |
58 |
61 |
76 |
46 |
36 |
48 |
49 |
55 |
53 |
77 |
73 |
55 |
63 |
68 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
37 |
55 |
68 |
75 |
47 |
36 |
49 |
43 |
52 |
49 |
71 |
85 |
56 |
70 |
65 |
Radiation Treatment |
27 |
61 |
65 |
62 |
61 |
46 |
53 |
55 |
63 |
67 |
57 |
55 |
66 |
52 |
75 |
Plating and Coating |
27 |
64 |
60 |
73 |
43 |
55 |
47 |
50 |
48 |
46 |
70 |
78 |
53 |
79 |
60 |
Chemical |
137 |
54 |
64 |
59 |
55 |
46 |
54 |
51 |
66 |
54 |
52 |
52 |
56 |
50 |
83 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
30 |
69 |
59 |
65 |
54 |
45 |
62 |
47 |
60 |
65 |
57 |
42 |
55 |
46 |
73 |
Earth Sciences |
16 |
50 |
50 |
40 |
55 |
36 |
47 |
47 |
66 |
55 |
52 |
55 |
50 |
45 |
80 |
Analytical Chemistry |
63 |
64 |
67 |
67 |
55 |
48 |
55 |
52 |
62 |
57 |
61 |
62 |
52 |
50 |
76 |
Physical Chemistry |
26 |
52 |
82 |
54 |
52 |
59 |
47 |
43 |
63 |
45 |
44 |
54 |
57 |
50 |
72 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
23 |
63 |
64 |
64 |
39 |
26 |
52 |
41 |
50 |
53 |
63 |
55 |
50 |
51 |
72 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
56 |
66 |
66 |
76 |
55 |
42 |
54 |
50 |
54 |
53 |
67 |
68 |
53 |
58 |
67 |
Solid State Chemistry |
149 |
60 |
62 |
74 |
49 |
37 |
50 |
46 |
50 |
48 |
69 |
73 |
52 |
63 |
65 |
Solid State Physics |
76 |
68 |
65 |
70 |
51 |
38 |
65 |
56 |
61 |
69 |
56 |
50 |
50 |
51 |
73 |
Ceramics and Glass |
16 |
55 |
73 |
53 |
55 |
62 |
51 |
57 |
64 |
55 |
46 |
51 |
60 |
48 |
71 |
Polymer Processing |
27 |
82 |
61 |
59 |
62 |
58 |
51 |
46 |
58 |
60 |
51 |
41 |
61 |
48 |
62 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
74 |
62 |
53 |
62 |
65 |
40 |
61 |
57 |
65 |
65 |
43 |
36 |
55 |
35 |
76 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
115 |
60 |
53 |
63 |
70 |
42 |
61 |
56 |
71 |
65 |
80 |
42 |
60 |
40 |
77 |
Physical Metallurgy |
15 |
77 |
46 |
40 |
56 |
31 |
46 |
31 |
62 |
56 |
31 |
28 |
43 |
37 |
65 |
Chemical Engineering |
25 |
37 |
51 |
55 |
61 |
48 |
50 |
37 |
63 |
48 |
46 |
35 |
48 |
42 |
65 |
Mechanical Engineering |
31 |
58 |
58 |
74 |
47 |
36 |
46 |
50 |
54 |
50 |
70 |
38 |
60 |
71 |
69 |
Electronic Engineering |
16 |
51 |
66 |
62 |
71 |
46 |
58 |
59 |
73 |
60 |
59 |
48 |
59 |
50 |
80 |
Aerospace Engineering |
10 |
62 |
42 |
58 |
58 |
25 |
56 |
50 |
56 |
50 |
46 |
46 |
42 |
43 |
69 |
Nuclear Engineering |
4 |
50 |
58 |
58 |
50 |
50 |
58 |
58 |
75 |
83 |
41 |
33 |
50 |
33 |
50 |
Bioengineering |
14 |
55 |
75 |
55 |
48 |
44 |
44 |
30 |
50 |
42 |
38 |
46 |
46 |
50 |
69 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
Overall Priority for Basic Research
From the foregoing it is Evident that there are several ways in which priorities for basic research in various specialties can be assigned on the basis of the data obtained in this survey. An overall rating for each of these specialties was obtained by factoring together various of these methods. In Tables 5.7a, b and c the overall priorities are presented along with the ratings that were factored into the result. These ratings were presented as Table 17 in the Summary COSMAT Report.* Three ways of obtaining overall priority were used. The first of these was to divide the respondees into four groups according to the discipline of highest degree, Chemists, Physicists, Metallurgists (including Ceramists) and Engineers as indicated in Table 5.1b. The simple rank orders in which each of these groups place the Properties, Classes of Materials and Processes were obtained. The four disciplinary groups were then given equal weight for arriving at average rating numbers for the given specialty. These ratings were converted to the four symbol scale where *** designates very high priority, ** high priority, * moderate priority, and a blank indicates low priority. These ratings are shown in the first column on the right in the Tables 5.7.
The second method of obtaining a rating involved an attempt to correct for the degree of familiarity of the respondees with the topic. Priority/ Familiarity trend lines were established graphically for each specialty on a plot similar to Fig. 5.1. The order of the specialties were then determined as a trend line was swept through the plots. This was done for each of the four disciplines and the results of this rank ordering are shown on the left side of the Tables 5.7. Again the groups were given equal weight in determining average rank and order which is shown in the second column on the right side of Tables 5.7.
The third method of obtaining an overall priority rating was based on the responses of the experts in each specialty as shown in Table 5.6. As previously mentioned the experts were chosen by selecting those who indicated very high familiarity with the specialty. The rank ordering by these experts, taken from the diagonal elements of Tables 5.6, is shown in the third column on the right in Tables 5.7.
The relative priorities for basic research depended somewhat on the method of analysis, for example, among the processes, basic research in Radiation Treatment was rated low priority by the method uncorrected for familiarity, it was rated moderate priority corrected for familiarity and was rated high priority by the experts in Radiation Treatment. It was felt that particular significance should be attached to those cases in which the specialty was rated as very high priority both by the familiarity-corrected method and by the experts in that specialty. Such weighting is incorporated in the Overall Rating listed in the fourth column on the right of Tables 5.7.
TABLE 5.7a Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Properties)
(*** - very high priority; ** - high priority; * - moderate priority; blank - low priority)
Rank, Allowing for Familiarity |
|
|||||||
Chemists |
Physicists |
Metallurgists |
Engineers |
|
||||
OUT OF 13 |
PROPERTIES |
Uncorrected for Familiarity |
Corrected for Familiarity |
Experts |
Overall Rating |
|||
6 |
7 |
7 |
1 |
Atomic Structure (Crystallography and Defects) |
*** |
** |
* |
** |
4 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
*** |
** |
* |
** |
13 |
13 |
13 |
12 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
|
|||
12 |
8 |
9 |
5 |
Thermodynamic (Phase Equilibria, Change of State, etc.) |
** |
* |
|
* |
10 |
12 |
12 |
8 |
Thermal (Thermal Conductivity, Phonons, Diffusion, etc.) |
* |
|
||
5 |
9 |
2 |
6 |
Mechanical & Acoustic (Strength, Creep, Fatigue, Damping, etc.) |
*** |
** |
*** |
*** |
9 |
4 |
6 |
9 |
Optical (Emission, Absorption, Luminescence, Excitation, etc.) |
* |
* |
** |
** |
3 |
3 |
8 |
7 |
Electrical (Conduction, Electron Trans., Ionic Cond., Thermo electric, Injection, Carrier Phen. |
** |
** |
** |
** |
8 |
11 |
10 |
13 |
Magnetic (Ferromagnetic Resonance, Paramagnetic, etc.) |
|
|||
11 |
10 |
11 |
11 |
Dielectric (Ferroelectric, Breakdown, Loss, Piezoelectric, etc.) |
||||
7 |
6 |
5 |
10 |
Nuclear+ (Radiation Damage, Absorption, Surface States, Catalysis) |
* |
* |
** |
** |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
Chemical & Electrochemical+ (Corrosion, Battery Phen., Oxidation, Flammability, etc.) |
*** |
*** |
*** |
*** |
1 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
Biological (Toxicity, Biodegradability, etc.) |
* |
*** |
*** |
*** |
+Due to a typographical error in the original questionnaire, Nuclear and Surface Properties were entered as one item. However, respondees generally read it as Nuclear and included Surface Properties under Chemical and Electrochemical. |
TABLE 5.7b Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Materials)
(*** - very high priority; ** - high priority; * - moderate priority; blank - low priority)
Rank, Allowing for Familiarity |
|
|||||||
Chemists |
Physicists |
Metallurgists |
Engineers |
|
||||
OUT OF 19 |
MATERIALS |
Uncorrected for Familiarity |
Corrected for Familiarity |
Experts |
Overall Rating |
|||
3 |
5 |
1 |
5 |
Ceramics |
*** |
*** |
*** |
*** |
6 |
1 |
6 |
4 |
Glasses and Amorphous |
*** |
*** |
*** |
*** |
7 |
8 |
7 |
8 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
** |
** |
*** |
** |
12 |
11 |
13 |
11 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
* |
* |
** |
* |
10 |
16 |
18 |
16 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
*** |
|
* |
* |
5 |
10 |
14 |
13 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
** |
* |
* |
* |
13 |
12 |
19 |
15 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
* |
|
||
4 |
7 |
3 |
3 |
Plastics |
** |
*** |
*** |
*** |
11 |
14 |
11 |
14 |
Fibers and Textiles |
|
|||
14 |
15 |
12 |
12 |
Rubbers |
||||
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
Composites |
*** |
*** |
*** |
*** |
16 |
6 |
10 |
9 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
|
* |
* |
* |
9 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
Thin Films |
* |
** |
** |
** |
8 |
9 |
4 |
2 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
** |
** |
* |
** |
15 |
13 |
9 |
10 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
|
* |
|
|
2 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
Prosthetic and Medical Supplies |
* |
*** |
*** |
*** |
17 |
17 |
15 |
17 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
|
|||
19 |
18 |
17 |
19 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
||||
18 |
19 |
16 |
18 |
Wood and Paper |
TABLE 5.7c Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Processes)
(*** - very high priority; ** - high priority; * - moderate priority; blank - low priority)
Rank, Allowing for Familiarity |
|
|||||||
Chemists |
Physicists |
Metallurgists |
Engineers |
|
||||
OUT OF 14 |
PROCESSES |
Uncorrected for Familiarity |
Corrected for Familiarity |
Experts |
Overall Rating |
|||
2 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
* |
** |
*** |
** |
4 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
** |
*** |
** |
** |
8 |
5 |
9 |
3 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
*** |
* |
** |
** |
6 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
* |
|
||
13 |
12 |
7 |
10 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
|
|||
11 |
14 |
14 |
14 |
Heat Treatment |
||||
10 |
13 |
13 |
13 |
Material Removal (Machinging, Electrochemical, Grinding, etc.) |
||||
5 |
9 |
2 |
5 |
Joining (Welding, Soldering, Brazing, Adhesive, Bonding, etc.) |
** |
** |
*** |
** |
3 |
10 |
4 |
7 |
Powder Processing |
* |
* |
** |
* |
9 |
3 |
10 |
4 |
Vapor and Electro-Deposition, Epitaxy |
* |
* |
** |
* |
7 |
2 |
8 |
9 |
Radiation Treatment (Ion Implantation, Electron Beam, UV, etc.) |
|
* |
*** |
** |
12 |
8 |
6 |
11 |
Plating and Coating |
* |
|
||
14 |
6 |
11 |
6 |
Chemical (Doping, Photo-Processing, Etching, etc.) |
|
** |
|
|
1 |
7 |
1 |
1 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
*** |
*** |
*** |
*** |
Comments on Priority for Basic Research
In addition to the numerical responses a space was provided for the respondees to state the nature of the Basic Research they felt was needed in each category. These were brief one or two line descriptions, often a single phrase which would fit into the space provided. These responses have been collected and are presented on the following pages. Three stars have been assigned to items on which many people commented, two stars to items on which a number of people commented, and one star to comments made by one or a few people. The number in parentheses is the number of comments which were made in that specialty.
The categories which received most comments were those which are indicated in Fig. 5.1 to be given the highest priority for basic research. Among the properties these are Biological Properties and Chemical, Electrochemical and Surface Properties. Under Biological Properties biodegradibility, biocompatibility and toxicity were the most important sub-categories. Under Chemical, Electrochemical and Surface Properties corrosion and catalysis stood out. The materials which were selected for most comment were Biological Materials, Ceramics, Composites and Glasses and Amorphous Materials. The Ceramics were highly rated for research on their mechanical properties. In the Composites a better understanding of the basic properties of composite materials was emphasized. The transport properties and electrical properties of Glasses and Amorphous Materials were emphasized and better understanding of the degradation mechanisms in Plastics is recommended for high priority for basic research. The processes which received the largest number of comments were Polymer Synthesis and Testing and Non-Destructive Testing. The highest priority was given to improve methods for non-destructive flaw detection. The area of Testing and Non-Destructive Testing received high priority not only for basic research but generally in all the areas of Applied Research. A ubiquitous theme throughout these comments was the relationship between structure and properties, and the need for obtaining a better fundamental understanding of structure-property relationships in various materials and of their dependence on various processes.
The specialties rated as low-priority areas for basic research are of two general types. Some are areas which have been heavily studied in the past, leading to diminishing returns for such research today. Examples are Ferrous Metals and Alloys and Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys. Others are areas which have never been subjected to intensive basic research, such as Concrete, Asphalt and Wood. In these cases our fundamental understanding may not yet be advanced to the point where research opportunities are recognizable, even by experts in the field.
Atomic Structure (150)
***Structure-property relationships: relation of structure to mechanical and physical properties; transport properties; texture; grain boundaries
***Relationship of point defects, especially to electrical properties
***Relationship of dislocations and stacking faults to mechanical properties
**Role of impurities
**Surfaces and surface structure; surface states
**Superconductivity effects of crystal structure and defects
**Corrosion and environmental protection; role of defects and impurities
*Catalysis
*Understanding chemical bonding
*Void nucleation and radiation damage in reactors
*Structure-property relationship in specific materials: high temperature ceramics, solid state displays, glasses, polymers, Al alloys, Ni alloys etc.
*Defect formation during crystal growth
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) (137)
***Defect-mechanical properties relationships; microstructure-property relationship; dislocation motion; fracture
**Morphologies: polymers, ceramics
**Failure mechanisms in electronic devices; deterioration of thin film devices; film characterization; corrosion
**Surface studies, interface phenomena, adsorption, grain boundaries, segregation
**Structure of precipitates; radiation damage induced voids; defects in electronic materials
*Biochemistry; tissue attachment and interface areas
*Flux pinning in superconductors
*Improvement of EM techniques
*High voltage electron microscopy; higher resolution; computer imaging methods
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) (108)
***Microstructure-property relationships; multiphase structures; effects of heat treatment; morphology; grain boundaries
*Fracture studies
*Quantitative metallography
*Polymer morphologies
Thermodynamic (116)
***Phase equilibria; phase stability; phase diagrams; alloy systems; gas solubilities; uranium compounds; borides; nitrides; silicides; transition metal alloys
***Kinetics of phase transformations; dynamics; crystal growth processes
***Control of microstructure; phase distributions
**Development of new materials; feasibility studies
**Equations of state; cooperative processes; irreversible thermodynamics; thermodynamic stability; solution theory
*Superconductivity and phase stability
*Stability of glasses and amorphous materials, glass-ceramics
*Corrosion resistance
Thermal (72)
***Thermal conductivity data: multicomponent systems; composites; high temperature; high pressure; amorphous materials; polymers; ceramics; semiconductors; insulators
**Phonon studies; electron-phonon interactions; liquid He II
**Improved thermal properties; catalysts; high temperature service; refractories; insulators
*Stability in service; phase stability
Mechanical and Acoustic (150)
***Fatigue; understanding mechanisms of fatigue; developing methods to eliminate fatigue; developing materials with improved fatigue resistance
***Fracture; nature of fracture; brittle fracture; fracture mechanics; crack propagation
***Creep: understanding mechanisms; viscoelasticity
***Environmental effects; stress corrosion; corrosion fatigue; durability; radiation fields; corrosive media; liquid metal corrosion
***Study of fundamental structure-property relations; origin of strength; strengthening mechanisms; multi-phase systems
***Dislocation dynamics; point defect-dislocation interactions
***Improved mechanical properties of structural materials; alloys, metals and non-metals; ceramics; polymers; insulating materials; biomaterials; steels; high temperature materials; radiation resistant materials
***Nondestructive testing: new methods; flaw detection; for creep; for fatigue
**Composites: failure mode; strength; fatigue; computer design methods
**Acoustic damping
*More data on and better characterization of new materials
*Polymers: high impact polymers; fatigue; yield strength; impact strength; strain rate sensitivity
*Laser windows
*Ceramics: defect interactions; strength; impact resistance; acoustic properties
*Adhesion
Optical (74)
***Optical transmission, absorption and scattering mechanisms; role of impurities; absorption at high optical levels
**Lasers: new materials; new systems
**Relation of structure to optical properties: defects, develop optical methods as tools for structure studies
**Nonlinear optics
**Magneto-optics
*Optical properties of semiconductors; nonradiative recombination
*Solar cells
*Luminescence and phosphors
*Improved laser windows
*Photoemission
*Optical switching
*UV degradation
*Properties of liquid crystals
Electrical (117)
***Superconductivity; higher temperature superconductors; high current superconductors; new superconductors; room temperature superconductivity
***Transport mechanisms; scattering phenomena; electron-hole interactions; ionic mobility; ionic conductivity mechanisms in solids; metal-insulator transition; transport in molecular materials; electron tunneling; electron-electron, electron-phonon interactions; high pressure effects; high magnetic field low temperature conductivity
**Electrical properties of amorphous materials; carrier phenomena; transport; solid state physics of amorphous materials; liquids; amorphous semiconductors
**Correlation of electrical properties with structure and chemical properties; structure and carrier lifetime; impurity and vacancy concentrations; tailoring electrical properties
**Solar energy conversion; solar cells
**High performance conductors
**Interfaces; charge trapping; surface states; tunneling; dielectric-metal interface; nature of transport across a junction; contacts; surface effects in thin films; interface states in heterojunction III–V’s
*Radiation resistance semiconductors
*Electrical properties in biological materials; biopolymers
*Solid state electrolytes; ionic conductivity in solids
*Electro-optic compounds
*Liquid dielectrics
*Electronic properties of alloys
*Electro-chemical processes
*Electro-luminescence
*Photoconductivity
*Thermoelectricity; direct conversion of heat to electricity
*Conductivity in composites; in oxides
Magnetic (60)
***Magnetic domains; defect interactions; domain wall motion; correlation with structure; basic studies of magnetic damping; radiation damage
***New magnetic materials; magnetic properties of composites; development of rare-earth magnets; ferroelectric fluids; chalcogenides; ceramic metal and ceramic-organic composites; small particle magnets; ultra-thin film alloys; magnetic semiconductors
**Magnetic bubbles; relation of properties of bubbles to growth conditions and parameters
**Improved understanding of magnetic materials; spin-spin and spin-lattice interactions; ferrimagnetism and antiferromagnetism; physics of anisotropy in ferromagnets; relation of magnetism to superconductivity; magnetic semiconductors
**NMR and ESR of proteins and protein-ion complexes; biopolymers; biological materials
*Magnetic phase transitions; high pressure transitions
*Magneto-optical effects
*Surface waves
Dielectric (51)
***Dielectric breakdown: mechanisms; at low temperature and high field streng strength; at grain boundaries; relation to structure; in SiO2, in A12O3; in composites
**Environment; effects of moisture; effects of extreme temperatures; lightning
**Ferroelectricity; domain dynamics; domain phenomena
*Electriets
*High temperature dielectrics; high frequency dielectris; high pressure dielectrics
*Measurements of high frequency losses; loss mechanisms in polymers
*Effects of composition, processing and microstructure on dielectric properties
*Acoustic waves
*Surface waves
*Relation to optical properties; electron-optic properties
Nuclear (58)
***Radiation damage: kinetics of swelling; void nucleation and growth; defect physics; damage mechanisms; effect on properties; swelling of fuels; stability at high temperature and neutron flux; radiation damage at high temperatures in alloys and insulators; of fuel elements; of semiconductors; of superconductors; of structural materials; of u/Pu compounds
**Ion implantation
**Nuclear shielding; handling and disposal of nuclear materials; safety and reliability; monitoring of nuclear materials
*Effect of radiation on DNA; effect of low level irradiation on people
*Radiation for corrosion inhibition; radiation methods for hardening of alloys
Chemical, Electrochemical and Surface Properties (152)
***Corrosion, stress corrosion, and oxidation: fundamental understanding of mechanisms of; role of surface states, defects and impurities. Corrosion in: aqueous systems, hot gases, thin films; Corrosion at interfaces with biological media; Corrosion of iron and steel, concrete, refractories; Stress corrosion of Al, Ti, iron and steel; hydrogen embrittlement; of ceramics, glasses, and thin films; Oxidation at high temperature; role of impurities; of light metals
***Catalysis: fundamental understanding of mechanism of: role of surface structure, impurities, states and charges; effect of free radicals wavelength sensitive free radicals; nature of adsorption mechanisms
**Surfaces: physics and chemistry of; surfaces of noncrystalline solids
**Flammability: fundamental mechanisms of burning; role of additives, rates of burning, smoke generation, fume toxicity; kinetics of reactions at interfaces
**Chemical stability; decomposition and degradation mechanisms
**Electrochemical reactions: fundamental understanding of; electrode reactions, electrode materials, electrolytic corrosion of metals, joints; effect of surface structure; ionic conduction in battery separations; solid state electrolytes; fuel cell mechanisms; mechanisms of galvanic corrosion and protection
*Chemistry of fundamental, nonequilibrium processes; simplified methods for studying these
*Metal hydriding mechanisms
*Mechanism of adherence between metals and oxides
*Reaction mechanisms in molten salt chemistry; mass transport in liquid metals
*Effect of chemicals, food, liquids on woven articles
Biological (86)
***Biodegradability: fundamental mechanisms of interaction between materials (plastics, metals, glass, etc.) and the environment; role of fungi, enzymes, hyphae development; bacterial corrosion mechanisms; mechanisms useful for garbage disposal, recycling
***Biocompatibility: long-term chemical behavior and biological effects of materials and their breakdown products; cell and protein interactivities at surfaces; interaction between materials (metals, plastics, etc.) and biological materials (blood, cell tissue, etc.); rejection mechanisms, immunological response to implants and resorptable ceramics; better understanding of biological materials so that they can be replaced with synthetics
***Toxicity; of materials, organic compounds, colors, dyes, etc.; mechanisms of heavy metal incorporation into biological compounds; effect of trace elements and pollutants on humans; ecological impact of materials; sound standards for pollution and toxicity control
**Membranes: mechanisms, structure of; synthetic membranes
*Surface structure and chemical absorption; conformation of proteins
*Mechanisms of brain function, memory, signalling and energy transfer and relation to artificial intelligence
*What was wrong with nerve gas?
Ceramics (111)
***Mechanical properties: tensile and impact strength, toughness, effects of flaws; ductility, elastic and plastic deformation: thermal shock resistance; failure mechanisms; high-temperature properties; creep; effects of grain boundaries and microstructure
**Impurity effects on physical properties: on diffusion, thermal conductivity, electrical and ionic conductivity; on magnetic and optical properties
*Effect of Non-Stoichiometry on mechanical, chemical and transport properties; control of stoichiometry and defect structure to achieve desired physical properties
*Interfaces: metal-ceramic, fracture at.; surface wear
*Physical properties of basic oxides etc., e.g. BeO, UC2, UO2, UN
*Effect of microstructure on dielectric and magnetic pros.
*Factors controlling chemical reactivity, grain boundary chemistry, sintering
*Exploration for new ceramics: transparent ceramics, cermets, ductile ceramics, high compressive strength; high-temperature corrosion resistant, electro-optic ceramics
*Characterization
Glasses and Amorphous Materials (122)
***Transport properties and relation to structure particularly electrical: electrical effects at phase transitions; switching mechanisms; high electric field effects; electronic energy state distributions; phonon spectra and transport, surface dates, effect of high pressure
**Mechanical properties; ductility, elasticity and flexibility, strength and fracture, effects of defects, acoustic loss mechanisms, creep, sheer
**Phase separation; devitrification, spinodal decomposition, nature of glass transition, nucleation and crystal growth, role of impurities and surface nucleation in devitrification
*Relation of electronic properties to short range order structure
*Defect effects; on optical, magnetic and transport properties
*Surfaces; ion exchange treatments, corrosion mechanisms, diffusion
*Rheology of glasses
*Exploration for new glass systems; amorphous superconductors, chalcogenide glasses, glassy polymers; glasses with high dielectric strength, glassy carbons and relation of their structures to processing, glasses with low optical loss, ductile and tough glasses, rare earth glasses
*Electronic structure and transport in organic polymers
*Radiation damage; effect on mechanical and optical properties
*Structural characterization
*Structure and molecular dynamics
*Relation of transport in glasses to transport in liquids
*Optical absorption spectrum; impurity spectra
*Studies of basic oxide components of glasses—impurity effects, etc.
*Effect of transition to glassy state on magnetic properties
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors (84)
***Defect studies; control and elimination of crystal defects; defect properties; defects in compound semiconductors; structure-property relationships; chemical and physical purity; materials preparation; crystal growth; relation between preparation and properties; vacancy-impurity interactions; electrical, magnetic, and optical properties and their relation to defects and impurities; ion implantation
**Surface and interface states; surface and interface physics; surface and interface properties; junction physics
**Electronic band structure; chemical bonding; relation to ionicity
**Compound semiconductors; tailoring of properties; alloys; III–V compounds; ternary systems; new materials
**Solar cells; solar conversion; direct energy conversion
**Optical properties; light emitting diodes; photoconductors; large bandgap semiconductors; optical transitions
**Improved basic understanding; for prediction of new properties; for development of new materials; electronic and magnetic properties; nonlinear properties; phonon structure
*High temperature semiconductors; small bandgap semiconductors; piezoelectric semiconductors; varistors; glasses
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds (68)
***Electronic properties: relationship between electronic and structural properties; electronic properties of unusual compounds; at high pressure; conductor-insulator transitions; electrical breakdown; ionic conductivity; superionic conductors; superconductivity; dielectric properties; solid state electrolytes
**Optical properties; magneto-optical materials; influence of defects on optical properties; optical properties of halides; luminescence; laser hosts
**Mechanical properties; high strength, high stiffness fibers; effect of impurities on boron fibers; light weight protective armour; structural weaknesses and failure; acoustic-vibration properties; materials for optical grinding; finishes; bearings
**Crystal chemistry; ultra high temperature chemistry; relation between structure and ionicity; relation of structure to electronegativity; chemical bonding; high oxidation states
*Magnetic properties; relation to defects; transparent ferromagnets; new magnetic compounds
*Characterization; properties, processing; single crystals
*Organo-silicon chemistry
*Liquid crystals
*Improved catalysts; fuel cells
*Noncombustible polymers
*High melting, oxidation resistant compounds
*Radiation response
Ferrous Metals and Alloys (60)
***Mechanical properties; impact resistance; high strength at high temperature; improved strength; high toughness; high toughness with high strength; reduction of low temperature embrittlement; fracture toughness; creep
**Structure and properties; fracture vs microstructure; structure of alloys; microstructure studies; morphology of graphite in cast iron; precipitates to improve strength; texture development
**Fracture studies; crack propagation; fatigue resistance; service failure
**Corrosion resistance; improved oxidation resistance; corrosion resistance for gas turbine elements; chloride stress corrosion; protective coatings
*Dislocation dynamics; defect-dislocation interactions
*Prediction of physical properties
*Non-destructive testing; degradation
*Adsorbed gases
*Hydrogen embrittlement
*Magnetic properties
*Powder metallurgy
*Casting methods; casting of large sections
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys (73)
***High temperature, high strength alloys; high temperature properties; high temperature alloys
***Corrosion studies; corrosion resistance; corrosion mechanisms; stress corrosion; environmental effects; oxidation resistant refractory metals
***Fracture properties; brittleness; fracture resistance; fracture mechanisms; fracture toughness; fatigue; nature of fatigue; fatigue resistance
***Structure property relationships; relation of mechanical properties to microstructure and composition; static and dynamic properties; dislocation dynamics
**Radiation resistance; high temperature and high flux; radiation induced creep
**Improved strength to weight ratio
*Mechanical properties characterization
*Aluminum and aluminum alloys
*Titanium and titanium alloys
*Nickel and nickel based alloys
*Alloy substitution
*Beryllium alloys; zirconium alloys
*Nickel catalysts
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys (43)
***Superconductivity; high temperature superconductors; origins of high temperature superconductivity
**High strength conductors; resistivity-strength relationships
*Relationship of electronic to structural properties
*Thin film conductors
*Electrical contacts
*Degradation
Plastics (90)
***Structure-property relationships; relation of properties to structure, bonding, side-chains, cross-linking; role of thermal and mechanical history in determining structure and properties; better characterization of microstructure; effect of high pressure; of glassy polymers
***Durability: at higher temperatures; fundamental understanding of degradation mechanisms; stability; loss of elasticity; aging
***Mechanical properties; improved strength; impact properties; fracture; high temperature, strength; toughness; viscoelasticity; rheology
**Polymer surfaces; bonding mechanisms in high temperature plastics; composites
**Biodegradable plastics; recyclable plastics
*Nature and function of flame retardants
*Radiation resistance
*Better property data
Fibers and Textiles (30)
***Flame retardants; flammability; fire resistance
**Mechanical properties; less expensive high modulus fibers; increased wet strength; increased bend strength; relation between structure and properties
**Stability; structural deterioration; high temperature stability; degradation
*Biological applications
*Surface properties; surface finish
*Glass fibers; reinforcing materials
Rubbers (17)
***Chemical properties; high temperature stability; corrosion protection; sealants; oil resistance; oxidation stability
**Characterization of structure; fundamental properties; phase transitions in rubber
*Thermoplastic rubbers
*Wear
*Fibers for reinforcement
Composites (117)
***Interface bonding properties: fundamental understanding of behavior of fiber/matrix interface behavior; characterization on microelasticity scale; compatibility of reinforcement and matrix; mechanical strength; stress transfer between fiber and matrix; static and dynamic loading effects; adhesive forces; electronic structure at interfaces; bonding control; interface chemistry; effects of molecular variables on adhesives; relation between interfacial reactions and properties; thermal stability
**Mechanical properties: structural aspects; strength; ductility; toughness; brittle fracture; rheological properties; directional properties; dispersion hardening
*Durability: prediction of service life
*Exploration for new composites: organic composites; polymeric alloys— phase equilibria; oriented composites; new combinations of precipitates, fibers, platelets with organic or metal matrix; cements; high temperature oxidation resistant composites; multi-phase composites; boron and graphite fibers
*Radiation effects
*Nonstructural properties: thermal, electrical, optical; flammability, degradibility
*Characterization and analysis methods
*Joining methods
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds (45)
***Electronic structure; energy transfer mechanisms; high TC superconductors; photochemical changes; optical properties; electron transport; semiconductors; photoconductors; luminescence; one-dimensional conductors
**Liquid crystals
*Finishes
*Precipitation of dyes in electric field
*Catalysts; surface phenomena
*Physiological activity
Thin Films (76)
***Preparation of thin films; control of crystallinity; defect structure of thin films; epitaxial growth mechanisms; elimination of grain boundaries; factors affecting crystal size and alignment; film-substrate interactions; molecular beam epitaxy
**Properties of ultra-thin films
**Membranes; biological membranes; transport of ions in membranes
*Electronic properties; magneto-electric properties
*Optical properties
*Difference between bulk and thin film properties; unique phase transitions in thin film geometry
*Transport in thin films; diffusion barriers
*Surface effects; interface with substrate; surface states
*Coatings; surface films to retard corrosion
*Electrodes; thin electrodes for fuel cell use
*Defects in bubble materials
*Catalysis
*Non-destructive evaluation
*Superconductivity studies; Josephson tunnel devices
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals (56)
***Protective coatings; reliability; durability; corrosion; erosion; environmental sensitivity; protection against oxidation; aging characteristics; flame retardant
**Surface phenomena; surface chemistry; surface reactivity; surface finish
**Improved understanding of adhesion mechanisms; better characterization; nature of substrate-matrix interactions; cohesive reactions
**Improved adhesives for dissimilar materials; high temperature adhesives; higher strength adhesives
**Adhesion to live tissue
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers (22)
***High temperature lubricants; low temperature lubricants
***Long life lubricants; performance; stability; resistance to polymerization
**Pollution; toxicity; reusability
*Surface interactions
Prosthetic and Medical Materials (54)
***Biocompatibility: materials with physical and chemical properties matching adjacent hard and soft tissue. Surface effects: adsorption of blood, nature of surface mechanism of interface of materials with cells and proteins; correlation between in vivo and in vitro behavior; electrical interactions with body fluids; biorejection chemistry; durability
**New biomaterials; specific membranes; block polymers with ionic domains for controlled transport of long-term drugs; biological adhesives; fluoropolymers; glassy carbon
*Physical properties of implant materials
Plain and Reinforced Concrete (26)
***Mechanical properties; structure-property relationships; higher strength to weight ratio; greater ductility; failure mechanisms; improved wear; better toughness
**Concrete based on cements and aggregates utilizing solid wastes; plastic filled concrete
*Chemistry of Portland cement
*Weather resistance
*Characterization and testing methods
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials (11)
**Improved asphalts, less slippery, less susceptible to temperature and oxidation
Wood and Paper (20)
**Improved properties; more uniformity; improved bending; improved wet strength
*Microstructure-property relationships in cellulose materials
*Fireproofing
Extraction, Purification, Refining (85)
***Ultra high purities; new and improved analytical methods for trace impurity analysis; removal of low level impurities; trace elements in steel; high purity glasses and ceramics; high purity oxides; high purity SiC; purity of superconducting materials
**Processing of low grade ores, more efficient extraction methods; low energy extraction methods
**Minimize environmental degradation; air and water pollution; recycling wastes; closed loop extraction; better use of by-products
*Seawater extraction
*High temperature vapor phase systems
Synthesis and Polymerization (70)
**High performance, high temperature plastics; strengthening and stabilizing processes; inducement and control of cross-linking
*Synthesis of macromolecules, high-density polymers free from non-biocompatible initiators, catalysis, promoters; low energy consuming processes
*Recycling of polymers; self-disintegrating plastics; photodecomposable, etc.
*Ultra-fine particle processing; polymerization at high pressure, high temperature, room temperature curing polymers
*Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystal growth processes
*Better ways of characterizing polymers
*Relation between synthesis and mechanical properties
*Photoeffects in polymers; photopolymerization, photosynthesis and photochemical changes
Solidification and Crystal Growth (97)
***Basic mechanisms of growth; kinetics of crystal growth; physics of melting; effect of trace elements on crystal growth; nucleation
**New materials; improved materials; new properties
**Ceramics; control of microstructure; heat treatable ceramics; melt forming of ceramics; grain growth control; sintering
**Polymers; potting compounds; high temperature polymers; controlled structure; controlled morphology; room temperature curing
**Single crystal preparation; growth defects; characterization
**High purity crystals; controlled purity crystals; zone refining; properties of pure materials
**Semiconductor crystals; epitaxy substrates; compound semiconductors; growth of heterojunctions
**Directional solidification of eutectics; control of eutectic structure
*Improved optical quality, nonlinear optical compounds; photo-optic materials
*Segregation in ingots; microsegregation and macrosegregation
*Control of microstructure in castings; effect of solidification on structure and properties; large ingot design
*High pressure growth
*Growth in zero gravity
Metal Deformation and Processing(48)
***Relationship between processing and properties: improved tensile strength; role of defects; physical characterization; effects on properties; effects of thermal mechanical history; role of dislocations; impurity aggregates; effects of hot and cold forming; grain boundaries at large deformation; formability; necking stability; strain hardening
**Improved forming for high strength alloys; improved deep drawing; aluminum deep drawing; powder preforms; laser machining
**Metal response to loading at high strain rate; high pressure deformation
*High temperature alloys
*New superplastic materials
*Improved fatigue life
*Fracture; failure mechanisms
Plastics Extrusion and Molding (7)
**Relationship between processing, structure and physical properties; orientation due to various extrusion methods; control of orientation
*Flexibility and durability
*Corrosion resistance
Heat Treatment (48)
***Effects of annealing on polymers
***Effects of thermal processing on microstructure; precipitation; texture; defect structures; effects of interrupted quenching; heat treatment of high strength alloys; high temperature kinetics
**Effects of magnetic field annealing; high pressure annealing; radiation effects; combined mechanical/thermal annealing
*Heat treatment to improve resistance to stress corrosion cracking; fatigue
*Semiconductors
*Superconductors
*Graded microstructures and properties
*Thermal mechanical aging
*Ferrous precipitation hardening
*Sintering, surface properties
*Isothermal transformations near critical points
Material Removal (29)
***New approaches; electrochemical machining; laser machining; faster, cheaper techniques; water, jet cutting. Machining of hard materials, superalloys, ceramics
*Surface structure; surface finish; surface phenomena
*Ultra fine etching
Joining (68)
***Resistance to vibration, abrasion; residual stresses; corrosion resistance; high temperature adhesives; bond strength; compatibility; new techniques; faster processing
***Interfacial phenomena; control of structure in weld zone; stress distributions in joints; fundamentals of adhesion; mechanism of joining; interfaces; surface chemistry and physics; properties of joints; compatibility; fundamental studies of adhesive bonding
**Plasma welding; vacuum hazing of aluminum; welding molybdenum
*Non-destructive testing methods; failure mechanisms
*Joining of composites
Powder Processing (48)
***Role of organic additives; interfaces in sintered bodies; effects of firing shrinkage; UHV sintering; pressure sintering; agglomeration
***Basic studies of sintering; pore removal; microstructure characterization; sintering kinetics; role of defects; purity effects; surface effects; interfaces in sintered bodies; role of organic additives; firing shrinkage; pressure sintering; UHV sintering
***Powder processing, mixing of powders; characterization of powders; particle size distributions; properties of extra fine powders; compaction; statistical properties of pressed powders; mechanics of particulate materials
**Physical properties; mechanical properties; directional strength; structure-property relationships
*Aluminum alloy powders; superalloy powder metallurgy
*Respirable dust characterization
*Superconductors
*Micro-quenched powders, spark sintering
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy (44)
***Control of vapor deposition; chemical vapor deposition; molecular beam epitaxy; low temperature processes; purity; defect structure; elimination of grain boundaries; thin film properties
***Kinetics and thermodynamics of growth; surface phenomena; heat treatment; surface properties; surface structure studies; role of substrate in epitaxy; adhesion stresses; nucleation
***Amorphous films; semiconductor films; superconducting films; optical films; electrode materials; ceramics
*Oxidation resistant coatings; improved coatings
*High strength fibers
*Pyrocarbon technology
Radiation Treatment (54)
***Effects of irradiation; radiation damage; study of defects produced by irradiation; effects on semiconductors; effect on amorphous metals; channeling effects; creation of non-equilibrium phases
***Ion implantation; doping in semiconductors; to tailor electrical properties; to tailor-make solids; to reduce electron traps causing UV degradation.
**Polymers: improved cross-linking; polymerization; room temperature curing of polymers; UV and e-beam cross-linking polymers
*Production of stable ionic species in liquid electrolytes
*Effects on long term properties
Plating and Coating (39)
***Chemistry of metallic coatings on ceramics; electroless plating; uniformity of coatings; defects in coatings; basic parameters of plating and coating; surface reactions; adhesion; interfaces; surface properties
***Weather resistance and degradability; corrosion resistance; durability; coating to minimize stress corrosion; high temperature coatings; oxidation, sulphidation resistant coatings
**Coating of refractory metal composites
*Hydrogen embrittlement resulting from plating
*Controlled permeability coatings
*Deposition of magnetic alloys
*Cathode deposition phenomena in recharging spent fuel cells
*Plating of superconductors to enhance properties
*Cobalt free ground coat enamels
*Optical coatings
Chemical (35)
***Effects of dopants; solubility of impurities; defect structure; doping of semiconductors; dopants for compound semiconductors; improved metallization for semiconductors; control of doping and diffusion
**Microprocessing; photoprocessing; photochemical reactions
*Mechanisms of reactions; thermodynamics
*Battery phenomena
*Structure, properties, deformation and failure of complex materials
*Surface chemistry; surface chemistry and physics
*Corrosion of reactor materials; corrosion, oxidation; stress corrosion; preservation of wood
*Flammability; fire retardants
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing (123)
***Flaw detection: techniques for giving geometric description and location of flaws; crystallinity; texture, potential fracture, creep, crack propagation, fatigue; strength, joint integrity, ductility, etc.
**Techniques for automatic monitoring of manufacturing processes; automated simultaneous checking of several parameters
**Techniques for predicting performance and service life; accelerated aging testing; service environment testing; in-service indicators of incipient failure
**Exploitation of new physical phenomena and insights from solid state physics concerning interaction of radiation with matter: high temperature testing; acoustical and surface acoustic wave techniques, X-rays, holography, spectroscopy, sources of stress wave emission, infra-red and microwave properties, lasers, seismic resistivity; eddy currents, NMR and ESR
**Techniques for testing various materials; biomaterials in vitro and in vivo, dental evaluations; nuclear, structural irradiated materials; ceramics; electronic and other active materials; plastics; composites; consumer products; for surfaces, surface layers, interface reactions at molecular level; joints and welds
*Trace impurity detection and analysis in electronic and optical materials
APPLIED RESEARCH
The priorities for Applied Research depend on the area of application. In the questionnaire nine Areas of Impact were identified. In each of these Areas, several sub-areas were identified as listed in Table 5.8. Each respondee was asked to select up to five areas or sub-areas of application with which he was familiar. A rating was requested for the priority for Applied Research and Engineering which should be assigned to a variety of Properties, Materials, Processes and Academic Disciplines as related to each sub-area selected. Thus each respondee could confine his comments and priorities for Applied Research and Engineering to areas with which he was familiar. The number of responses which were made in each area and sub-area are indicated in Table 5.8.
The priorities for Applied Research derived from the responses are presented in summary form in Tables 5.9. The priorities are presented on a four-symbol scale with *** being very high priority, ** being high priority, * being moderate priority and a blank indicating low priority. The data presented in this table are also presented as numerical ratings in the sections dealing with each area of applied research.
Tables 5.10 present a rank ordering of the priorities for Applied Research and Engineering for the various areas and sub-areas of impact. In these tables the ratings given by the respondees have been corrected for familiarity by establishing a trend line on plots such as Fig. 5.2 and sweeping a trend line through the data to obtain rank ordering. This method is similar to that used to obtain the rank ordering for Basic Research (corrected for familiarity) presented in Tables 5.7. Thus in Table 5.10a the properties which should receive highest priority for applied research relating to Communications, Computers and Control are first, Electrical Properties; second, Dielectric Properties; third, Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level); fourth, Optical Properties; and so on.
Several specialties stand out in both the tables and the comments as having high priority almost across-the-board: Chemical Properties, for example, are rated as a high priority area for basic research and as well as for several impact areas. From the comments it is clear this assessment is related to a wide variety of chemical properties, including the pervading problems of corrosion and oxidation and the limitations they set on materials applications. Mechanical Properties, also receive high priority, as stronger and tougher materials are needed in nearly all fields of technology.
Of the Materials classes, Plastics received the highest overall priority rating, reflecting the still rapidly-growing use of these materials in a wide range of applications. The ratings also indicate the broad importance of Composite Materials, Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys, Ceramics and Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes and Seals. Under Processes, Testing and Non-Destructive Testing was of the most widespread priority, with Joining, Polymer Synthesis and Plastics Extrusion and Molding also rated of importance in many areas.
Although the above specialties received the broadest priority ratings, in particular areas of impact other specialties were rated of equal or greater importance. Biological Properties, for example, received high priority in the Environmental and Health areas. Semiconductors, Glasses, Prosthetic Materials
and Lubricants were rated high for specific impact areas, as were the processes of Vapor Deposition and Chemical Processing.
Furthermore, the impact areas themselves are very broad, and some specialties rated very high in particular sub-areas do not appear in the figures because they were not of high priority for the area as a whole. For example, Electrical Properties were rated high priority in the sub-areas Batteries and Fuel Cells, Direct Conversion and Electrical Transmission and Distribution. However, since they were accorded low priority for Nuclear Reactors, Thermonuclear Fusion and Turbines and Generators, they were only of moderate priority for the overall area of Energy. High priority specialties for specific sub-areas can be determined from the tables and comments which are presented below.
TABLE 5.8 Sub-Areas of Impact and Responses Received
Code Number |
Area or Sub-Area |
Number of Responses |
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
31 |
11 |
Commercial Radio and TV Equipment |
10 |
12 |
Computers |
66 |
13 |
Electronic Components |
144 |
14 |
Equipment for Guidance and Control of Transportation |
8 |
15 |
Teaching Equipment |
14 |
16 |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
41 |
Total 10 314 |
||
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
10 |
21 |
Apparel and Textiles |
20 |
22 |
Furniture |
6 |
23 |
Household Appliances—Electronic (TV, radio, hi-fi, etc.) |
23 |
24 |
Household Appliances—Non-Electronic (refrigerators, ranges, airconditioners, vacuum cleaners, etc.) |
19 |
25 |
Leisure and Sports Equipment |
4 |
26 |
Packaging and Containers |
34 |
27 |
Printing and Photography |
25 |
Total 20 141 |
||
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
39 |
31 |
Military Aircraft |
81 |
32 |
Missiles |
38 |
33 |
Naval Vessels |
25 |
34 |
Ordnance and Weapons |
38 |
35 |
Radar and Military Communications |
46 |
36 |
Spacecraft |
54 |
37 |
Undersea Equipment |
35 |
Total 30 356 |
||
40 |
ENERGY |
35 |
41 |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
100 |
42 |
Direct Conversion |
62 |
43 |
Electric Transmission and Distribution |
64 |
44 |
Fuel Transmission and Distribution |
9 |
45 |
Nuclear Reactors |
92 |
46 |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
54 |
47 |
Turbines and Generators |
66 |
|
|
Total 40 482 |
Code Number |
Area or Sub-Area |
Number of Responses |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
28 |
51 |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
65 |
52 |
Pollution |
83 |
53 |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
94 |
54 |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
25 |
55 |
Substitution Opportunities |
19 |
56 |
Working Conditions |
10 |
Total 50 324 |
||
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
14 |
61 |
Artificial Organs |
39 |
62 |
Medical Electronics |
13 |
63 |
Medical Equipment (including dental) |
10 |
64 |
Prosthetic Devices (including dental) |
64 |
Total 60 140 |
||
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
21 |
71 |
Construction Machinery |
1 |
72 |
Highways, Bridges, Airports, etc. |
19 |
73 |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
44 |
74 |
Industrial and Commercial Structures |
12 |
75 |
Mobile Homes |
13 |
76 |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
20 |
Total 70 130 |
||
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
6 |
81 |
Farm and Construction Machinery |
10 |
82 |
Industrial Drives, Motors and Control |
9 |
83 |
Industrial Instrumentation |
15 |
84 |
Machine Tools |
22 |
85 |
Process Equipment |
43 |
Total 80 105 |
||
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
23 |
91 |
Aircraft |
48 |
92 |
Automotive |
75 |
93 |
Guided Ground Transportation (rail, non-rail) |
30 |
94 |
Water |
4 |
Total 90 180 |
||
|
|
GRAND TOTAL 2172 |
TABLE 5.9a Priorities for Applied Research—Properties of Materials
Atomic Structure |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
Thermodynamic |
Thermal |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
Optical |
Electrical |
Magnetic |
Dielectric |
Nuclear |
Chemical |
Biological |
|
*** |
** |
* |
* |
* |
|
*** |
*** |
** |
** |
|
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
||
*** |
** |
* |
* |
* |
** |
*** |
** |
** |
Computers |
||||
*** |
*** |
* |
* |
* |
** |
*** |
* |
** |
* |
* |
|
Electronic Components |
|
*** |
** |
** |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
*** |
* |
*** |
|
* |
Telephone and Data Networks Equipment |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
|
* |
CONSUMER GOODS |
|||
* |
** |
* |
* |
* |
** |
|
*** |
* |
Apparel and Textiles |
||||
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
*** |
* |
** |
|
Household Appliances—Electronic |
||
* |
** |
* |
** |
* |
*** |
|
** |
** |
Packaging and Containers |
||||
* |
** |
** |
|
*** |
*** |
|
* |
|
* |
|
Printing and Photography |
||
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
|
* |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
|||||
* |
*** |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
** |
Military Aircraft |
||||||
* |
** |
* |
** |
* |
*** |
|
* |
* |
Missiles |
||||
|
* |
* |
|
*** |
|
* |
Naval Vessels |
||||||
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
* |
|
* |
* |
Ordnance and Weapons |
|||
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
*** |
* |
** |
|
* |
Radar and Military Communications |
|
* |
** |
** |
* |
** |
*** |
|
* |
* |
Spacecraft |
||||
* |
* |
* |
|
*** |
|
*** |
Undersea Equipment |
||||||
** |
** |
* |
** |
** |
** |
|
* |
|
* |
*** |
ENERGY |
||
** |
* |
* |
** |
* |
|
*** |
|
* |
|
*** |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
||
** |
* |
* |
** |
*** |
* |
** |
*** |
|
* |
* |
** |
Direct Conversion |
|
** |
** |
** |
|
** |
* |
|
*** |
* |
** |
|
Electric Transmission and Distributors |
||
*** |
*** |
** |
** |
** |
*** |
|
*** |
*** |
Nuclear Reactors |
||||
*** |
*** |
* |
* |
** |
*** |
|
* |
* |
|
*** |
** |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
|
* |
*** |
* |
** |
* |
*** |
|
*** |
Turbines and Generators |
|||||
|
* |
* |
|
** |
* |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
|||||||
* |
** |
|
* |
** |
|
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
|||||||
* |
|
* |
|
* |
*** |
* |
Pollution |
||||||
|
* |
|
** |
** |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
||||||||
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
|
* |
|
*** |
* |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
||
* |
** |
** |
* |
|
** |
|
*** |
*** |
HEALTH SERVICES |
||||
|
** |
* |
* |
** |
* |
*** |
*** |
Artificial Organs |
|||||
* |
** |
** |
* |
*** |
|
*** |
*** |
Prosthetic Devices |
|||||
|
* |
*** |
** |
|
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
||||||||
|
* |
|
* |
*** |
** |
* |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
||||||
|
* |
** |
* |
|
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
||||||||
|
* |
* |
* |
|
** |
* |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
||||||
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
** |
|
Machine Tools |
||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
** |
Process Equipment |
||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
** |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
||||||
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
** |
Aircraft |
||||||
* |
* |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
*** |
Automotive |
||||||
|
* |
|
* |
* |
*** |
* |
* |
|
* |
Guided Ground Transportation |
TABLE 5.9b Priorities for Applied Research—Classes of Materials
Ceramics |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
Plastics |
Fibers and Textiles |
Rubbers |
Composites |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
Thin Films |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
Wood and Paper |
|
* |
** |
*** |
** |
|
* |
|
*** |
|
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
||||||||||
* |
** |
*** |
* |
* |
|
* |
*** |
Computers |
|||||||||||
** |
*** |
*** |
** |
* |
|
*** |
Electronic Components |
||||||||||||
* |
*** |
*** |
** |
* |
* |
|
*** |
Telephone and Data Networks Equipment |
|||||||||||
|
* |
|
|
** |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
** |
|
CONSUMER GOODS |
|||||||
|
|
*** |
*** |
*** |
** |
* |
|
*** |
* |
|
* |
Apparel and Textiles |
|||||||
* |
** |
*** |
** |
* |
|
|
* |
* |
** |
|
Household Appliances—Electronic |
||||||||
* |
** |
|
*** |
* |
|
* |
** |
|
* |
Packaging and Containers |
|||||||||
|
* |
* |
** |
* |
|
|
** |
** |
* |
|
Printing and Photography |
||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
** |
* |
** |
|
* |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
||||||||||
* |
|
* |
*** |
* |
*** |
** |
Military Aircraft |
||||||||||||
* |
* |
** |
* |
*** |
* |
Missiles |
|||||||||||||
|
* |
** |
|
* |
* |
Naval Vessels |
|||||||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
** |
* |
** |
* |
Ordnance and Weapons |
|||||||||||
* |
* |
|
*** |
** |
|
|
|
** |
Radar and Military Communications |
||||||||||
** |
* |
|
* |
|
* |
* |
*** |
|
* |
Spacecraft |
|||||||||
* |
* |
|
*** |
*** |
* |
* |
|
** |
|
* |
Undersea Equipment |
||||||||
** |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
|
|
ENERGY |
|||||||||||
** |
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
|||||||||||||
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
|
** |
|
Direct Conversion |
|||||||||||
* |
* |
|
*** |
* |
|
Electric Transmission and Distributors |
|||||||||||||
** |
|
*** |
*** |
|
|
Nuclear Reactors |
|||||||||||||
** |
* |
|
* |
* |
*** |
** |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
||||||||||||
*** |
|
** |
*** |
* |
** |
|
Turbines and Generators |
||||||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
|
* |
|
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
||||||||||
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
|
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
|||||||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
|
* |
Pollution |
|||||||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
* |
|
* |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
||||||
** |
** |
* |
|
** |
** |
* |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
|
* |
** |
|
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
||||
* |
* |
|
* |
|
*** |
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
*** |
|
HEALTH SERVICES |
||||||
* |
* |
* |
|
*** |
** |
** |
** |
|
* |
** |
|
*** |
|
Artificial Organs |
|||||
** |
* |
** |
*** |
* |
|
** |
|
* |
|
*** |
Prosthetic Devices |
||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
** |
* |
** |
|
** |
|
* |
* |
* |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
|||||
* |
* |
|
* |
*** |
* |
* |
** |
*** |
* |
* |
* |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
|||||||
|
** |
* |
* |
|
|
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
|||||||||||||
* |
|
** |
** |
|
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
||||||||||||||
* |
*** |
* |
|
Machine Tools |
|||||||||||||||
* |
*** |
* |
* |
|
|
Process Equipment |
|||||||||||||
|
** |
** |
** |
|
* |
** |
* |
* |
|
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
|||||||||
|
** |
*** |
** |
|
*** |
** |
* |
Aircraft |
|||||||||||
* |
* |
** |
** |
** |
* |
* |
** |
** |
* |
Automotive |
|||||||||
|
* |
** |
** |
* |
|
* |
|
Guided Ground Transportation |
TABLE 5.9c Priorities for Applied Research—Processes
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
Heat Treatment |
Material Removal |
Joining |
Powder Processing |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
Radiation Treatment |
Plating and Coating |
Chemical |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
|
* |
|
*** |
|
* |
* |
|
*** |
** |
* |
** |
** |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
||
|
*** |
|
*** |
** |
* |
** |
* |
Computers |
||||||
* |
|
*** |
|
* |
* |
* |
|
*** |
*** |
* |
*** |
** |
Electronic Components |
|
* |
|
** |
* |
|
* |
** |
* |
* |
** |
** |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
|||
|
* |
|
* |
|
* |
|
* |
|
* |
CONSUMER GOODS |
||||
*** |
** |
* |
|
* |
Apparel and Textiles |
|||||||||
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
* |
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
|||
|
* |
|
* |
* |
|
|
** |
Packaging and Containers |
||||||
|
** |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
*** |
* |
Printing and Photography |
|||||
|
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
** |
* |
|
* |
|
*** |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
||
* |
*** |
** |
** |
*** |
* |
* |
|
*** |
Military Aircraft |
|||||
|
* |
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
*** |
Missiles |
||||||
* |
* |
|
** |
|
* |
Naval Vessels |
||||||||
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
Ordnance and Weapons |
||||||
*** |
|
|
* |
|
** |
** |
|
* |
** |
Radar and Military Communications |
||||
|
** |
* |
* |
*** |
* |
|
* |
|
*** |
Spacecraft |
||||
** |
* |
* |
*** |
|
* |
** |
Undersea Equipment |
|||||||
* |
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
** |
ENERGY |
||||||
* |
|
|
|
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
||||
* |
|
** |
* |
|
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
Direct Conversion |
||||
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
|
* |
|
* |
|
* |
Electric Transmission and Distributors |
|||
|
|
** |
** |
|
** |
* |
|
|
*** |
Nuclear Reactors |
||||
* |
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
*** |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
|||||||
** |
*** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
|
* |
*** |
Turbines and Generators |
|||||
** |
|
|
|
* |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
|||||||||
*** |
* |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
||||||||||||
** |
|
Pollution |
||||||||||||
*** |
|
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
||||||||||||
|
|
* |
* |
|
** |
* |
* |
*** |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
|||||
** |
|
* |
|
* |
|
* |
*** |
HEALTH SERVICES |
||||||
*** |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
Artificial Organs |
|||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
Prosthetic Devices |
||||||
|
* |
|
** |
|
|
** |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
|||||||
* |
* |
** |
* |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
||||||||||
|
|
* |
|
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
||||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
Machine Tools |
|||||||
* |
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
* |
|
* |
Process Equipment |
|||||
|
|
** |
* |
** |
* |
** |
* |
* |
* |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
||||
|
* |
*** |
|
** |
* |
*** |
* |
* |
*** |
Aircraft |
||||
|
** |
** |
** |
*** |
** |
** |
** |
Automotive |
||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
|
|
* |
Guided Ground Transportation |
TABLE 5.9d Priorities for Applied Research—Disciplines
Earth Sciences |
Analytical Chemistry |
Physical Chemistry |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
Inorganic Chemistry |
Solid State Chemistry |
Solid State Physics |
Ceramics and Glass |
Polymer Processing |
Extractive Metallurgy |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
Physical Metallurgy |
Chemical Engineering |
Mechanical Engineering |
Electronic Engineering |
Aerospace Engineering |
Nuclear Engineering |
Bioengineering |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
|
|
* |
* |
|
* |
*** |
*** |
** |
|
* |
* |
|
*** |
|
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
|||||
* |
* |
* |
*** |
*** |
** |
|
* |
*** |
Computers |
||||||||||
* |
** |
* |
*** |
*** |
** |
* |
* |
*** |
Electronic Components |
||||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
*** |
*** |
*** |
* |
*** |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
||||||||||
* |
* |
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
* |
|
CONSUMER GOODS |
|||||||
* |
** |
*** |
|
*** |
* |
* |
Apparel and Textiles |
||||||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
*** |
** |
* |
|
* |
|
*** |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
|||||||
* |
* |
** |
|
** |
** |
|
* |
* |
|
Packaging and Containers |
|||||||||
* |
** |
** |
** |
|
** |
|
* |
|
|
Printing and Photography |
|||||||||
|
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
|
** |
** |
|
* |
* |
* |
|
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
|||||
|
|
* |
*** |
*** |
** |
|
** |
Military Aircraft |
|||||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
** |
Missiles |
||||||||||
|
|
* |
** |
* |
|
Naval Vessels |
|||||||||||||
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
** |
* |
* |
Ordnance and Weapons |
||||||||
* |
|
* |
*** |
*** |
** |
* |
|
|
*** |
|
Radar and Military Communications |
||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
* |
* |
** |
Spacecraft |
||||||||
|
* |
* |
* |
** |
* |
|
Undersea Equipment |
||||||||||||
* |
|
* |
** |
** |
* |
* |
** |
* |
ENERGY |
||||||||||
* |
*** |
|
** |
*** |
** |
* |
|
|
* |
|
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
||||||||
|
* |
|
* |
*** |
*** |
* |
* |
|
* |
|
Direct Conversion |
||||||||
* |
|
** |
*** |
* |
* |
** |
* |
Electric Transmission and Distributors |
|||||||||||
* |
* |
|
** |
* |
** |
*** |
* |
* |
|
*** |
|
Nuclear Reactors |
|||||||
* |
* |
** |
*** |
* |
* |
*** |
* |
* |
*** |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
|||||||||
* |
|
* |
* |
*** |
*** |
|
** |
|
Turbines and Generators |
||||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
|
|
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
|||
** |
* |
* |
|
** |
|
*** |
** |
* |
** |
* |
* |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
|||||||
|
** |
** |
* |
** |
* |
* |
|
* |
|
** |
|
** |
Pollution |
||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
** |
* |
** |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
|||||||
|
|
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
|
** |
** |
* |
** |
* |
* |
* |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
|||
* |
* |
** |
|
* |
|
* |
* |
|
|
* |
|
*** |
|
HEALTH SERVICES |
|||||
* |
** |
*** |
* |
* |
** |
* |
*** |
Artificial Organs |
|||||||||||
* |
* |
** |
* |
* |
** |
* |
* |
* |
* |
*** |
|
Prosthetic Devices |
|||||||
|
* |
|
* |
* |
|
* |
|
* |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
||||||||||
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
|||||||||||||
|
* |
|
* |
|
|
* |
|
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
|||||||||||
* |
** |
** |
** |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
|||||||||||||||
* |
** |
** |
** |
Machine Tools |
|||||||||||||||
|
* |
* |
*** |
* |
* |
** |
Process Equipment |
||||||||||||
|
* |
* |
** |
** |
|
** |
* |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
|||||||||||
|
* |
* |
** |
*** |
*** |
* |
*** |
Aircraft |
|||||||||||
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
** |
** |
* |
** |
|
Automotive |
||||||||
|
* |
|
* |
** |
|
* |
* |
|
* |
Guided Ground Transportation |
TABLE 10a Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Properties of Materials (Corrected for Familiarity)
Atomic Structure |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
Thermodynamic |
Thermal |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
Optical |
Electrical |
Magnetic |
Dielectric |
Nuclear |
Chemical |
Biological |
|
5 |
3 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
13 |
4 |
1 |
7 |
2 |
11 |
6 |
12 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
3 |
1 |
7 |
8 |
12 |
11 |
9 |
2 |
4 |
5 |
10 |
6 |
13 |
Computers |
4 |
1 |
11 |
10 |
9 |
13 |
7 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
6 |
5 |
12 |
Electronic Components |
6 |
4 |
8 |
10 |
11 |
5 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
3 |
13 |
1 |
7 |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
9 |
4 |
5 |
10 |
6 |
3 |
7 |
8 |
13 |
11 |
12 |
2 |
1 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
4 |
3 |
7 |
8 |
6 |
5 |
12 |
11 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
Apparel and Textiles |
5 |
2 |
8 |
11 |
7 |
9 |
3 |
4 |
12 |
6 |
13 |
10 |
1 |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
9 |
4 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
2 |
10 |
12 |
13 |
11 |
8 |
3 |
1 |
Packaging and Containers |
1 |
4 |
3 |
9 |
13 |
10 |
1 |
7 |
12 |
8 |
6 |
5 |
2 |
Printing and Photography |
9 |
3 |
8 |
7 |
5 |
1 |
10 |
12 |
13 |
11 |
4 |
2 |
6 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
3 |
1 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
8 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
10 |
2 |
9 |
Military Aircraft |
5 |
4 |
11 |
2 |
2 |
9 |
6 |
10 |
13 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
12 |
Missiles |
9 |
3 |
8 |
7 |
13 |
1 |
12 |
10 |
11 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
6 |
Naval Vessels |
9 |
4 |
6 |
11 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
12 |
13 |
10 |
3 |
1 |
8 |
Ordnance and Weapons |
5 |
3 |
10 |
12 |
13 |
7 |
6 |
2 |
11 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
9 |
Radar and Military Communications |
0 |
5 |
12 |
7 |
2 |
1 |
6 |
8 |
13 |
11 |
3 |
4 |
9 |
Spacecraft |
0 |
2 |
7 |
13 |
11 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
5 |
6 |
9 |
1 |
4 |
Undersea Equipment |
8 |
2 |
10 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
13 |
7 |
12 |
11 |
3 |
1 |
9 |
ENERGY |
9 |
5 |
10 |
3 |
7 |
11 |
13 |
2 |
12 |
6 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
7 |
5 |
12 |
6 |
1 |
11 |
4 |
3 |
13 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
9 |
Direct Conversion |
8 |
1 |
11 |
7 |
5 |
4 |
13 |
2 |
9 |
6 |
12 |
3 |
10 |
Electric Transmission and Distribution |
6 |
4 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
3 |
12 |
11 |
13 |
10 |
2 |
1 |
5 |
Nuclear Reactors |
5 |
4 |
8 |
10 |
6 |
1 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
9 |
3 |
2 |
7 |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
7 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
13 |
9 |
12 |
8 |
11 |
1 |
10 |
Turbines and Generators |
3 |
5 |
8 |
4 |
9 |
7 |
11 |
12 |
6 |
10 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
3 |
8 |
6 |
3 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
2 |
4 |
11 |
5 |
7 |
13 |
6 |
9 |
10 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
Pollution |
3 |
10 |
12 |
3 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
11 |
5 |
9 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
3 |
6 |
11 |
12 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
4 |
9 |
10 |
2 |
1 |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
0 |
3 |
5 |
8 |
11 |
4 |
13 |
6 |
12 |
9 |
7 |
2 |
1 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
7 |
3 |
6 |
10 |
12 |
5 |
13 |
4 |
11 |
9 |
8 |
2 |
1 |
Artificial Organs |
11 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
10 |
3 |
13 |
7 |
12 |
9 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
Prosthetic Devices (including dental) |
13 |
5 |
6 |
10 |
4 |
3 |
8 |
11 |
12 |
9 |
7 |
2 |
1 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
13 |
7 |
6 |
12 |
4 |
3 |
5 |
10 |
11 |
8 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
13 |
11 |
8 |
7 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
5 |
12 |
9 |
10 |
2 |
1 |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
13 |
3 |
7 |
10 |
5 |
1 |
8 |
6 |
11 |
9 |
12 |
2 |
4 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
7 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
9 |
13 |
12 |
10 |
11 |
5 |
8 |
Machine Tools |
13 |
5 |
12 |
8 |
4 |
1 |
10 |
6 |
3 |
9 |
11 |
2 |
7 |
Process Equipment |
8 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
6 |
2 |
13 |
10 |
13 |
11 |
9 |
1 |
4 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
7 |
1 |
6 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
9 |
11 |
13 |
10 |
12 |
3 |
8 |
Aircraft |
9 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
13 |
12 |
10 |
11 |
8 |
1 |
2 |
Automotive |
12 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
9 |
1 |
11 |
4 |
5 |
10 |
13 |
2 |
3 |
Guided Ground Transportation |
TABLE 5.10b Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Classes of Materials (Corrected for Familiarity)
Ceramics |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
Plastics |
Fibers and Textiles |
Rubbers |
Composites |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
Thin Films |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
Wood and Paper |
|
7 |
4 |
2 |
8 |
18 |
19 |
10 |
5 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
9 |
16 |
17 |
15 |
14 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
7 |
4 |
3 |
8 |
11 |
19 |
10 |
5 |
18 |
15 |
12 |
2 |
1 |
6 |
9 |
17 |
16 |
14 |
13 |
Computers |
5 |
2 |
3 |
8 |
18 |
19 |
10 |
7 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
4 |
1 |
6 |
9 |
15 |
17 |
14 |
16 |
Electronic Components |
10 |
3 |
6 |
7 |
17 |
15 |
11 |
1 |
8 |
13 |
9 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
12 |
19 |
18 |
16 |
14 |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
15 |
10 |
14 |
12 |
13 |
11 |
17 |
2 |
6 |
7 |
5 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
18 |
19 |
16 |
4 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
16 |
12 |
13 |
10 |
17 |
19 |
15 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
9 |
1 |
8 |
11 |
18 |
14 |
7 |
Apparel and Textiles |
8 |
4 |
6 |
11 |
18 |
14 |
13 |
1 |
9 |
10 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
12 |
19 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
14 |
9 |
18 |
12 |
10 |
7 |
17 |
2 |
11 |
8 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
3 |
13 |
16 |
19 |
15 |
1 |
Packaging and Containers |
19 |
10 |
12 |
15 |
11 |
14 |
16 |
3 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
2 |
6 |
1 |
5 |
18 |
17 |
13 |
4 |
Printing and Photography |
9 |
10 |
14 |
12 |
13 |
6 |
18 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
2 |
8 |
11 |
1 |
4 |
17 |
19 |
15 |
16 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
7 |
10 |
13 |
8 |
14 |
6 |
19 |
5 |
11 |
4 |
3 |
9 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
17 |
18 |
15 |
16 |
Military Aircraft |
4 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
18 |
14 |
19 |
5 |
11 |
7 |
1 |
12 |
9 |
6 |
10 |
15 |
16 |
13 |
17 |
Missiles |
18 |
15 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
9 |
19 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
11 |
1 |
5 |
17 |
10 |
8 |
16 |
Naval Vessels |
11 |
10 |
13 |
12 |
6 |
7 |
19 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
3 |
9 |
18 |
2 |
5 |
15 |
16 |
14 |
17 |
Ordnance and Weapons |
5 |
3 |
4 |
7 |
18 |
19 |
15 |
1 |
11 |
12 |
10 |
6 |
2 |
8 |
9 |
17 |
14 |
13 |
16 |
Radar and Military Communications |
6 |
8 |
10 |
13 |
15 |
11 |
14 |
4 |
5 |
9 |
3 |
7 |
12 |
2 |
1 |
19 |
18 |
16 |
17 |
Spacecraft |
9 |
5 |
16 |
19 |
8 |
4 |
12 |
7 |
11 |
2 |
3 |
10 |
15 |
1 |
6 |
18 |
14 |
13 |
17 |
Undersea Equipment |
1 |
14 |
18 |
8 |
16 |
6 |
4 |
11 |
15 |
9 |
3 |
5 |
13 |
2 |
7 |
19 |
12 |
10 |
17 |
ENERGY |
3 |
8 |
13 |
1 |
19 |
18 |
10 |
4 |
9 |
6 |
7 |
2 |
12 |
5 |
17 |
15 |
16 |
11 |
14 |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
1 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
19 |
18 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
14 |
5 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
13 |
16 |
15 |
12 |
17 |
Direct Conversion |
9 |
14 |
19 |
18 |
16 |
12 |
1 |
4 |
8 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
13 |
2 |
10 |
17 |
15 |
11 |
5 |
Electric Transmission and Distributors |
2 |
14 |
18 |
13 |
4 |
1 |
16 |
12 |
15 |
10 |
7 |
9 |
19 |
5 |
6 |
17 |
3 |
8 |
11 |
Nuclear Reactors |
2 |
8 |
19 |
14 |
10 |
1 |
4 |
16 |
13 |
9 |
3 |
11 |
18 |
6 |
7 |
17 |
5 |
12 |
15 |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
5 |
15 |
19 |
10 |
7 |
4 |
13 |
12 |
9 |
8 |
3 |
6 |
14 |
1 |
2 |
18 |
17 |
11 |
16 |
Turbines and Generators |
13 |
15 |
19 |
11 |
16 |
9 |
14 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
10 |
2 |
17 |
8 |
6 |
18 |
12 |
5 |
1 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
6 |
14 |
17 |
10 |
9 |
2 |
15 |
12 |
16 |
7 |
13 |
5 |
18 |
4 |
3 |
19 |
8 |
1 |
11 |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
11 |
15 |
19 |
9 |
18 |
14 |
16 |
4 |
7 |
8 |
10 |
1 |
12 |
5 |
3 |
17 |
13 |
6 |
2 |
Pollution |
16 |
12 |
17 |
14 |
9 |
6 |
10 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
11 |
8 |
18 |
15 |
7 |
19 |
13 |
5 |
1 |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
15 |
11 |
7 |
18 |
17 |
14 |
19 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
8 |
9 |
1 |
12 |
2 |
13 |
10 |
16 |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
9 |
10 |
19 |
13 |
16 |
8 |
17 |
2 |
6 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
12 |
3 |
11 |
1 |
18 |
15 |
14 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
11 |
12 |
15 |
13 |
16 |
9 |
14 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
4 |
10 |
1 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
Artificial Organs |
9 |
10 |
19 |
12 |
16 |
7 |
18 |
2 |
5 |
6 |
4 |
8 |
13 |
3 |
11 |
1 |
17 |
15 |
14 |
Prosthetic Devices |
11 |
12 |
19 |
15 |
13 |
10 |
17 |
2 |
6 |
8 |
7 |
9 |
16 |
1 |
14 |
18 |
4 |
3 |
5 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
9 |
12 |
18 |
15 |
14 |
10 |
16 |
4 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
11 |
17 |
1 |
13 |
19 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
12 |
13 |
17 |
16 |
2 |
3 |
9 |
1 |
11 |
6 |
5 |
7 |
19 |
4 |
10 |
18 |
14 |
8 |
15 |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, Etc. |
12 |
18 |
16 |
15 |
7 |
4 |
14 |
6 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
5 |
11 |
3 |
1 |
17 |
19 |
13 |
10 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
8 |
19 |
18 |
16 |
2 |
4 |
17 |
11 |
12 |
3 |
6 |
5 |
15 |
7 |
1 |
9 |
14 |
10 |
13 |
Machine Tools |
15 |
18 |
17 |
14 |
7 |
3 |
13 |
6 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
12 |
5 |
1 |
19 |
16 |
10 |
11 |
Process Equipment |
10 |
11 |
17 |
12 |
9 |
7 |
14 |
4 |
6 |
3 |
5 |
8 |
16 |
2 |
1 |
19 |
18 |
13 |
15 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
10 |
11 |
12 |
8 |
14 |
7 |
18 |
5 |
9 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
13 |
1 |
2 |
17 |
19 |
16 |
15 |
Aircraft |
10 |
12 |
16 |
11 |
7 |
8 |
13 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
6 |
9 |
19 |
2 |
1 |
17 |
18 |
14 |
15 |
Automotive |
12 |
13 |
19 |
18 |
10 |
6 |
9 |
5 |
11 |
4 |
3 |
14 |
17 |
2 |
1 |
16 |
7 |
8 |
15 |
Guided Ground Transportation |
TABLE 5.10c Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Processes (Corrected for Familiarity)
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
Heat Treatment |
Material Removal |
Joining |
Powder Processing |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
Radiation Treatment |
Plating and Coating |
Chemical |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
|
5 |
8 |
6 |
14 |
11 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
12 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
7 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
9 |
6 |
11 |
14 |
10 |
13 |
5 |
7 |
12 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
8 |
Computers |
6 |
7 |
5 |
14 |
11 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
12 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
Electronic Components |
1 |
4 |
10 |
13 |
6 |
11 |
12 |
8 |
14 |
5 |
9 |
3 |
2 |
7 |
Telephone, and Data Networks and Equipment |
13 |
2 |
14 |
12 |
1 |
9 |
6 |
4 |
11 |
10 |
8 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
13 |
1 |
9 |
14 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
2 |
11 |
10 |
5 |
7 |
4 |
6 |
Apparel and Textiles |
3 |
7 |
9 |
8 |
1 |
14 |
12 |
6 |
11 |
2 |
13 |
4 |
5 |
10 |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
13 |
5 |
14 |
9 |
1 |
6 |
11 |
3 |
12 |
8 |
7 |
2 |
10 |
4 |
Packaging and Containers |
9 |
1 |
13 |
14 |
4 |
8 |
7 |
11 |
10 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
2 |
12 |
Printing and Photography |
12 |
4 |
14 |
5 |
6 |
13 |
7 |
1 |
8 |
11 |
10 |
3 |
9 |
2 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
14 |
7 |
11 |
5 |
10 |
8 |
4 |
1 |
6 |
12 |
13 |
3 |
9 |
2 |
Military Aircraft |
8 |
1 |
12 |
13 |
10 |
14 |
11 |
7 |
9 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
Missiles |
11 |
3 |
12 |
9 |
4 |
14 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
10 |
13 |
2 |
5 |
8 |
Naval Vessels |
13 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
3 |
7 |
8 |
6 |
9 |
12 |
11 |
4 |
10 |
5 |
Ordnance and Weapons |
9 |
5 |
10 |
13 |
8 |
14 |
12 |
6 |
11 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
4 |
2 |
Radar and Military Communications |
11 |
4 |
13 |
9 |
6 |
14 |
7 |
1 |
12 |
8 |
5 |
2 |
10 |
3 |
Spacecraft |
12 |
7 |
14 |
4 |
3 |
5 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
13 |
11 |
2 |
10 |
6 |
Undersea Equipment |
7 |
6 |
14 |
5 |
13 |
9 |
12 |
1 |
4 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
11 |
3 |
ENERGY |
7 |
5 |
10 |
12 |
4 |
14 |
13 |
9 |
1 |
6 |
11 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
8 |
3 |
11 |
14 |
10 |
13 |
12 |
5 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
4 |
7 |
6 |
Direct Conversion |
4 |
1 |
14 |
2 |
5 |
6 |
12 |
7 |
8 |
10 |
13 |
3 |
11 |
9 |
Electric Transmission and Distributors |
8 |
11 |
14 |
3 |
10 |
7 |
9 |
1 |
4 |
13 |
6 |
5 |
12 |
2 |
Nuclear Reactors |
7 |
13 |
14 |
4 |
12 |
6 |
9 |
2 |
5 |
8 |
10 |
3 |
11 |
1 |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
13 |
6 |
9 |
4 |
11 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
7 |
10 |
12 |
1 |
14 |
5 |
Turbines and Generators |
1 |
2 |
14 |
11 |
3 |
13 |
8 |
10 |
6 |
12 |
5 |
7 |
4 |
9 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
1 |
3 |
9 |
14 |
2 |
13 |
4 |
11 |
6 |
12 |
8 |
10 |
7 |
5 |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
1 |
2 |
14 |
12 |
6 |
13 |
8 |
10 |
7 |
11 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
9 |
Pollution |
1 |
3 |
14 |
5 |
2 |
9 |
4 |
8 |
7 |
13 |
6 |
12 |
10 |
11 |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
5 |
3 |
14 |
11 |
8 |
9 |
12 |
2 |
10 |
13 |
4 |
7 |
6 |
1 |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
9 |
1 |
14 |
12 |
2 |
13 |
8 |
4 |
10 |
11 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
10 |
1 |
14 |
12 |
4 |
13 |
9 |
2 |
11 |
8 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
Artificial Organs |
7 |
1 |
14 |
12 |
2 |
13 |
6 |
4 |
9 |
11 |
10 |
3 |
8 |
5 |
Prosthetic Devices |
13 |
3 |
14 |
6 |
2 |
12 |
9 |
1 |
10 |
11 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
5 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
12 |
4 |
14 |
5 |
1 |
11 |
10 |
2 |
9 |
13 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
6 |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
10 |
2 |
9 |
5 |
1 |
8 |
11 |
3 |
13 |
7 |
12 |
4 |
6 |
14 |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, Etc. |
14 |
5 |
13 |
2 |
3 |
10 |
6 |
1 |
8 |
12 |
9 |
7 |
11 |
4 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
13 |
7 |
14 |
6 |
10 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
8 |
12 |
11 |
3 |
9 |
4 |
Machine Tools |
10 |
3 |
12 |
2 |
4 |
9 |
6 |
1 |
5 |
14 |
11 |
7 |
13 |
8 |
Process Equipment |
12 |
8 |
14 |
6 |
2 |
9 |
4 |
1 |
5 |
11 |
13 |
3 |
10 |
7 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
14 |
4 |
9 |
10 |
5 |
11 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
12 |
13 |
2 |
8 |
6 |
Aircraft |
13 |
9 |
14 |
6 |
1 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
12 |
11 |
5 |
10 |
8 |
Automotive |
9 |
5 |
14 |
1 |
2 |
8 |
10 |
3 |
6 |
12 |
13 |
4 |
11 |
7 |
Guided Ground Transportation |
TABLE 5.10d Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Disciplines (Corrected for Familiarity)
Earth Sciences |
Analytical Chemistry |
Physical Chemistry |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
Inorganic Chemistry |
Solid State Chemistry |
Solid State Physics |
Ceramics and Glass |
Polymer Processing |
Extractive Metallurgy |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
Physical Metallurgy |
Chemical Engineering |
Mechanical Engineering |
Electronic Engineering |
Aerospace Engineering |
Nuclear Engineering |
Bioengineering |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
|
19 |
3 |
10 |
8 |
9 |
2 |
6 |
4 |
5 |
13 |
7 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
1 |
15 |
17 |
16 |
18 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
19 |
6 |
11 |
7 |
8 |
2 |
9 |
5 |
3 |
10 |
4 |
11 |
14 |
12 |
1 |
15 |
17 |
16 |
18 |
Computers |
19 |
3 |
7 |
8 |
10 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
14 |
9 |
13 |
11 |
16 |
1 |
12 |
15 |
17 |
18 |
Electronic Components |
19 |
5 |
12 |
9 |
8 |
6 |
13 |
3 |
4 |
10 |
2 |
16 |
11 |
7 |
1 |
18 |
17 |
14 |
15 |
Telephone and Data Networks Equipment |
19 |
9 |
13 |
2 |
11 |
10 |
17 |
12 |
1 |
14 |
8 |
15 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
18 |
16 |
7 |
5 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
18 |
8 |
4 |
2 |
10 |
11 |
13 |
12 |
1 |
15 |
16 |
19 |
3 |
6 |
9 |
17 |
14 |
7 |
5 |
Apparel and Textiles |
19 |
11 |
8 |
4 |
12 |
7 |
10 |
2 |
1 |
15 |
5 |
13 |
9 |
6 |
3 |
18 |
14 |
16 |
17 |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
15 |
14 |
17 |
6 |
19 |
12 |
11 |
8 |
3 |
13 |
7 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
9 |
16 |
18 |
5 |
1 |
Packaging and Containers |
19 |
5 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
6 |
17 |
14 |
2 |
9 |
10 |
16 |
3 |
7 |
12 |
15 |
18 |
13 |
11 |
Printing and Photography |
19 |
13 |
16 |
5 |
15 |
14 |
17 |
11 |
4 |
18 |
6 |
8 |
10 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
9 |
12 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
19 |
10 |
15 |
6 |
14 |
8 |
9 |
12 |
3 |
18 |
5 |
7 |
16 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
17 |
11 |
13 |
Military Aircraft |
11 |
15 |
9 |
5 |
10 |
6 |
8 |
12 |
3 |
19 |
17 |
18 |
14 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
16 |
13 |
Missiles |
17 |
18 |
14 |
4 |
9 |
15 |
16 |
11 |
3 |
19 |
12 |
8 |
13 |
6 |
1 |
10 |
2 |
5 |
7 |
Naval Vessels |
19 |
10 |
11 |
2 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
3 |
18 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
9 |
6 |
16 |
17 |
Ordnance and Weapons |
19 |
11 |
13 |
8 |
10 |
1 |
14 |
7 |
5 |
9 |
6 |
18 |
15 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
17 |
Radar and Military Communications |
15 |
12 |
17 |
3 |
14 |
11 |
16 |
8 |
4 |
19 |
18 |
13 |
9 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
5 |
10 |
Spacecraft |
11 |
19 |
18 |
5 |
16 |
17 |
15 |
3 |
1 |
12 |
10 |
7 |
14 |
2 |
4 |
13 |
6 |
9 |
8 |
Undersea Equipment |
19 |
10 |
11 |
15 |
14 |
5 |
9 |
12 |
13 |
17 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
2 |
6 |
18 |
1 |
16 |
7 |
ENERGY |
19 |
6 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
9 |
10 |
7 |
18 |
13 |
17 |
1 |
15 |
8 |
16 |
14 |
11 |
12 |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
19 |
13 |
15 |
8 |
12 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
18 |
9 |
17 |
16 |
3 |
1 |
11 |
2 |
14 |
6 |
Direct Conversion |
19 |
11 |
15 |
5 |
12 |
4 |
13 |
14 |
2 |
7 |
1 |
3 |
10 |
8 |
6 |
17 |
18 |
16 |
9 |
Electric Transmission and Distributors |
18 |
7 |
14 |
15 |
11 |
8 |
13 |
12 |
17 |
10 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
2 |
16 |
19 |
1 |
9 |
4 |
Nuclear Reactors |
19 |
7 |
16 |
14 |
15 |
9 |
12 |
11 |
13 |
10 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
8 |
18 |
1 |
17 |
6 |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
19 |
14 |
16 |
9 |
10 |
13 |
15 |
5 |
4 |
18 |
2 |
3 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
12 |
11 |
17 |
8 |
Turbines and Generators |
6 |
8 |
14 |
7 |
11 |
18 |
19 |
15 |
9 |
4 |
10 |
17 |
2 |
5 |
13 |
16 |
12 |
3 |
1 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
2 |
9 |
14 |
10 |
8 |
16 |
17 |
19 |
13 |
1 |
6 |
15 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
18 |
11 |
12 |
3 |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
8 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
9 |
17 |
18 |
15 |
6 |
12 |
13 |
19 |
4 |
10 |
14 |
16 |
11 |
2 |
1 |
Pollution |
9 |
8 |
15 |
7 |
12 |
18 |
19 |
11 |
3 |
4 |
10 |
16 |
5 |
6 |
17 |
14 |
13 |
2 |
1 |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
19 |
14 |
18 |
7 |
16 |
10 |
11 |
15 |
8 |
17 |
9 |
13 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
12 |
6 |
1 |
4 |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
18 |
5 |
10 |
2 |
9 |
14 |
19 |
8 |
3 |
16 |
11 |
15 |
7 |
4 |
6 |
17 |
13 |
1 |
12 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
19 |
5 |
9 |
2 |
11 |
8 |
18 |
13 |
3 |
17 |
10 |
16 |
7 |
4 |
6 |
15 |
12 |
1 |
14 |
Artificial Organs |
18 |
5 |
11 |
2 |
9 |
14 |
19 |
6 |
3 |
15 |
7 |
12 |
10 |
4 |
8 |
16 |
17 |
1 |
13 |
Prosthetic Devices |
13 |
19 |
17 |
3 |
10 |
12 |
18 |
6 |
2 |
15 |
9 |
11 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
16 |
14 |
5 |
1 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
8 |
18 |
19 |
4 |
12 |
11 |
17 |
7 |
3 |
15 |
9 |
16 |
10 |
2 |
5 |
14 |
13 |
6 |
1 |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
18 |
12 |
14 |
3 |
16 |
6 |
13 |
9 |
2 |
15 |
5 |
8 |
7 |
1 |
10 |
19 |
17 |
11 |
4 |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, Etc. |
19 |
16 |
17 |
8 |
15 |
14 |
18 |
12 |
3 |
10 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
13 |
11 |
9 |
7 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
18 |
17 |
14 |
16 |
8 |
10 |
19 |
7 |
3 |
11 |
1 |
4 |
9 |
2 |
15 |
6 |
12 |
5 |
13 |
Machine Tools |
19 |
17 |
9 |
6 |
15 |
11 |
16 |
14 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
18 |
13 |
12 |
10 |
Process Equipment |
19 |
15 |
17 |
4 |
13 |
12 |
18 |
10 |
2 |
14 |
6 |
8 |
9 |
1 |
3 |
7 |
16 |
11 |
5 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
19 |
13 |
14 |
3 |
10 |
11 |
15 |
6 |
2 |
18 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
17 |
12 |
16 |
Aircraft |
19 |
11 |
16 |
4 |
15 |
13 |
18 |
9 |
2 |
14 |
3 |
8 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
12 |
17 |
10 |
5 |
Automotive |
12 |
17 |
18 |
8 |
13 |
14 |
19 |
16 |
5 |
10 |
4 |
6 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
15 |
11 |
3 |
Guided Ground Transportation |
PRIORITIES FOR APPLIED RESEARCH BY AREA OF IMPACT
In the remainder of this chapter data on priorities in Applied Research and Engineering are presented individually for each of the nine areas of impact. The figures such as Fig. 5.2 are graphical representations of the priority for applied research in the particular Area of Impact plotted against the familiarity of the respondees with that area of impact. Both ratings are on a 0–100 scale, although only the 10–80 portion of the horizontal scale is presented. The familiarity rating is that of only the respondees who chose the particular area of impact. The overall priority rating for the areas and sub-areas of impact are presented in tabular form as in Table 5.11. In addition, the comments from page 2 of the questionnaire have been summarized and are presented below for each area of impact. The number of comments made in each sub-area is indicated in parentheses at the top of the comments pages.
Area 10
Communications, Computers and Control
The Priority for Applied Research in Communications, Computer and Control is shown plotted against the familiarity of the respondees with each of the categories in Fig. 5.2. The categories which have high absolute priority, that is, those at the top of the figure as well as those on the upper envelope should be accorded highest priority. Electrical Properties not surprisingly received the highest rating with the Semiconductors and Thin Films being the Materials given highest priority. Plastics, Organic Compounds and Adhesives are on the upper envelope for their importance as encapsulants, although the prople who chose these areas are not very familiar with these materials. The Processes of Vapor Deposition, Chemical Processing, Radiation Treatment (ion implantation), and Plating receive high priority and the Disciplines Solid State Physics, Solid State Chemistry and Electrical Engineering are most relevant.
The comments have been grouped according to the area or sub-area in which they were made rather than under the groupings indicated by Fig. 5.2. Some of the respondees chose to comment generally on the area of Communications, Computers and Control and high priority was accorded to various forms of memory and to displays with various aspects of semiconductor technology being recommended for further research. Optical Communications were also mentioned by several people. The sub-area Commercial Radio and TV Equipment had no strong indication of areas for applied research. The sub-area of Computers emphasized many of the same areas which were emphasized on the overall comments for this area. The sub-area of Electronic Components, which is an area where extensive applied materials research is concentrated, came in for the greatest number of comments. There were detailed comments on many of the categories which are indicated to be important in Fig. 5.2. Defects and reliability are important topics, and chemical processing, surfaces, and optical properties are important areas for research. Optical communications and memory also rated high. Materials under Electronic Components included the characterization synthesis of raw materials, of thin films and of optical materials. The Processes of chemical doping, crystal growth, encapsulation and general improvement in semiconductor processing were given high priority. In the sub-area of Equipment for Guidance and Control of Transportation several people indicated needs for improved guidance systems. Under the subarea of Teaching Equipment, teaching aids and associated displays were ranked as areas requiring further research. Under the area Telephone and Data Network Equipment optical transmission and integrated optics as the communications media of the future received the highest priority rating for further research.
TABLE 5.11 Priority for Applied Research—Area 10—Communications, Computers and Control
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
Computers |
Electronic Components |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
|
79 |
79 |
82 |
75 |
Atomic Structure |
72 |
72 |
76 |
73 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
63 |
61 |
62 |
69 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
60 |
60 |
62 |
60 |
Thermodynamic |
60 |
57 |
63 |
56 |
Thermal |
46 |
44 |
43 |
61 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
76 |
73 |
74 |
86 |
Optical |
87 |
87 |
90 |
77 |
Electrical |
65 |
74 |
63 |
56 |
Magnetic |
74 |
72 |
74 |
79 |
Dielectric |
46 |
42 |
53 |
37 |
Nuclear |
48 |
42 |
51 |
53 |
Chemical |
14 |
12 |
12 |
18 |
Biological |
64 |
57 |
69 |
59 |
Ceramics |
74 |
70 |
76 |
43 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
86 |
84 |
91 |
75 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
66 |
64 |
66 |
72 |
Inorganic, Nonmetallic Elements and Compounds |
39 |
46 |
35 |
38 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
28 |
26 |
25 |
32 |
Nonferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
53 |
52 |
54 |
54 |
Nonferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
47 |
44 |
43 |
57 |
Plastics |
17 |
12 |
14 |
29 |
Fibers and Textiles |
15 |
12 |
12 |
22 |
Rubbers |
35 |
28 |
34 |
40 |
Composites |
46 |
51 |
45 |
47 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
81 |
86 |
83 |
78 |
Thin Films |
42 |
37 |
42 |
46 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
20 |
20 |
19 |
19 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
8 |
4 |
11 |
2 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
4 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
4 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
10 |
8 |
6 |
15 |
Wood and Paper |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
Computers |
Electronic Components |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
|
54 |
49 |
61 |
53 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
47 |
48 |
49 |
63 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
79 |
76 |
86 |
66 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
30 |
27 |
27 |
32 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
31 |
29 |
26 |
42 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
49 |
44 |
50 |
51 |
Heat Treatment |
50 |
48 |
53 |
47 |
Material Removal |
52 |
47 |
54 |
53 |
Joining |
38 |
34 |
40 |
30 |
Powder Processing |
80 |
80 |
88 |
71 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
69 |
67 |
78 |
59 |
Radiation Treatment |
61 |
63 |
63 |
60 |
Plating and Coating |
74 |
71 |
80 |
67 |
Chemical |
68 |
63 |
70 |
69 |
Testing and Nondestructive Testing |
13 |
5 |
12 |
10 |
Earth Sciences |
55 |
52 |
59 |
57 |
Analytical Chemistry |
64 |
63 |
67 |
62 |
Physical Chemistry |
42 |
43 |
42 |
45 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
60 |
59 |
62 |
63 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
84 |
84 |
66 |
77 |
Solid State Chemistry |
90 |
91 |
93 |
82 |
Solid State Physics |
70 |
67 |
71 |
80 |
Ceramics and Glass |
35 |
35 |
33 |
46 |
Polymer Processing |
21 |
19 |
21 |
22 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
53 |
46 |
54 |
63 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
51 |
51 |
53 |
45 |
Physical Metallurgy |
32 |
27 |
33 |
31 |
Chemical Engineering |
31 |
29 |
28 |
39 |
Mechanical Engineering |
79 |
81 |
79 |
77 |
Electronic Engineering |
22 |
21 |
23 |
12 |
Aerospace Engineering |
21 |
14 |
24 |
10 |
Nuclear Engineering |
14 |
11 |
13 |
9 |
Bioengineering |
12 |
5 |
10 |
17 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
10 Communications, Computers and Control (49)
***Memory: magnetic bubble systems; bubble domain devices; bubble memory film substrates; bubble materials and devices; low cost memories; faster response; increase memory capacity; magnetic recording heads; optical memories; new storage media; better library storage (microfilm)
***Displays: light emitting diodes; solid state displays; alternatives to CRT; displays for interactive systems; improved display of processes information
***Semiconductors: reliability; improved LSI circuits for logic and memory; ion implantation; yield; control boundaries between semiconductors and insulators; perfection of thin films, epitaxy; oxide, adhesion; diffusion purity; processing of compound semiconductors; thermal conductivity of substrates
**Optical processing of signals; integrated optics; development of dielectric materials for optical devices
*Electronic properties of organic materials
*Demonstration devices for teaching
*Dissemination of information
*Reliable switches; electrical connections
*Aids for blind and deaf
*Direct coupling between computer and brain; coupling to nerves
11 Commercial Radio and TV Equipment (5)
*Miniaturization
*RF power generators
*Low power detectors
*Optical components
12 Computers (85)
***Memories: increased speed; reduced size; reduced cost; use of new materials such as bubbles, optical storage, amorphous materials
***Displays: large area displays; fast displays; LED’s; better phosphors
***Integrated Circuits: improved materials, further miniaturization, larger LSI’s
**High temperatures: response of components to high temperature; higher operating temperature components
*Conducting plastics
*Improved interconnection methods
*Encapsulation
*Fiber optics for transmission
13 Electronic Components (244)
Properties
***Defects: control of defects; study structural defects; develop defect free materials
***Chemical: corrosion; connectors; contacts; interconnects; compatibility in environment
***Surfaces: surface states; surface effects in semiconductors and insulators; interface compatibility; interface imperfections
***Reliability: electromigration; effects of random voltage spikes; longer life needed
***Optical properties: displays; LED’s; variable handgap semiconductors; blue luminescent diodes and lasers; better imaging materials; electroluminescence for all colors; wider spectral spread; efficient LED’s
***Optical communications: components; solid state lasers; diodes; LED’s; NLO’s; sensors; logic elements; amplifiers; detectors; electro-optic microelectronics; laser windows; optical damage
***Memory; solid state memory; high density storage; magnetic storage; bubbles; IR storage
**Dielectric: better high voltage and high temperature dielectrics; high dielectric strength film insulators; more reliable capacitors
**Superconductivity: Tc>liq H2; development of components; Josephson devices; brushes and contacts for superconducting motors
**Radiation: hardened devices for nuclear environments
**IR detectors: imaging systems; upconverters
**Charge coupled devices
**Microwave generators: more efficiency; higher power; higher frequency
*Thermoelectric cooler for liquid nitrogen temperature
*High temperature semiconductors
*Electron emissions: improve emission for better CRT’s and displays
Materials
***Raw materials: purity; characterization; synthesis
***Thin films: of II–VI’s; for memories; control of metallization
***Optical materials: lasers; diodes; LED’s; NLO’s
**Ceramics for substrates
**Magnetic materials: for bubble memories; permanent magnetic materials
**Magnetic bubble materials
*Amorphous semiconductors: switching
*Semiconducting plastics; organic materials
Processes
***Chemical doping: control of doping; distribution of dopants; uniformity of dopants; more precision in control
***Crystal growth: larger, more perfect crystals; monolithic processing for III–V’s
***Joining: seals; encapsulants; conducting adhesives; glass/metal seals; coatings; glass for passivation
***Processing: yields; improve uniformity; reduce cost; improve processing; better diodes; more miniaturization; control of LSI
**Radiation treatment: ion implantation; radiation damage
**Testing: non-destructive characterization
14 Equipment for Guidance and Control of Transportation (7)
***Guidance: linear and angular position transducers for inertial navigation; solid state high frequency source for radar; lightweight guidance systems; waveguides for guidance
***Displays: Better phosphors; photovoltaic arrays; opto-electronic components
15 Teaching Equipment (25)
***Teaching aids: computer assisted programs for medical and dental students; cheap reliable interactive computers; sight, sound, action equipment; audio visual aids for medical and dental students
***Displays: simple projectors; dustless substitute for chalk; gas display panels; improved life phosphors; liquid crystal displays; cheaper hard copy computer terminals
**Better duplication processes; cheaper textbooks; substitute for textbooks
**Optical demonstration units; lower cost laboratory materials; less expensive, high quality single crystals for undergraduate solid state laboratories; heat and thermodynamics demonstration unit
16 Telephone and Data Network Equipment (55)
***Optical transmission: method of making high purity glass fibers; low loss optical fibers; high purity glasses and how to fabricate them into waveguides; laser light transmission line; optical waveguides; low loss materials; high transmission glasses; low attenuation fibers
***Integrated Optics; optical signal processing; large non-linear optical coefficients; reliable optical sources; high acousto-optic figure of merit; materials which can perform electronic functions; optical modulators; integrated optical processing; light modulation
*Lower cost LSI’s; better reliability and reproducibility of semiconductor devices; new or improved materials for LSI
*Displays: improved display materials; lower cost displays
*Home Uses: coaxial cable system linking the home; memory for home use; inhouse printing system
*Rapid access storage for public libraries; remote data terminals; information storage; memory device development; high density storage
*Conserve critical materials
*Amorphous semiconductor switches; new switching materials
*Wires, cables; stability of backplane wiring
*Degradation of organic materials; improved polymeric materials; molding equipment; finishes
Area 20
Consumer Goods
Under Consumer Goods the Properties that received the highest rating, as shown in Fig. 5.3, are Mechanical Properties, Chemical Properties and Biological Properties. This latter refers to biodegradability of consumer goods. Plastics and Adhesives for the Materials rated highest. The Processes of Synthesis and Plastics Extrusion were rated highly and the important Disciplines were Polymer Processing, Organic Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.
The comments on Consumer Goods as a general area emphasized the importance of research to improve durability and reliability. There were no comments under Apparel and Textiles although fibers appeared fairly high in Fig. 3. In the sub-area of Furniture flammability and mechanical properties received the highest priority. For Electronic Household Appliances, display media received high priority. For the sub-area of Nonelectronic Household Appliances, reliability was important along with mechanical properties and fabrication methods. There were no comments on Leisure and Sports Equipment. Under the sub-area of Packaging and Containers, mechanical properties and recyclability of packaging materials received high priority and the importance of further research on glass containers was emphasized. In the area of Printing and Photography further research and improvements in both the product and understanding of photographic emulsions were given high priority.
TABLE 5.12 Priority for Applied Research—Area 20—Consumer Goods
CONSUMER GOODS |
Apparel and Textiles |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
Packaging and Containers |
Printing and Photography |
|
55 |
64 |
71 |
57 |
63 |
Atomic Structure |
62 |
70 |
64 |
70 |
71 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
61 |
64 |
57 |
59 |
69 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
53 |
59 |
56 |
68 |
49 |
Thermodynamic |
53 |
59 |
60 |
52 |
44 |
Thermal |
64 |
71 |
51 |
85 |
38 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
54 |
37 |
79 |
39 |
93 |
Optical |
50 |
31 |
82 |
29 |
76 |
Electrical |
28 |
10 |
59 |
17 |
36 |
Magnetic |
39 |
23 |
70 |
23 |
54 |
Dielectric |
27 |
26 |
31 |
25 |
49 |
Nuclear |
60 |
77 |
45 |
66 |
53 |
Chemical |
46 |
59 |
37 |
68 |
29 |
Biological |
46 |
17 |
60 |
56 |
33 |
Ceramics |
60 |
43 |
67 |
74 |
64 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
37 |
11 |
76 |
11 |
61 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
47 |
36 |
71 |
35 |
66 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
36 |
10 |
38 |
32 |
31 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
32 |
11 |
35 |
36 |
16 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
29 |
13 |
46 |
23 |
28 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
73 |
93 |
57 |
78 |
55 |
Plastics |
53 |
94 |
36 |
54 |
31 |
Fibers and Textiles |
44 |
76 |
29 |
47 |
20 |
Rubbers |
57 |
71 |
50 |
60 |
39 |
Composites |
50 |
54 |
51 |
47 |
66 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
51 |
43 |
71 |
46 |
71 |
Thin Films |
66 |
85 |
47 |
67 |
54 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
35 |
51 |
27 |
32 |
25 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
8 |
16 |
8 |
8 |
1 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
5 |
1 |
11 |
5 |
1 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
10 |
14 |
10 |
15 |
3 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
41 |
50 |
21 |
58 |
40 |
Wood and Paper |
CONSUMER GOODS |
Apparel and Textiles |
Household Appliances—Electronic |
Packaging and Containers |
Printing and Photography |
|
37 |
11 |
59 |
34 |
44 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
63 |
88 |
58 |
61 |
71 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
46 |
39 |
65 |
40 |
56 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
35 |
6 |
45 |
30 |
12 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
56 |
68 |
54 |
58 |
27 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
49 |
45 |
47 |
50 |
35 |
Heat Treatment |
38 |
25 |
45 |
28 |
31 |
Material Removal |
52 |
60 |
52 |
49 |
25 |
Joining |
36 |
21 |
42 |
31 |
25 |
Powder Processing |
38 |
19 |
66 |
25 |
57 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
39 |
31 |
54 |
23 |
63 |
Radiation Treatment |
54 |
39 |
61 |
42 |
55 |
Plating and Coating |
49 |
38 |
64 |
31 |
79 |
Chemical |
63 |
58 |
62 |
67 |
52 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
20 |
10 |
22 |
35 |
13 |
Earth Sciences |
50 |
55 |
50 |
50 |
58 |
Analytical Chemistry |
60 |
71 |
60 |
60 |
68 |
Physical Chemistry |
68 |
90 |
54 |
65 |
75 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
54 |
42 |
60 |
49 |
69 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
56 |
44 |
76 |
49 |
75 |
Solid State Chemistry |
55 |
48 |
81 |
46 |
71 |
Solid State Physics |
56 |
39 |
67 |
68 |
43 |
Ceramics and Glass |
65 |
84 |
54 |
67 |
59 |
Polymer Processing |
20 |
11 |
26 |
19 |
17 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
47 |
19 |
56 |
44 |
45 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
37 |
12 |
47 |
35 |
29 |
Physical Metallurgy |
52 |
63 |
39 |
54 |
49 |
Chemical Engineering |
50 |
51 |
47 |
50 |
32 |
Mechanical Engineering |
42 |
35 |
77 |
29 |
42 |
Electronic Engineering |
14 |
14 |
26 |
10 |
8 |
Aerospace Engineering |
13 |
14 |
26 |
6 |
8 |
Nuclear Engineering |
24 |
35 |
19 |
26 |
13 |
Bioengineering |
32 |
39 |
23 |
45 |
17 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
20 Consumer Goods (21)
***Durability: resistant polymers and rubbers; stronger plastics; strength and fatigue; corrosion resistance; coatings; wear resistance; reliability; life of household goods
*Mechanical properties: special viscoelastic properties of rubbers and plastics; brittleness of plastics
*Testing: evaluation
*Materials for Wankel engine; for steam operated engines
*Stovetops
*Thermoelectric materials
22 Furniture (11)
**Flammability, fire resistance
**Mechanical Properties: reinforced plastics; scratch resistance; high strength; cushioning; plastic with feel of wood; carbon fiber; particulate-filled materials
*Dirt resistant fabrics
*Ease of fabrication
23 Household Appliances—Electronic (28)
***Displays: liquid crystals; cathode structures for photo-emitters; picture tube life is too short; more efficient cathode luminescence; flat TV screen; solid state TV; new phosphors; solid state display; cheaper displays, e.g. electroluminescent or liquid crystal; brighter phosphors
**Recording: sound and video recording; processing discs
*LSI for consumer products; miniaturize circuits; interconnection technology
*Packaging: low cost; reduce damage
*Flammability; non-flammable plastics
*Surge and shock protection
*Impact resistant plastics
*Switching contacts
24 Household Appliances—Nonelectric (25)
***Corrosion; wear; fatigue; corrosion; life expectancy; low cost corrosion resistance; environmental resistant polymers
***Mechanical properties: shaping and forming; toughness; fabrication ease; impact resistance; composites; composite processing; thermoplastic composites
*Enamels; hot water tank coatings; self cleaning coatings for ranges
*Cost
*Thermoelectric refrigerators
*NDT for reliability
26 Packaging and Containers (51)
Properties
***Higher strength/weight: higher strength glass; higher strength can alloys; improved deep drawing aluminum alloys; improve wet strength of corrugated containers; better low temperature properties
***Recyclable containers: biodegradable containers; low cost reclamation processes
*Reduce permeability of packaging films
*Composites
*Blood and plasma packaging materials that are tough and inert
Materials
***Develop biodegradable packaging materials: better polymers; plastics; rubbers; high impact foams
***Glass: higher strength; impact resistance; high temperature properties of glass; physical chemistry of glass
*Wet strength of corrugated containers: fireproof paper; paper products
*Raw materials supply
Processes
***Better plastic containers; biodegradable; improved cross-linking; high temperature plastics; molecular architecture for special mechanical properties
***Glass processing
**Bonding, fastening
*Improve deep drawing of aluminum alloys
27 Printing and Photography (34)
***Photographic Emulsions: understanding of latent image process; finer grain emulsions; faster emulsions; new compositions; improved photographic papers; influence of morphology structure, surfaces on photographic activity; color printing; faster printing; effect of impurities on photocarrier traps; substitute for silver halides; substitute for silver, non-silver process; new materials; inexpensive light sensitive paper; erasable photographic materials; new photosensitive imaging materials
**Dry electrophotography; lower cost; improved photoconductor; semiconducting plastics; conducting plastics; cold cathode devices for electrophotography; photoelectronic materials with 2 eV gap
*Photochromic plastics; moldable photochromics; photochromic devices
*Colloid properties
*Ionic transport
*More flexible packing
Area 30
Defense and Space
Figure 5.4 indicates that highest priority should be given to Mechanical and Acoustic Properties and also to Chemical Properties, with Microstructure at the electron microscopic level receiving high rating. Composites and Adhesives are the materials which receive the highest rating. Testing and Joining are the processes which are most important. Aeronautical Engineering is the Discipline which stands out in this group.
In the area of Defense and Space, mechanical properties were emphasized, particularly materials with improved weight-to-strength ratios. This is reinforced under the area of Military Aircraft where composites and turbine blade materials, both of which are important for their mechanical properties, received many comments. The other topics which came in most strongly were again related to reliability and testing, corrosion, fatigue, and a variety of non-destructive testing methods, which should receive high priority for Applied Research. For Missiles the mechanical properties, particularly improved strength-to-weight ratio, were important. Joining and environmental stability were important here, and the special needs for improved heat shields and nose cone materials were emphasized. For Naval Vessels, mechanical properties again were high on the list with corrosion and protection against corrosion being important areas for research. Under the sub-area of Ordnance and Weapons, mechanical properties, particularly for lightweight armor, were important. Bonding and again protection against corrosion were important areas for further work. Under Radar and Military Communications, optical properties both for communications and for sensors received a high rating and reliability was also an important problem. Under the sub-area Spacecraft, high temperature mechanical properties received the highest rating. For Undersea Equipment, mechanical properties for deepsea vehicles received the highest priority along with an indication of a need for further research on corrosion resistance and environmental protection.
TABLE 5.13 Priority for Applied Research—Area 30—Defense and Space
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
Military Aircraft |
Missiles |
Naval Vessels |
Ordnance and Weapons |
Radar and Military Communications |
Spacecraft |
Undersea Equipment |
|
61 |
62 |
61 |
47 |
62 |
72 |
58 |
50 |
Atomic Structure |
68 |
76 |
65 |
57 |
65 |
61 |
69 |
64 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
65 |
71 |
62 |
53 |
69 |
56 |
65 |
63 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
59 |
61 |
70 |
49 |
54 |
56 |
62 |
48 |
Thermodynamic |
55 |
51 |
63 |
29 |
55 |
59 |
69 |
41 |
Thermal |
80 |
90 |
75 |
79 |
80 |
54 |
85 |
85 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
44 |
25 |
47 |
23 |
54 |
78 |
46 |
28 |
Optical |
45 |
22 |
38 |
30 |
45 |
93 |
44 |
32 |
Electrical |
34 |
15 |
28 |
25 |
32 |
63 |
27 |
40 |
Magnetic |
36 |
15 |
29 |
27 |
38 |
73 |
30 |
39 |
Dielectric |
48 |
29 |
59 |
30 |
56 |
61 |
54 |
33 |
Nuclear |
63 |
72 |
54 |
57 |
69 |
39 |
62 |
78 |
Chemical |
18 |
11 |
10 |
23 |
16 |
18 |
20 |
25 |
Biological |
61 |
57 |
60 |
29 |
60 |
59 |
72 |
60 |
Ceramics |
54 |
45 |
45 |
30 |
52 |
64 |
64 |
60 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
47 |
25 |
42 |
32 |
48 |
69 |
48 |
27 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
47 |
38 |
47 |
32 |
48 |
67 |
48 |
26 |
Inorganic, Nonmetallic Elements and Compounds |
61 |
64 |
55 |
63 |
75 |
37 |
57 |
79 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
68 |
78 |
67 |
65 |
70 |
25 |
75 |
80 |
Nonferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
43 |
32 |
35 |
36 |
47 |
45 |
45 |
51 |
Nonferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
57 |
61 |
57 |
49 |
62 |
42 |
63 |
50 |
Plastics |
37 |
37 |
39 |
30 |
31 |
20 |
54 |
27 |
Fibers and Textiles |
36 |
40 |
33 |
35 |
36 |
17 |
34 |
43 |
Rubbers |
71 |
64 |
76 |
55 |
71 |
39 |
79 |
68 |
Composites |
34 |
29 |
31 |
33 |
34 |
37 |
35 |
25 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
44 |
31 |
39 |
32 |
41 |
70 |
45 |
23 |
Thin Films |
56 |
66 |
54 |
52 |
56 |
29 |
63 |
54 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
40 |
38 |
31 |
33 |
35 |
21 |
47 |
38 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
10 |
4 |
7 |
14 |
9 |
5 |
10 |
11 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
8 |
1 |
5 |
17 |
6 |
7 |
1 |
19 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
8 |
2 |
8 |
22 |
7 |
5 |
1 |
14 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
7 |
2 |
4 |
12 |
6 |
7 |
1 |
5 |
Wood and Paper |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
Military Aircraft |
Missiles |
Naval Vessels |
Ordnance and Weapons |
Radar and Military Communications |
Spacecraft |
Undersea Equipment |
|
36 |
29 |
28 |
33 |
32 |
47 |
35 |
31 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
41 |
37 |
37 |
31 |
47 |
45 |
42 |
27 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
53 |
52 |
39 |
41 |
57 |
78 |
44 |
45 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
62 |
76 |
54 |
56 |
71 |
30 |
66 |
70 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
37 |
38 |
32 |
35 |
45 |
25 |
40 |
38 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
60 |
71 |
53 |
56 |
67 |
45 |
62 |
64 |
Heat Treatment |
56 |
69 |
51 |
47 |
54 |
43 |
60 |
50 |
Material Removal |
70 |
81 |
65 |
70 |
64 |
51 |
76 |
78 |
Joining |
50 |
60 |
46 |
34 |
55 |
40 |
51 |
35 |
Powder Processing |
44 |
34 |
42 |
25 |
43 |
74 |
45 |
25 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
37 |
22 |
31 |
19 |
42 |
71 |
40 |
21 |
Radiation Treatment |
56 |
61 |
53 |
49 |
56 |
48 |
58 |
53 |
Plating and Coating |
39 |
27 |
36 |
29 |
44 |
64 |
38 |
26 |
Chemical |
77 |
87 |
75 |
63 |
75 |
68 |
81 |
73 |
Testing and Nondestructive Testing |
21 |
11 |
19 |
17 |
14 |
19 |
22 |
36 |
Earth Sciences |
40 |
36 |
36 |
27 |
46 |
42 |
42 |
32 |
Analytical Chemistry |
52 |
45 |
54 |
45 |
56 |
54 |
53 |
45 |
Physical Chemistry |
46 |
44 |
48 |
40 |
50 |
35 |
51 |
42 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
48 |
41 |
49 |
39 |
47 |
53 |
50 |
42 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
53 |
43 |
52 |
37 |
57 |
80 |
50 |
41 |
Solid State Chemistry |
59 |
49 |
57 |
36 |
64 |
87 |
55 |
52 |
Solid State Physics |
58 |
52 |
54 |
34 |
59 |
68 |
61 |
63 |
Ceramics and Glass |
42 |
44 |
49 |
31 |
43 |
20 |
47 |
42 |
Polymer Processing |
28 |
30 |
22 |
28 |
27 |
24 |
26 |
33 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
65 |
76 |
60 |
55 |
75 |
51 |
59 |
58 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
69 |
78 |
67 |
65 |
78 |
48 |
70 |
67 |
Physical Metallurgy |
40 |
38 |
39 |
38 |
46 |
30 |
41 |
36 |
Chemical Engineering |
58 |
65 |
56 |
50 |
69 |
39 |
56 |
58 |
Mechanical Engineering |
54 |
45 |
57 |
39 |
53 |
77 |
55 |
40 |
Electronic Engineering |
59 |
72 |
74 |
25 |
50 |
46 |
74 |
24 |
Aerospace Engineering |
37 |
24 |
43 |
35 |
42 |
32 |
42 |
31 |
Nuclear Engineering |
22 |
15 |
12 |
29 |
13 |
19 |
33 |
21 |
Bioengineering |
25 |
21 |
19 |
28 |
21 |
17 |
24 |
33 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
30 Defense and Space (61)
***Mechanical properties; strength and fatigue; lighter weight armor; high strength; lighter weight-strength; gun hard materials; ceramets; high strength fibers and plastics, composites
**Lasers: high energy lasers; growth of laser crystals; tuneable lasers; high power lasers
**Energy sources; more efficient; atomic energy; coal; solar energy
**Heat resistance; high temperature strength; high temperature materials
**Corrosion: high temperature oxidation; stress corrosion; chemical attack (oxidation, corrosion)
**Radiation damage resistant electronics; degradation of LED’s due to ionization enhanced diffusion; ion implantation; degradation due to high energy radiation
*Optical communications; modulators; electro-optic
*Applications in reconnaissance; optical; infrared imagings
*Windows; laser windows; infrared windows
*Sonar
*Radome materials
*Deep submergence structures
* Adhesion; adhesion mechanisms
*Reliability: long life guidance systems; improve reliability
*Miniaturization
31 Military Aircraft (110)
***Composities: develop composites; structural design for composites; improved fracture toughness of composites; low cost composites; weldable composites; high-performance composites; high strength fiber composites; high temperature composites; FOD resistant composites; dispersion hardened alloys; reliability of composites
***Turbine blades: superalloy development; high temperature materials for turbines; turbine blades-solidification; high temperature resistance; develop superalloys; high temperature high strength alloys; gas turbine parts; high temperature alloys; powder methods for superalloys; superalloy powders; ceramics which resist catastrophic failure; dynamic/static properties of limited ductility materials
***Corrosion; surface protection; stress corrosion; environmental degradation; degradation of joints; high temperature coatings; erosion resistance; bearing service life
***Non destructive testing: NDT for bonds; NDT is Achille’s heel; failure analysis; catastrophic failure; behavior in service; on-line NDT; service life; NDT and failure prediction; methods to anticipate failure; NDT of ceramics
***Fatigue: prevention of fatigue; fatigue analysis; improved fatigue properties; fatigue crack growth rate; understand crack propagation; fatigue and corrosion fatigue; fatigue prevention; fatigue of airframes; fatigue at elevated temperatures
**Strength/Weight: high strength, light alloys; lightweight, high temperature alloys; high strength/weight
**High Temperature Alloys: coatings; microstructural stability; creep resistance
**Welding: welding of titanium; weldable aluminum alloys; welding of dispersion hardened metals
**Fracture toughness, light armor, impact resistance
*Powder metal forgings; alloy powders
*Adhesives, fabrication of metal-nonmetal systems
*Low cost material removal; processing; low cost processing
*Reliable solid state components
*Displays
*Magnets
*Laser windows
32 Missiles (50)
***Improved heat shields; nose cone materials; materials for nozzles and leading edges; erosion resistant materials for reentry; materials for nose cone; high temperature capability; nose tips; heat shields, high temperature materials; reentry ablation materials
***High strength/weight; high strength; light weight; strength/weight; higher strength; higher strength-to-weight; weight reduction; stronger, light weight
**Joining: integrity of polymeric adhesives; degradation of adhesive bonds; adhesive-mechanical joints; adhesive bonds; welding
*Environmental degradation; resistance to environment; hydrogen compatibility; storage life; radiation resistant semiconductors
33 Naval Vessels (40)
***Corrosion: effects of salt water environment; corrosion; corrosion resistance; stress corrosion cracking; environmental degradation of resin-bonded composites; environmental degradation of adhesive bonds; stress corrosion cracking; stress corrosion; pitting corrosion
***Higher strength to weight; superstrength plastics for superstructures; materials for lightweight structures; fabrication of lightweight structures; lightweight materials; high strength; lighter materials for submarines; composites for ship construction
**Coating: to reduce corrosion; low drag and low contamination paints; antifouling coatings; new surface materials to reduce water flow force
**Detection: better emitting materials; superconducting magnetometers for detection; sonar ceramics; materials for acoustic and EM detectors
**Sound absorbing coatings; radar absorbing materials; non-magnetic structural materials; non-magnetic materials
**Mechanical properties: fracture toughness; impact resistance; fatigue and crack propagation; tough and crack resistant
*New propellor materials; propellors to withstand cavitation
*Bonding and fastening
*Semiconducting motors for ship operation
*NDT for welding
34 Ordnance and Weapons (62)
***Improved strength/weight materials; composites; light armor
**Corrosion; shelf life; marine environment corrosion
*Adhesives; joining
*Radiation hard components
*Wear resistance
*Windows for lasers
*IR imaging devices
*Fatigue resistance
**Bonding: room temperature curing adhesive; durability of adhesives; degradation of bonds
*NDT for residual life
*Degradation during storage
*Armor, ballistic protection
35 Radar and Military Communications (69)
***Optical: photoelectric detectors; infrared detectors; materials for detectors; optical communication; IR and UV seeking materials; optical sensors; IR detectors; windows: for lasers; for IR windows; lasers: improved laser materials; solid state lasers; efficient lasers; IR injection lasers; modulators: optical modulators; IR modulators; laser modulators; integrated optics; transmission: waveguides; fibers for optical transmission; low loss optical materials
***Reliability: environmental deterioration; degradation failure mechanisms; response to severe environmental degradation of adhesives; materials to withstand salt water; reliable bonding and packaging; volatility in storage
**Microwave sources; solid state microwave devices; GaAs for microwave sources; array radars
*Biodegradable packaging
*Size and weight reduction
*High susceptibility
*Electron emitters
*Bonding composites
*High temperature performance
*High strength plastics
*Acoustic surface wave devices; surface wave acoustic devices
*Integrated circuits; yields
*Superconductors
*Radiation resistant materials
*Acoustic delay lines
*Acoustic transducers
36 Spacecraft (57)
Properties
***High temperature ablation resistance; reentry protection; high temperature structural properties
**Low flammability
**Hydrogen compatibility; radiation resistance; stable in vacuum
**High weight/strength
Materials
***Thermal control coatings; high temperature coatings
**Composites
Processes
**Testing
37 Undersea Equipment (51)
***Materials for deepsea vehicles; deep submergence hulls; equipment for ocean bed mining; materials for pressure of ocean depths; pressure hull materials; undersea equipment; pressure vessels; compression properties; effect of hydrostatic pressure on mechanical properties; processing of large spheres; getting leads through pressure vessels; more inert structural materials for deepsea
***Corrosion resistance; corrosion of metals; corrosion protection; stress corrosion cracking; corrosion resistance; stress corrosion; environmental protection
**Mechanical properties: strength, design criterion for brittle materials; fatigue; fracture properties; strength/weight; strength to density
**Improved transducer; transducer technology; acoustic transport in sea water; sonar equipment
**Seals for repeaters; weldable materials; welding thick sections; welding and joining; joining methods for brittle materials; cements, sealants for deepsea equipment
*NDT to avoid catastrophic failure
*High intensity lights
*Undersea cable design
*Propulsion systems
Area 40
Energy
The data in Fig. 5.5 indicate that Chemical Properties are the most important in the Energy area. This relates to a variety of properties under this general heading, such as the burning of fossil fuels, batteries and fuel cells, as well as corrosion and environmental stability. Mechanical and Acoustic Properties, Microstructure at the Electron Microscopic Level, Thermal Properties and Nuclear Properties were also important. Materials important for their structural properties received the highest ratings, such as Non-ferrous Structural Materials, Composites, and Adhesives. Testing was the most important Process but Joining and Plating were also given high priority. The Disciplines Solid State Chemistry, Physical Metallurgy, Ceramics, Metal Processing, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear Engineering, and Chemical Engineering were all important to this area.
The general comments on the area of Energy indicate the future importance of superconductors, and solar energy with improved batteries and improved high temperature materials also being important. Under the sub-area of Batteries and Fuel Cells improved Materials for solid state electrolytes, improved catalysts and improved seals received high priority. For Direct Conversion of energy, solar cells came in for the highest priority. In the sub-area of Electric Transmission and Distribution superconductors should receive high priority for transmission media of the future. Improved electrical insulation received many comments. Under Fuel Transmission and Distribution, mechanical properties came in for the highest priority particularly in regard to pipeline materials. For Nuclear Reactors, the important area requiring further development was the control of radiation damage and the protection of the fuel elements from their environment and vice versa. Under Thermonuclear Fusion the greatest materials problems were related to the stability of materials under high neutron fluxes. For Turbines and Generators improved mechanical properties particularly at high temperatures are needed for improved high temperature operation.
TABLE 5.14 Priority for Applied Research—Area 40—Energy
ENERGY |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
Direct Conversion |
Electric Transmission and Distribution |
Nuclear Reactors |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
Turbines and Generators |
|
70 |
65 |
75 |
65 |
79 |
80 |
63 |
Atomic Structure |
68 |
60 |
64 |
66 |
79 |
76 |
75 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
61 |
57 |
57 |
48 |
70 |
62 |
75 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
68 |
73 |
73 |
67 |
65 |
64 |
68 |
Thermodynamic |
67 |
57 |
84 |
73 |
67 |
74 |
62 |
Thermal |
69 |
42 |
55 |
59 |
89 |
83 |
88 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
33 |
25 |
73 |
30 |
24 |
45 |
17 |
Optical |
64 |
83 |
89 |
90 |
32 |
59 |
39 |
Electrical |
38 |
29 |
40 |
64 |
23 |
51 |
28 |
Magnetic |
43 |
51 |
57 |
66 |
21 |
47 |
25 |
Dielectric |
56 |
41 |
53 |
31 |
92 |
89 |
28 |
Nuclear |
75 |
95 |
65 |
43 |
81 |
67 |
76 |
Chemical |
18 |
25 |
16 |
7 |
25 |
21 |
1 |
Biological |
67 |
66 |
70 |
51 |
69 |
72 |
77 |
Ceramics |
46 |
51 |
57 |
54 |
35 |
53 |
37 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
42 |
50 |
75 |
46 |
26 |
35 |
17 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
53 |
70 |
64 |
46 |
41 |
56 |
41 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
52 |
26 |
31 |
46 |
77 |
52 |
72 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
57 |
35 |
36 |
43 |
79 |
75 |
76 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
57 |
54 |
52 |
80 |
46 |
67 |
52 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
31 |
42 |
26 |
38 |
21 |
23 |
27 |
Plastics |
15 |
20 |
10 |
18 |
9 |
10 |
18 |
Fibers and Textiles |
15 |
23 |
6 |
19 |
9 |
7 |
12 |
Rubbers |
49 |
42 |
48 |
47 |
45 |
47 |
72 |
Composites |
29 |
44 |
34 |
39 |
14 |
19 |
24 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
38 |
47 |
65 |
54 |
16 |
28 |
25 |
Thin Films |
35 |
35 |
36 |
37 |
30 |
25 |
49 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
20 |
9 |
13 |
19 |
21 |
13 |
42 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
5 |
9 |
8 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
13 |
4 |
6 |
10 |
10 |
17 |
7 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
9 |
11 |
6 |
11 |
11 |
3 |
4 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
8 |
9 |
5 |
21 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
Wood and Paper |
ENERGY |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
Direct Conversion |
Electric Transmission and Distribution |
Nuclear Reactors |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
Turbines and Generators |
|
44 |
39 |
50 |
50 |
43 |
45 |
32 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
34 |
38 |
44 |
46 |
22 |
19 |
34 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
54 |
56 |
66 |
54 |
41 |
48 |
66 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
53 |
28 |
35 |
55 |
67 |
64 |
78 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
21 |
25 |
21 |
28 |
15 |
15 |
20 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
56 |
33 |
45 |
59 |
67 |
63 |
74 |
Heat Treatment |
40 |
26 |
36 |
26 |
45 |
45 |
70 |
Material Removal |
57 |
42 |
51 |
45 |
72 |
63 |
73 |
Joining |
50 |
50 |
47 |
41 |
53 |
48 |
65 |
Powder Processing |
45 |
50 |
68 |
50 |
28 |
49 |
39 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
39 |
26 |
57 |
37 |
49 |
53 |
21 |
Radiation Treatment |
52 |
50 |
52 |
51 |
46 |
55 |
64 |
Plating and Coating |
39 |
52 |
53 |
39 |
28 |
36 |
26 |
Chemical |
68 |
53 |
62 |
58 |
84 |
76 |
78 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
18 |
14 |
23 |
19 |
17 |
16 |
12 |
Earth Science |
45 |
56 |
43 |
38 |
47 |
45 |
39 |
Analytical Chemistry |
61 |
79 |
61 |
52 |
57 |
59 |
52 |
Physical Chemistry |
32 |
43 |
36 |
40 |
23 |
23 |
24 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
54 |
73 |
59 |
48 |
47 |
50 |
45 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
67 |
79 |
75 |
70 |
63 |
67 |
47 |
Solid State Chemistry |
71 |
71 |
85 |
83 |
70 |
79 |
50 |
Solid State Physics |
58 |
59 |
64 |
54 |
55 |
57 |
64 |
Ceramics and Glass |
24 |
26 |
24 |
35 |
16 |
17 |
25 |
Polymer Processing |
26 |
16 |
23 |
32 |
34 |
30 |
28 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
61 |
46 |
52 |
63 |
67 |
63 |
79 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
67 |
48 |
48 |
69 |
82 |
76 |
81 |
Physical Metallurgy |
48 |
54 |
40 |
34 |
56 |
57 |
38 |
Chemical Engineering |
51 |
30 |
47 |
40 |
59 |
55 |
74 |
Mechanical Engineering |
45 |
44 |
64 |
61 |
32 |
45 |
31 |
Electronic Engineering |
19 |
14 |
24 |
12 |
14 |
17 |
32 |
Aerospace Engineering |
49 |
23 |
46 |
21 |
87 |
85 |
29 |
Nuclear Engineering |
14 |
15 |
12 |
13 |
17 |
12 |
6 |
Bioengineering |
29 |
14 |
29 |
27 |
39 |
36 |
24 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
40 Energy (56)
**Superconductors; high Tc; improved SC systems; room temperature SC’s; transmission with SC’s; SC cables
**Batteries: energy storage; batteries for electric autos; electrodes for batteries; high density, low cost, low weight batteries; long life; better electrolytes
**Solar energy: photovoltaic conversion; solar energy converters
**High temperature materials: for gasification of coal; tubing for high temperature reactors to convert coal/oil to gas
*Combustion efficiency; sulphur emission from burning coal and oil
*Improved electrical transmission; efficient distribution
*Radiation resistance
*Welds with fracture toughness
*Thermal pollution
*Power from tides
*Transport of oil; gas
*MHD conversion
*NDT for lifetime prediction; failure criterion
*Fuel cells
*Creep; creep and fatigue
*Laser materials
41 Batteries and Fuel Cells (139)
Properties
***Better electrodes: more reversible; mechanical and chemical stability; longer life; corrosion resistance; lightweight; higher efficiency
**Separators: thinner; more porous; more stable
**Higher energy density: smaller; high storage/weight; low weight
Materials
***Solid state electrolytes: improve conductivity; light weight
**Catalysts: efficient; low cost; non-fouling
**Fuel cell containers: electrodes
*Solar cells: cost; organic materials
*New battery materials; systems
*New container materials
Processes
***Seals, vapor tight
42 Direct Conversion (93)
***Solar energy: large area, efficient solar cells; higher efficiency; more efficient photovoltaic cells; better conversion devices; low cost; junction fabrication for solar cells; cost; efficiency; optical properties of surfaces; converters for radiant energy; efficiency and stability; heat mirrors for conversion; degradation of solar cells; efficiency growth of Si for solar cells; high efficiency; cost CdS, Cd S-Cu solar cells; solar lasers
**Thermoelectric power converters; better efficiency than bismuth-telluride; thermoelectric efficiency; high temperature thermoelectronics
**Radioactive-electric converter; fast breeder reactors; fusion reactors; radiation containers; materials for 1000–1500°C reactors; reliable materials for fast breeder reactors
**MHD converters: high temperature materials for MHD; MHD ducts; electrodes for EHD
**High temperature materials; high temperature properties for plasma containment
**Corrosion
*Superconductors: for rotary generators; for underground transmission; for electric generators
*Energy storage: more efficient; batteries; storage of thermal energy
*Geothermal wells: drilling materials; heat exchangers
*Improved thermal insulation
*Low work function emitters; thermionic emission
*Efficient turbines
43 Electric Transmission and Distribution (86)
***Superconductors: for power transmission; Tc>25°K; higher Tc; Tc>18°K; for underground transmission; superconducting magnetic materials for suspension and propulsion; high Ic; pure niobium; new superconductors; low cost superconducting cables; low loss superconducting transmission lines; superconducting AC to DC converters; handling of liquid He II; large scale cryogenic technology; cryogenic thermal insulation; cryogenic pipelines
***Insulation for underground cables; ceramic spacers for cables; insulating materials for superconducting cables; better insulators; low loss insulators; purification of refractory ceramics; high voltage breakdown; replace cellulose paper with polymeric materials in EHV cables; insulation for HV transformers
**Light weight conductors; higher purity metal conductors; low-loss transmission lines; high conductance/weight; lower cost
**AC/DC converters; more efficient turbines; solid state rectifiers for high voltage conversion
**Corrosion for Al conductors; corrosion reducing coatings for HV cables; corrosion resistance for underground cables
*Transformer cores; low loss magnetic materials
*Solid state electric meters
*More efficient circuit breakers
44 Fuel Transmission and Distribution (13)
***Mechanical properties: high strength, toughness, notch sensitivity, fracture propagation
**Corrosion
**Non-destructive testing
*Weldability of pipeline steels
45 Nuclear Reactiors (121)
***Radiation damage; structural damage; creep; swelling; void formation
**Coatings and cladding of fuel elements; lightweight; radiation damage resistant cladding
**High temperature materials; corrosion resistant at high temperatures; radiation resistant at high temperatures
**Corrosion; stress corrosion; radiation effects on corrosion
*Non-destructive testing methods for reactor components
*Welding; improved methods; reliability of welds
*Liquid metals; properties of liquids, containment of liquids
*Fuel elements, new fuels; fuels for breeder reactors
*Nuclear waste disposal; environmental effects
*Safety; radiation-hard control equipment
46 Thermonuclear Fusion (57)
***Radiation damage, container problems; stability under high neutron fluxes, blistering, void formation
**High temperature properties, for containers, for converters
**Superconductors: for containment magnets, higher Tc; for plasma confinement; for cables for magnetic containment
*Heat exchange media; liquid metals
*Corrosion, of heat exchange piping
*Containment of tritium
*Hydrogen embrittlement
*Lasers and laser windows
47 Turbines and Generators (89)
***High temperature materials for turbines; 2500°F blade materials; eutectics; 2500°F to 3000°F rotor and stator blade operation; high temperature strength, ductility, fatigue resistance; corrosion resistance; refractory materials; ceramics, designs for brittle materials; develop structural ceramics; ceramic compounds; processing of ceramics, better hot strength ceramics
**Corrosion of turbine blades; oxidation resistant alloys; corrosion resistance; oxidation and hot corrosion; corrosion of superalloys; coatings; stability
**Mechanical properties, higher strength; creep resistance; higher strength/ weight; toughness
**Seals; metal seals, 2500°F seals; high temperature seals
*Testing; tests for reliability; to permit use of brittle materials
*Bearings; 2500°F bearings; wear; high temperature lubricants
*Superconductors: brushes for superconducting machinery; superconducting materials; higher Tc
*Magnets; improved magnetic properties
*Materials for cryogenic operation
*Improve silicon iron
Area 50
Environmental Quality
The Chemical and Biological properties stand out as being important in Fig. 5.6 for Environmental Quality. Plastics and Organic Compounds are the most important materials. Extraction is the process of outstanding importance, with the disciplines Chemical Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering being most important. As the overall comments on environmental engineering indicate, there are important needs for improved extraction methods which are also less polluting and as well as for increased recycling of materials. Health hazards from handling materials also received comment. Under the sub-area Mining and Raw Materials Extraction, the pollution of the environment was also a major concern, and an important area for further work. Improved methods of treating ores and extracting minerals from ores are necessary to improve the efficiency of mining and extraction operations. Under Pollution, the primary emphasis was on catalysis, particularly for automobiles, with further improvements in pollution detectors also being required. Under Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal, biodegradability, improved waste disposal along with the use of materials that are recyclable are important. Emphasis should also be given to development of new uses for waste materials and for separation of waste materials into reusable products. Under Reliability, Safety and Maintainability, safety received high priority, and again, Testing and Non-Destructive Testing are very important. And of course reliability, corrosion and fatigue are also important in this area. Under Substitution Opportunities there are a few suggestions for detailed reuse such as processing of fly ash but in general the responses indicate that detailed investigation of substitution opportunities need to be examined with the particular material and use in mind. Under the sub-area of Working Conditions, noise is a form of pollution causing considerable concern, and safety hazards are ubiquitous.
TABLE 5.15 Priority for Applied Research—Area 50—Environmental Quality
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
Pollution |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
|
40 |
37 |
43 |
29 |
54 |
Atomic Structure |
47 |
43 |
50 |
34 |
70 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
52 |
56 |
47 |
42 |
66 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
63 |
67 |
62 |
63 |
55 |
Thermodynamic |
44 |
42 |
45 |
40 |
54 |
Thermal |
49 |
50 |
36 |
46 |
87 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
33 |
24 |
40 |
23 |
44 |
Optical |
38 |
33 |
44 |
28 |
53 |
Electrical |
32 |
35 |
30 |
28 |
46 |
Magnetic |
27 |
27 |
30 |
19 |
38 |
Dielectric |
39 |
34 |
52 |
27 |
43 |
Nuclear |
71 |
72 |
78 |
68 |
79 |
Chemical |
59 |
34 |
62 |
70 |
56 |
Biological |
59 |
62 |
58 |
55 |
69 |
Ceramics |
54 |
40 |
53 |
62 |
68 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
28 |
23 |
32 |
16 |
52 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
53 |
53 |
57 |
50 |
49 |
Inorganic, Nonmetallic Elements and Compounds |
56 |
60 |
44 |
64 |
69 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
58 |
61 |
46 |
64 |
71 |
Nonferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
49 |
44 |
42 |
52 |
55 |
Nonferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
56 |
29 |
52 |
70 |
70 |
Plastics |
40 |
15 |
36 |
49 |
55 |
Fibers and Textiles |
39 |
23 |
30 |
51 |
53 |
Rubbers |
49 |
34 |
41 |
53 |
77 |
Composites |
42 |
30 |
48 |
39 |
40 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
30 |
17 |
39 |
19 |
54 |
Thin Films |
42 |
32 |
42 |
34 |
70 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
38 |
27 |
37 |
37 |
47 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
14 |
10 |
6 |
7 |
49 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
28 |
24 |
16 |
33 |
46 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
33 |
23 |
26 |
39 |
40 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
38 |
14 |
33 |
55 |
34 |
Wood and Paper |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
Mining and Raw Materials Extraction |
Pollution |
Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
|
72 |
83 |
71 |
80 |
42 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
42 |
31 |
46 |
42 |
40 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
35 |
45 |
37 |
31 |
35 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
37 |
32 |
25 |
39 |
63 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
29 |
19 |
21 |
34 |
45 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
43 |
36 |
38 |
45 |
63 |
Heat Treatment |
37 |
39 |
34 |
38 |
47 |
Material Removal |
38 |
36 |
31 |
35 |
68 |
Joining |
41 |
42 |
39 |
38 |
57 |
Powder Processing |
27 |
27 |
34 |
14 |
36 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
24 |
17 |
35 |
14 |
34 |
Radiation Treatment |
35 |
31 |
43 |
25 |
54 |
Plating and Coating |
32 |
28 |
45 |
24 |
39 |
Chemical |
53 |
53 |
47 |
45 |
88 |
Testing and Nondestructive Testing |
56 |
74 |
49 |
54 |
32 |
Earth Sciences |
59 |
52 |
65 |
62 |
47 |
Analytical Chemistry |
61 |
60 |
70 |
60 |
47 |
Physical Chemistry |
50 |
34 |
57 |
53 |
58 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
61 |
69 |
68 |
60 |
46 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
48 |
47 |
52 |
43 |
56 |
Solid State Chemistry |
40 |
38 |
46 |
34 |
35 |
Solid State Physics |
56 |
48 |
53 |
64 |
57 |
Ceramics and Glass |
39 |
21 |
34 |
46 |
50 |
Polymer Processing |
34 |
80 |
39 |
59 |
27 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
62 |
71 |
51 |
64 |
66 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
50 |
57 |
39 |
47 |
66 |
Physical Metallurgy |
67 |
72 |
65 |
68 |
60 |
Chemical Engineering |
53 |
54 |
43 |
54 |
71 |
Mechanical Engineering |
32 |
30 |
32 |
23 |
59 |
Electronic Engineering |
19 |
13 |
17 |
14 |
42 |
Aerospace Engineering |
29 |
26 |
31 |
20 |
45 |
Nuclear Engineering |
41 |
16 |
46 |
45 |
58 |
Bioengineering |
64 |
53 |
68 |
68 |
59 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
50 Environmental Quality (32)
***Improve extraction methods, catalytic converters, improve incineration; convert or destroy pollutants; methods to dispose of old cars
***Standards: higher air quality standards; water quality; effects on ocean; land pollution
***Recyclability: recover wastes, use substitutes, biodegradability; recover metals
**Health hazards: handling corrosive materials; safety and health of personnel in collection; handling of dusty raw materials; silicosis; poisons
*Reduce noise
*Sensors for pollutants
51 Mining and Raw Materials Extraction (55)
***Pollution of air, land and water should be reduced; methods to eliminate pollution from pyrometallurgical operations; non-polluting methods, nature preserving mining techniques, minimize environmental degradation; means to make open pit mining ecologically acceptable
***Improve methods of treating low grade ores; aggregation; shortage of rich ores; beneficiation of low grade ores
***Improve extraction methods; one step processing; chemical mining; Al from ores other than Bauxite; removal of Fe from Cu ore; extraction of TiO2 and Al2O3; better controls on existing methods; use of solid state reactions for ore conversion; in-situ
**Ore reserves; depletion of ore bodies is a problem; alternate sources for Al, fossil fuel resources
**Use of tailing; disposal of tailings; recycle tailings; recovery of metals from slag
*Processing equipment: corrosion, abrasion, for hydrometallurgical extraction
*Refractories; for gasification plants, to hold liquids at 2000°C, for pyrometallurgical processing
*Safety: remote control systems to improve mine safety
52 Pollution (90)
***Catalysts for automobile exhausts; design of converters, new catalytic materials; cheaper catalysts
**Pollution detection devices and systems for air and water; remote sensors; laser-based detectors
**Biodegradable plastics
*Recycling, glass, secondary uses
*Extractive processes; cleaner methods; improved methods to get sulphur not SO2 from sulphide ores; reduce fluoride fumes from steel manufacturing; scrubbers for HCl; recovery of Hg, Cd, Pb; Cl2 fumes; dust; heavy metal discharge
53 Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal (115)
Properties
***Biodegradability: recyclability; recyclable polymers; choose recyclable materials
**Economics
Materials
***Develop new uses for materials: polymers as fuels; garbage as fertilizer; new uses of glass; construction applications
*Recycle aluminum; tin; auto scrap; glass
Processes
***Sorting mechanisms: separation procedures; recovery of scrap; chemical separation methods
**Sewage disposal; rubbish collection; disposal systems
**Characterization: alloy analysis
**In-plant recycling; recycling of rejects
*Recovery of SO2
*Recovery of elements; metals
54 Reliability, Safety, Maintainability (34)
***Safety: safety glass; eye protection; flammability; toxicity; designs for safety
***Testing: NDT in automotive industry, automated NDT worming devices; automated sensors; NDT of automobile components; NDT of materials to usage; reproducibility of properties
**Fatigue: corrosion fatigue; fatigue gauge to predict life
**Maintainability: maintenance sensors; design for maintenance integrity
**Design for brittle materials
**Corrosion; stress corrosion
*Wear
*Flammability; flame retardants for carpets, etc.
*Pollutants; low pollution deicants; catalytic converters
55 Substitution Opportunities (22)
***Reuse: process fly ash; replace problem materials; replace materials that require polluting processing; recycled materials for building
**Replacement: use polymers; synthetic paper; replace Pt catalysts; develop high temperature organics; composites: to replace metals; to replace alloys; graphite-structural composites; plastic-metal composites; use Co to replace Ni
**Degradation: coatings; design for longevity; “performance-environment” standards are needed
*Energy expenditure in processing
*Disposal of industrial liquid wastes
56 Working Conditions (9)
***Noise: materials to eliminate rolling noises; vibration absorption; muffler materials for transportation; appliances; tools; materials to absorb and dissipate airborn noises; materials to reduce noise pollution; cheaper noise level dosimeter
**Safety: Hazardous gases; improve performance of safety devices; materials to reduce hazards of fire and explosions in coal mines
Area 60
Health Services
Under the area of Health Services, Biological Properties were outstanding and Chemical Properties were also rated high as areas for further applied research. Prosthetic Materials, not surprisingly, received a very high rating; Plastics, Adhesives, Composites, and other Organic Compounds also rated high. Testing was again considered to be very important and Plastics Extrusion was considered to be an important process in this area. The Discipline of Biological Engineering received a very high rating and Organic Chemistry was also highly rated.
Overall comments on the area of Health Services stressed the importance of a variety of implant materials with extensive research on the biophysical aspects of materials being a major area for future effort. Under Artificial Organs, biocompatibility and the problems associated with the introduction of prosthetic materials into the body were very important. Many comments were made on the need for good artifical membranes. Under Medical Electronics improved sensors for monitoring body functions are needed. Under Medical Equipment there were also several comments on a variety of implant materials. Improved methods for the preservation of blood and organs are needed. Under the sub-area of Prosthetic Devices, the interface between the prosthetic materials and the body and the related problems of compatibility and rejection deserved highest priority. The problems of degradation and of the stability of implants in the body were also very important.
TABLE 5.16 Priority for Applied Research—Area 60—Health Services
HEALTH SERVICES |
Artificial Organs |
Prosthetic Devices |
|
52 |
47 |
53 |
Atomic Structure |
69 |
68 |
71 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
65 |
64 |
69 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
50 |
51 |
53 |
Thermodynamic |
38 |
39 |
38 |
Thermal |
71 |
75 |
79 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
25 |
23 |
16 |
Optical |
49 |
54 |
38 |
Electrical |
21 |
14 |
17 |
Magnetic |
28 |
28 |
23 |
Dielectric |
34 |
27 |
33 |
Nuclear |
82 |
78 |
90 |
Chemical |
90 |
95 |
92 |
Biological |
63 |
53 |
71 |
Ceramics |
59 |
55 |
62 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
25 |
19 |
16 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
42 |
40 |
42 |
Inorganic, Nonmetallic Elements and Compounds |
39 |
27 |
47 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
58 |
52 |
71 |
Nonferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
32 |
31 |
31 |
Nonferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
79 |
67 |
82 |
Plastics |
55 |
72 |
52 |
Fibers and Textiles |
52 |
71 |
45 |
Rubbers |
70 |
74 |
73 |
Composites |
46 |
48 |
39 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
42 |
53 |
34 |
Thin Films |
58 |
70 |
59 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
25 |
30 |
19 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
92 |
95 |
95 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
4 |
3 |
3 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
3 |
3 |
2 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
8 |
5 |
8 |
Wood and Paper |
HEALTH SERVICES |
Artificial Organs |
Prosthetic Devices |
|
37 |
41 |
35 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
66 |
82 |
63 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
40 |
38 |
42 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
41 |
35 |
46 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
52 |
58 |
55 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
47 |
43 |
51 |
Heat Treatment |
42 |
39 |
50 |
Material Removal |
54 |
59 |
58 |
Joining |
42 |
35 |
50 |
Powder Processing |
33 |
35 |
32 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
35 |
38 |
25 |
Radiation Treatment |
52 |
51 |
57 |
Plating and Coating |
40 |
49 |
32 |
Chemical |
77 |
78 |
78 |
Testing and Nondestructive Testing |
10 |
3 |
7 |
Earth Sciences |
53 |
53 |
52 |
Analytical Chemistry |
62 |
68 |
61 |
Physical Chemistry |
71 |
63 |
67 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
49 |
47 |
51 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
51 |
56 |
50 |
Solid State Chemistry |
44 |
43 |
39 |
Solid State Physics |
60 |
56 |
65 |
Ceramics and Glass |
34 |
67 |
51 |
Polymer Processing |
18 |
13 |
19 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
46 |
39 |
54 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
47 |
39 |
58 |
Physical Metallurgy |
41 |
46 |
39 |
Chemical Engineering |
54 |
57 |
57 |
Mechanical Engineering |
42 |
41 |
32 |
Electronic Engineering |
13 |
14 |
10 |
Aerospace Engineering |
24 |
25 |
19 |
Nuclear Engineering |
86 |
89 |
86 |
Bioengineering |
20 |
17 |
16 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
60 Health Services (21)
***Implants: compatibility; artificial bone, teeth, tissue, membranes; artificial organs; replacement for teeth; composites; surgical implants and prosthetics; better amalgram alloys
**Biophysics: understand enzymes; understand proteins; understand nucleids; stimulants and depressants; effect of drugs
*Diagnostic and preventive medicine using C13 cleansing materials; disposal of medical materials
*Reduce labor content of health services
61 Artificial Organs (65)
***Membranes; permeability dialysis
***Biocompatibility; surface reactions; rejection; blood compatibility; toxicity; surface effects
**Adhesion, prosthesis—tissue interface; attachment; adhesion between organs; bones, tissues
*Implants: organs, tooth, kidney, bones, transcutaneous materials, artificial heart, valves
*Mechanical properties: wear; residual stress; size and weight reduction
*Energy sources for artificial organs, moving parts, pacemakers, etc.
62 Medical Electronics (15)
***Sensors: high gain amplifiers for sense organs; chemical sensors; chemical monitors; permanent transcutaneous interface for patient monitoring; implanted sensors; encapsulants for implanted sensors; skin electrodes; microvoltronic implants
**Low cost diagnostic tools
**More sophisticated diagnostics; whole body surveys; catheters that can be left internally
63 Medical Equipment (including dental) (15)
***Implants: compatibility; methods to evaluate biocompatibility; characterization of properties for implants; simulated bone, teeth; tissue growth on bone implants; white dental filling; mixing machines for dental cements; fillings; corrosion; fatigue; wear
**Containers for blood; cryogenic preservation of organs; cryogenic preservation of semen
*Sensing devices; guided catheters
64 Prosthetic Devices (102)
Properties
***Prosthetic-tissue interface: stability; intergrowth; strength; rejection; bonding; chemistry
***Compatibility: rejection; imminological response; blood damage; clotting; compatibility with both tissue and bone
***Degradation: corrosion; durability; chemical stability; stress corrosion cracking; crevice corrosion; microbial corrosion
**Higher strength: pins; alloys for joints
*Controlled porosity
Materials
**Bone replacement: composites; ceramics; match strength and stiffness
**Better filling material for teeth
**Dental adhesives
*Steel alloys; high strength; corrosion resistant alloys
Processes
*Quality control
*Precision forming
*Processing fine wires; welding fine wires
Area 70
Housing and Other Construction
Under the area Housing and Other Construction, Mechanical and Acoustic, Chemical and Biological properties received the highest rating. Amongst the Materials, Plastics and Adhesives surprisingly received the highest rating for applied research as shown in Fig. 5.8. The three materials Wood, Asphalt and Concrete which lie at the bottom of all the other charts here assume a position of importance. Joining and Plastics Extrusion are the Processes that need most attention. Civil Engineering, Organic Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering are the most important Disciplines.
The overall comments on Housing and Construction emphasized improvements on construction and environmental protection. There were no comments under the sub-area of Construction Machinery. For Highways, Bridges, Airports, etc., improvements in road surfaces are needed. Suggestions such as polymer impregnated concrete or fiber concrete composites are possible solutions. Corrosion protection particularly for metal surfaces should receive high priority. Under Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings, protection against the environment and improved resistance to burning received high priority, and the further development of prefabrication methods is also considered to be important. The development of low-cost polymers holds promise for the future. Under Industrial and Commercial Structures improvements in concrete would be valuable. Under Mobile Homes a variety of new materials and processes to reduce fabrication and component costs are needed. Under Plumbing, Heating, Electrical Etc., emphasis is given to environmental stability and safety.
TABLE 5.17 Priority for Applied Research—Area 70—Housing and Other Construction
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwelling |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
|
32 |
27 |
28 |
Atomic Structure |
42 |
43 |
29 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
47 |
50 |
43 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
44 |
42 |
46 |
Thermodynamic |
50 |
52 |
60 |
Thermal |
76 |
79 |
66 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
24 |
28 |
26 |
Optical |
26 |
23 |
39 |
Electrical |
14 |
13 |
16 |
Magnetic |
21 |
21 |
20 |
Dielectric |
21 |
18 |
13 |
Nuclear |
66 |
69 |
62 |
Chemical |
43 |
54 |
47 |
Biological |
57 |
60 |
48 |
Ceramics |
52 |
60 |
45 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
12 |
10 |
14 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
39 |
36 |
26 |
Inorganic, Nonmetallic Elements and Compounds |
54 |
48 |
67 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
53 |
50 |
57 |
Nonferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
30 |
32 |
31 |
Nonferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
70 |
77 |
64 |
Plastics |
51 |
63 |
20 |
Fibers and Textiles |
43 |
50 |
25 |
Rubbers |
65 |
70 |
42 |
Composites |
32 |
34 |
20 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
20 |
28 |
7 |
Thin Films |
66 |
76 |
46 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
25 |
31 |
18 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
4 |
4 |
0 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
59 |
63 |
23 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
50 |
50 |
23 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
52 |
64 |
25 |
Wood and Paper |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwelling |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
|
24 |
23 |
31 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
43 |
50 |
31 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
27 |
28 |
31 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
43 |
42 |
43 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
53 |
64 |
45 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
39 |
39 |
41 |
Heat Treatment |
30 |
29 |
21 |
Material Removal |
66 |
71 |
51 |
Joining |
28 |
35 |
19 |
Powder Processing |
13 |
11 |
10 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
12 |
17 |
3 |
Radiation Treatment |
45 |
45 |
35 |
Plating and Coating |
21 |
25 |
16 |
Chemical |
66 |
64 |
46 |
Testing and Nondestructive Testing |
38 |
42 |
31 |
Earth Sciences |
34 |
34 |
38 |
Analytical Chemistry |
43 |
43 |
39 |
Physical Chemistry |
53 |
60 |
39 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
47 |
47 |
42 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
33 |
34 |
36 |
Solid State Chemistry |
29 |
29 |
34 |
Solid State Physics |
55 |
59 |
50 |
Ceramics and Glass |
51 |
62 |
31 |
Polymer Processing |
21 |
16 |
23 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
47 |
49 |
56 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
41 |
34 |
46 |
Physical Metallurgy |
45 |
50 |
46 |
Chemical Engineering |
57 |
63 |
56 |
Mechanical Engineering |
25 |
27 |
25 |
Electronic Engineering |
10 |
10 |
5 |
Aerospace Engineering |
11 |
9 |
6 |
Nuclear Engineering |
21 |
23 |
14 |
Bioengineering |
60 |
61 |
45 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
70 Housing and Other Construction (24)
***Prefabrication: precast housing (e.g. reinforced plastic); improve pre-fab components; prefabricated housing; low cost modular construction; multi-layer panels; blended ceramics in liquid form
**Corrosion: atmospheric; underground; pitting
**Cement: reuse cement; breakup of bridge surfaces; reuseable concrete forms
*Fire-resistant materials
*Noise insulation; thermal insulation
*Wood substitutes
*Earthquake resistance
72 Highways, Bridges, Airports, etc, (22)
***Improved road surface: non-cement highway surfaces; pavement to withstand climate; impact of rolling loads; more permanent road surfaces; low-cost corrosion resistant concrete reinforcement; polymer impregnated concrete; fiber concrete; joint materials for bridges etc.
***Corrosion: need patching paints; protection and decoration; environmental damage; weather resistant components; corrosion of metal surfaces; deterioration
*Thermal stability
*Use natural materials
*Highway markings; signs
73 Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings (59)
Properties
***Weatherability
***Flammability; fire safety
Materials
**Polymers
*Composites to replace steel and concrete
*Coatings
*Light, cheap brick
Processes
***Prefabrication: techniques; cost; new fabrication methods
**Low cost polymer fabrication
**Better control of materials; testing; evaluation
* Joining
74 Industrial and Commercial Structures (8)
**Concrete: fabricated steel shapes for reinforcement; cheap, fast setting light weight concrete
*Welding methods
*Use clay panelling
*Plastic structures
*Fireproof coatings
*Use aluminum
75 Mobile Homes (21)
***New materials: components with low assembly costs; techniques to adapt new materials; processing to reduce costs; ease of fabrication; sealants; synthetic foundations; metal; steel; ceramicoxide; low cost; better texture and warmth plastics
**Flammability: fire safety; fire resistant materials
**Testing: evaluative techniques; quality control
*Stiffness and strength
*Durability
76 Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, Etc. (26)
***Improved plumbing methods, materials, life durability; better coatings; improved enamel
*Improved heating systems; longer lasting; more efficient
*Fire safety; flame resistant materials and wiring
*Filters for ventilating systems
Area 80
Production Equipment
Mechanical and Acoustic Properties and Chemical Properties were given the highest ratings for Production Equipment as shown in Fig. 5.9. Non-Ferrous Structural Materials received the highest rating but Lubricants were also important although respondees were not as familiar with this area. Testing, Deformation and Joining are the most important processes in this area. Mechanical Engineering and Metal Processing are the important disciplines.
The overall comments on Production Equipment emphasize quality control.
In the sub-area of Farm and Construction Machinery, reliability was the principle concern, with corrosion, fatigue etc, being important areas for research. Under Industrial Drives, Motors, Controls, reliability was again the principle problem. Fatigue and corrosion were also important. Under Industrial Instrumentation, high temperature sensors were important. Again, reliability and corrosion were problems. Under Machine Tools, improved cutting materials with longer lives and higher reliability are needed. Under Process Equipment, the wear resistance of tools is important and so are other aspects of reliability. Improved methods for producing process equipment are needed.
TABLE 5.18 Priority for Applied Research—Area 80—Production Equipment
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
Machine Tools |
Process Equipment |
|
49 |
51 |
50 |
Atomic Structure |
56 |
65 |
56 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
60 |
66 |
60 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
56 |
61 |
63 |
Thermodynamic |
49 |
56 |
51 |
Thermal |
73 |
73 |
76 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
30 |
21 |
27 |
Optical |
37 |
19 |
36 |
Electrical |
29 |
14 |
32 |
Magnetic |
29 |
15 |
28 |
Dielectric |
25 |
13 |
31 |
Nuclear |
61 |
47 |
68 |
Chemical |
24 |
9 |
29 |
Biological |
50 |
53 |
55 |
Ceramics |
37 |
26 |
41 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
27 |
13 |
21 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
38 |
33 |
38 |
Inorganic, Nonmetallic Elements and Compounds |
71 |
76 |
75 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
67 |
60 |
75 |
Nonferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
46 |
34 |
48 |
Nonferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
44 |
21 |
48 |
Plastics |
23 |
9 |
28 |
Fibers and Textiles |
34 |
19 |
39 |
Rubbers |
46 |
38 |
48 |
Composites |
25 |
23 |
23 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
29 |
15 |
28 |
Thin Films |
40 |
19 |
50 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
43 |
40 |
46 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
8 |
3 |
8 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
11 |
3 |
17 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
12 |
3 |
15 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
14 |
3 |
16 |
Wood and Paper |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
Machine Tools |
Process Equipment |
|
40 |
35 |
52 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
32 |
26 |
37 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
45 |
38 |
52 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
64 |
64 |
67 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
34 |
26 |
31 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
64 |
75 |
67 |
Heat Treatment |
56 |
75 |
56 |
Material Removal |
62 |
63 |
64 |
Joining |
53 |
60 |
56 |
Powder Processing |
30 |
30 |
28 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
24 |
19 |
17 |
Radiation Treatment |
46 |
50 |
47 |
Plating and Coating |
28 |
28 |
23 |
Chemical |
67 |
67 |
64 |
Testing and Nondestructive Testing |
22 |
18 |
25 |
Earth Sciences |
39 |
25 |
42 |
Analytical Chemistry |
46 |
42 |
52 |
Physical Chemistry |
29 |
15 |
32 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
43 |
39 |
45 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
43 |
46 |
42 |
Solid State Chemistry |
44 |
46 |
38 |
Solid State Physics |
51 |
56 |
56 |
Ceramics and Glass |
33 |
25 |
38 |
Polymer Processing |
34 |
28 |
43 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
66 |
67 |
76 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
65 |
68 |
64 |
Physical Metallurgy |
47 |
31 |
59 |
Chemical Engineering |
68 |
67 |
73 |
Mechanical Engineering |
38 |
27 |
37 |
Electronic Engineering |
18 |
22 |
14 |
Aerospace Engineering |
20 |
18 |
19 |
Nuclear Engineering |
14 |
10 |
16 |
Bioengineering |
30 |
18 |
32 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
80 Production Equipment (10)
**Quality control
**Weldability; of steels
81 Farm and Construction Machinery (14)
***Wear: abrasion resistance; wear and corrosion; tribology-lubricants
**Corrosion
*Fatigue
*Brittle fracture
*Strength
*Welding
*Assembly methods
82 Industrial Drives, Motors, Controls (14)
**Wear; friction; wear resistance; lubricants
*Fatigue; fatigue failure
*Corrosion resistant coatings; paints
*New abrasives
*Compact motors
*Noise suppression
*Energy consumption
83 Industrial Instrumentation (7)
**High temperature sensors; high temperature thermocouple alloys; optical measuring methods; high temperature abrasion; corrosion
*Corrosion service
*Reliable electrical contacts
84 Machine Tools (22)
***Tool materials: longer lasting; higher speed; higher temperature and pressure; improve wear and fatigue properties
*Grinding: improve use of alumina, improve uniformity of grinding wheels
*Welding: develop electron beam and laser welding
85 Process Equipment (97)
Properties
***Wear resistance: harder dies, better cutting tools, saws, grinding materials, valves
**Better high temperature strength
**Corrosion resistance, rusting, stress corrosion cracking
*Surface integrity
*Alloys and seals for chemical processing in radiation environment
Materials
*Cold-forming materials
*Better gaskets
*Vacuum seals
*Composite materials
Processes
***More automation, faster, more efficient, cheaper, more reliable
**New casting methods; new foundary process; improved reduction, refining, solidification
*Warping and cracking during heat treatment
*Wool processing equipment
Area 90
Transportation Equipment
The most important properties for Transportation Equipment are Mechanical and Acoustic and Chemical Properties, as shown in Fig. 5.10. The materials which received the highest rating were Composites, Adhesives and Lubricants. The Processes of Joining, Material Removal, Plating and Plastic Extrusion were important. The most relevant Disciplines were Metal Processing, Polymer Processing and Electrical Engineering.
The overall comments for this area again stressed reliability, particularly corrosion resistance. The problems of pollution from engines and fuel cells were also important. The mechanical properties such as strength-to-weight ratio for structural components of all kinds, and especially high temperature alloys for turbines were important materials limitations in this area. Under the subheading Aircraft, mechanical properties such as improved strength-to-weight ratio and improved high temperature materials again rated high. The reliability, corrosion protection and improvement of fatigue characteristics were important. Further developments in joining methods are needed. In the Automotive sub-area, mechanical properties were important, with improved strength-to-weight materials required for automobile bodies and engines, especially high temperature materials for gas turbines. Improved impact resistance, corrosion and fatigue were again important problems. The control of pollution of the environment was important. New adhesives were needed. Under Guided Ground Transportation, emphasis was placed on the need for further research to develop superconductor systems. Again materials with improved mechanical properties and improved wear properties were needed. Under Water Transportation Equipment the chief concern was environmental protection from corrosion.
TABLE 5.19 Priority for Applied Research—Area 90—Transportation Equipment
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
Aircraft |
Automotive |
Guided Ground Transportation |
|
50 |
46 |
52 |
41 |
Atomic Structure |
63 |
74 |
63 |
51 |
Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level) |
64 |
70 |
67 |
49 |
Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level) |
59 |
60 |
64 |
54 |
Thermodynamic |
50 |
51 |
50 |
50 |
Thermal |
85 |
91 |
84 |
79 |
Mechanical and Acoustic |
23 |
19 |
25 |
25 |
Optical |
36 |
23 |
37 |
64 |
Electrical |
29 |
14 |
26 |
61 |
Magnetic |
23 |
14 |
25 |
35 |
Dielectric |
24 |
19 |
25 |
20 |
Nuclear |
69 |
65 |
76 |
51 |
Chemical |
23 |
10 |
32 |
19 |
Biological |
49 |
49 |
53 |
40 |
Ceramics |
46 |
39 |
51 |
39 |
Glasses and Amorphous Materials |
26 |
23 |
25 |
28 |
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors |
36 |
35 |
38 |
30 |
Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds |
69 |
67 |
74 |
63 |
Ferrous Metals and Alloys |
72 |
87 |
67 |
67 |
Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys |
49 |
35 |
48 |
66 |
Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys |
66 |
65 |
71 |
53 |
Plastics |
43 |
39 |
53 |
25 |
Fibers and Textiles |
50 |
45 |
63 |
34 |
Rubbers |
71 |
84 |
70 |
56 |
Composites |
32 |
36 |
35 |
20 |
Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds |
28 |
31 |
24 |
28 |
Thin Films |
64 |
68 |
67 |
46 |
Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals |
54 |
53 |
57 |
42 |
Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers |
5 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
Prosthetic and Medical Materials |
12 |
1 |
4 |
31 |
Plain and Reinforced Concrete |
14 |
3 |
14 |
21 |
Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials |
13 |
8 |
14 |
9 |
Wood and Paper |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
Aircraft |
Automotive |
Guided Ground Transportation |
|
34 |
29 |
34 |
32 |
Extraction, Purification, Refining |
41 |
41 |
41 |
40 |
Synthesis and Polymerization |
44 |
52 |
47 |
38 |
Solidification and Crystal Growth |
70 |
76 |
71 |
64 |
Metal Deformation and Processing |
53 |
49 |
61 |
39 |
Plastics Extrusion and Molding |
67 |
68 |
74 |
56 |
Heat Treatment |
63 |
75 |
66 |
36 |
Material Removal |
74 |
84 |
75 |
56 |
Joining |
56 |
56 |
66 |
40 |
Powder Processing |
33 |
33 |
33 |
32 |
Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy |
23 |
19 |
26 |
23 |
Radiation Treatment |
59 |
62 |
65 |
42 |
Plating and Coating |
30 |
29 |
33 |
25 |
Chemical |
75 |
87 |
72 |
52 |
Testing and Non-Destructive Testing |
22 |
14 |
18 |
29 |
Earth Sciences |
36 |
31 |
42 |
25 |
Analytical Chemistry |
46 |
40 |
52 |
39 |
Physical Chemistry |
49 |
50 |
54 |
33 |
Organic and Polymer Chemistry |
43 |
39 |
46 |
39 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
44 |
39 |
46 |
48 |
Solid State Chemistry |
47 |
42 |
50 |
59 |
Solid State Physics |
52 |
49 |
60 |
38 |
Ceramics and Glass |
51 |
53 |
58 |
33 |
Polymer Processing |
33 |
30 |
33 |
30 |
Extractive Metallurgy |
65 |
73 |
69 |
52 |
Metals and Inorganic Materials Processing |
70 |
81 |
67 |
65 |
Physical Metallurgy |
45 |
41 |
52 |
36 |
Chemical Engineering |
70 |
76 |
68 |
64 |
Mechanical Engineering |
50 |
53 |
43 |
62 |
Electronic Engineering |
43 |
76 |
22 |
32 |
Aerospace Engineering |
21 |
19 |
13 |
23 |
Nuclear Engineering |
19 |
12 |
21 |
18 |
Bioengineering |
41 |
27 |
41 |
52 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
90 Transportation Equipment (45)
***Corrosion resistance; stress corrosion; corrosion fatigue; stress corrosion cracking; high temperature oxidation; refractory coatings
***Pollution: catalytic converters; low emission engines; non-polluting effluents for water vehicle; automobile pollution control; pollution; non-polluting fuel cells
**Strength/Weight: strength; density; lighter auto bodies; stronger, lighter materials
**Strength; strong materials for ship propellers; for high speed ground transportation
**High temperature materials for gas turbines; high temperature alloys; high temperature; corrosion resistant materials
*Friction
*Composite materials; joining composite materials
*Safety equipment for autos
*NDT for tires
*Magnetic levitation; magnetic materials
*Guidance systems
91 Aircraft (54)
***Improved strength/weight; lower cost, new alloys; composites
**High temperature materials for gas turbines; superalloys for engines
**Corrosion; stress corrosion; oxidation; corrosion fatigue
**Joining; adhesives; fasteners; bonding systems; sealants
**Fatigue; crack propagation; high temperature cycling
*Mechanical properties: fracture toughness, impact resistance, creep rupture
*New materials: Ti alloys, Be alloys, superalloys
*Testing, non-destructive evaluation
92 Automotive (59)
Properties
***Higher strength/weight materials for auto bodies, engines
***Impact resistance: energy absorbing materials
***Corrosion resistance for body, for exhaust systems
***High temperature materials for gas turbines
**Wear of tires, reliable tires
Materials
***Lighter, stronger materials for bodies and engines, e.g. composites, aluminum, plastics
***Catalysts for emission control: housing for burners, coatings for mufflers
***Adhesives for bodies, frames, repairs
**Safety glass
*Seals for gas turbines, for Wankel engines
*Replacement for gasoline, different compositions for gasoline
Processes
**Test for emission control, laser detection system
**Fatigue sensors
*Fabrication processes for tires, castable tires
93 Guided Ground Transportation (37)
***Superconductors: large scale cryogenic systems; superconducting magnets; superconducting levitation; superconducting magnets for levitation; for magnets for motors; for propulsion
**Higher strength to weight; lightweight structural materials; design of lightweight structures
*Cheap high-conductivity guides
*Sensors for traffic control
*Brake materials for trains; for high speeds
*Electrical contacts
*Improved castings
*High efficiency batteries
*Better bearings
*Tough rail-wheel systems
*Low-noise rolling stock
*Ventilation
*Tunneling methods
94 Water (6)
**Salt water environment; environmental protection
*Lightweight structure
*Drag reduction
*Conversion of salt water to potable water
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE. N.W. WASHINGTON. D.C. 20418
Priorities in Materials Science and Engineering
Dear Colleague:
This letter and its attachments constitute an attempt by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT) to investigate the matter of priorities among the various activities that make up the field of materials science and engineering. We wish to do this from two points-of-view: (1) the potential impact of materials science and engineering on a variety of broad applications having important economic or social consequences, and (2) the intrinsic scientific or technical opportunities for significant advances within designated activities of materials science and engineering.
To accomplish this task, we are writing to a selected group of persons knowledgeable in various aspects of the field in order to obtain a good sample of expert judgment bearing on the problem of priorities. In the course of events, such priorities do merge in one way or another, but now we are trying to secure a more adequate technical input for the process. The results will be extremely useful to COSMAT not only in identifying areas of opportunity for materials science and engineering and its associated disciplines, but also in discerning instances of imbalance in the field. Moreover, these findings will provide a valuable source of information to many institutions in industry, government and universities for setting their own priorities on programs and funding according to their respective objectives and missions.
The overall COSMAT study is being conducted under the aegis of the NAS Committee on Science and Public Policy, and follows the previous surveys conducted by the Academy on mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and life sciences. It is the first survey that addresses a field encompassing both science and engineering. COSMAT is seeking to (a) define the nature and scope of materials science and engineering, (b) establish how basic knowledge is transmitted into useful applications in this multidisciplinary field, (c) analyze the role of materials in our culture and technology, (d) determine the major opportunities and roadblocks in materials science and engineering, and (e) assess the ways in which materials science and engineering can contribute more effectively to society. It is anticipated that the main Survey Report will be published by the end of this year.
We recognize that filling out the enclosed form will require about an hour of your time, but we feel justified in asking you for this effort because of the potential importance of the survey. Indeed, once you have “entered” the questionnaire, you may find yourself being stimulated by the exercise. We urge your thoughtful cooperation, and shall be grateful for it.
Kindly return the completed form to the COSMAT office within two weeks if at all possible. For your convenience, a return label is attached. If you wish to receive a copy of the data analysis, please so indicate on the last page of the questionnaire.
OMB No. 099S72003
Expires 8/31/72
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
The working definition of Materials Science and Engineering that has been tentatively adopted by the Survey Committee is:
Materials Science and Engineering is concerned with the generation and application of knowledge relating the composition, structure and processing of materials to their properties and beneficial use.
As will be realized, this fairly broad definition embraces several scientific and engineering disciplines, and segments of disciplines. It embraces basic research, applied research and engineering, and it embraces a variety of classes of materials, particularly ceramics, electronic materials, glass, metals and plastics.* However, the Committee has chosen not to include certain classes such as food, drugs, pesticides and fuels used in essentially their natural state. The focus is on materials which are useful in machines, devices, structures or products.
On the following pages of this Priority Survey you will find the headings:
I |
— |
The Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact |
|
II |
— |
Statements of Materials Problems in Selected Sub-Areas of Impact |
|
III |
— |
A. |
Priority Information Relating to Properties of Materials |
|
B. |
Priority Information Relating to Classes of Materials |
|
C. |
Priority Information Relating to Processes for Materials |
||
D. |
Priority Information Relating to Disciplines and Sub-Disciplines in the Field of Materials Science and Engineering |
||
IV |
— |
Personal Information |
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
Specific instructions are given on each page. Please read and follow these carefully. In several parts of this questionnaire you are asked to respond using a rating scale of from 1 (for Very High Importance or Priority) to 5 (for Very Low Importance or Priority). The following definitions might help you in using this rating scale:
-
Very High
Advances in the field or specialty of Materials Science and Engineering are essential for substantial further progress in the Area or Sub-Area being considered; achievements of the future goals or objectives in the area probably cannot be attained at reasonable cost unless advances are made in Materials Science and Engineering.
-
High
Somewhere between Very High and Moderate.
-
Moderate
Advances in the field or specialty of Materials Science and Engineering will contribute importantly to further progress in the Area or Sub-Area being considered; achievement of the future goals or objectives in the area will be helped considerably by advances in Materials Science and Engineering although some progress can be achieved without notable contributions from Materials Science and Engineering.
-
Low
Somewhere between Moderate and Very Low.
-
Very Low
Advances in the field or specialty of Materials Science and Engineering, although helpful, are not of great importance to further progress in the Area or Sub-Area being considered; achievement of the future goals or objectives in the area is possible with little or no contribution from Materials Science and Engineering.
LIST OF AREAS AND SUB-AREAS OF IMPACT
Code Number |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
11 |
Commercial Radio and TV Equipment |
12 |
Computers |
13 |
Electronic Components |
14 |
Equipment for Guidance and Control of Transportation |
15 |
Teaching Equipment |
16 |
Telephone and Data Networks and Equipment |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
21 |
Apparel and Textiles |
22 |
Furniture |
23 |
Household Appliances—Electronic (TV, radio, hi-fi, etc.) |
24 |
Household Appliances—Non-Electronic (refrigerators, ranges, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, etc.) |
25 |
Leisure and Sports Equipment |
26 |
Packaging and Containers |
27 |
Printing and Photography |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
31 |
Military Aircraft |
32 |
Missiles |
33 |
Naval Vessels |
34 |
Ordnance and Weapons |
35 |
Radar and Military Communications |
36 |
Spacecraft |
37 |
Undersea Equipment |
40 |
ENERGY |
41 |
Batteries and Fuel Cells |
42 |
Direct Conversion |
43 |
Electric Transmission and Distribution |
44 |
Fuel Transmission and Distribution |
45 |
Nuclear Reactors |
46 |
Thermonuclear Fusion |
47 |
Turbines and Generators |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
51 |
Mining and Raw Material Extraction |
52 |
Pollution |
53 |
Recycling and Solid Wsste Disposal |
54 |
Reliability, Safety, Maintainability |
55 |
Substitution Opportunities |
56 |
Working Conditions |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
61 |
Artificial Organs |
62 |
Medical Electronics |
63 |
Medical Equipment (including dental) |
64 |
Prosthetic Devices (including dental) |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
71 |
Construction Machinery |
72 |
Highways, Bridges, Airports, etc. |
73 |
Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings |
74 |
Industrial and Commercial Structures |
75 |
Mobile Homes |
76 |
Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc. |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
81 |
Farm and Construction Machinery |
82 |
Industrial Drives, Motors, and Control |
83 |
Industrial Instrumentation |
84 |
Machine Tools |
85 |
Process Equipment |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
91 |
Aircraft |
92 |
Automotive |
93 |
Guided Ground Transportation (rail, non-rail) |
94 |
Water |
I. THE OVERALL IMPORTANCE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TO EACH AREA OF IMPACT
On this page please circle the appropriate number against each Area of Impact in answer to the question, “What is the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering?”
Area of Impact |
Very High |
High |
Moderate |
Low |
Very Low |
|
10 |
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND CONTROL |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
20 |
CONSUMER GOODS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
30 |
DEFENSE AND SPACE |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
40 |
ENERGY |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
50 |
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
60 |
HEALTH SERVICES |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
70 |
HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
80 |
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
90 |
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
II. STATEMENTS OF MATERIALS PROBLEMS IN SELECTED SUB-AREAS OF IMPACT
From the List of Areas and Sub-Areas select up to 5 Sub-Areas in which you feel you are knowledgeable or to which your experience relates. Refer to these Sub-Areas by entering the appropriate Code Numbers below in the spaces marked A to E. For each Sub-Area you select please give brief statements of 3 materials problems that you judge are of critical importance for progress in the Sub-Area to occur. (Note: The letters A to E are not meant to imply any relative rankings among the Sub-Areas.)
MATERIALS PROBLEMS
Sub-Area Code Number A___ |
1 |
|
2 |
||
3 |
||
Sub-Area Code Number B___ |
1 |
|
2 |
||
3 |
||
Sub-Area Code Number C___ |
1 |
|
2 |
||
3 |
||
Sub-Area Code Number D___ |
1 |
|
2 |
||
3 |
||
Sub-Area Code Number E___ |
1 |
|
2 |
||
3 |
IV. PERSONAL INFORMATION
After completing the previous sheets would you kindly give us the following information:
-
Your Highest Degree:
None____, Bachelor____, Master____, Doctor____.
-
Discipline of Highest Degree____________________.
-
Your Age Bracket:
Under 30____, 30 to 30____, 40 to 49____, 50 and over____.
-
Employment:
-
Type of Institution:
Academic____, Government____, Industrial____, Non-Profit____, Other (specify)________________________________________.
-
Types of Activity:
Teaching____, Research____, Development or Engineering____, Technical Management____, General Management____, Other (specify)________________________________________.
If you checked a Management Category, the number of personnel reporting to you is:
less than 10____, 10 to 100____, over 100____.
-
-
OPTIONAL:
Name:
Title:
Employment Address:
DATA ANALYSIS: Do you wish to receive a copy of the data analysis?
Yes____ No____