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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
VOLUME II
THE NEEDS, PRIORITIES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1975
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
VOLUME II
THE NEEDS, PRIORITIES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
WASHINGTON, D. C.
1975
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
NOTICE
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)
The content of this Supplementary Report is part of the basis for the Summary Report of the NAS Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering. In contrast to the Summary Report, however, the views expressed here are those of the various contributors and do not necessarily represent a consensus of COSMAT.
Frontispiece: A schematic representation of the materials cycle, portraying its global nature and principal stages.
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
PREFACE
The Summary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT) was published in the Spring of 1974. It was based on informational inputs generated by numerous committees, panels, and individuals. That background information has now been organized into this Supplementary Report, Volumes I to IV.
In assembling this extensive resource, a complete editorial function was not attempted. Thus, occasional redundancies and overlaps as well as some unevenness in style and coverage will be noted. There will also be found views, and perhaps contradictions, that did not make their way into the Summary Report, inasmuch as the latter reflects a consensus of COSMAT. Nevertheless, we believe that it will prove useful to the science and engineering communities, as well as to others concerned with the broader implications of technology, to have available the rich store of information that was collected by COSMAT.
We have organized the present Supplementary Report as follows:
Volume I—The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering, containing Chapters 1, 2, and 3, is concerned mainly with tracing the history and evolution of materials technology, and of materials science and engineering in particular; also with describing the dimensions of the present role of materials in society; and with a study of the way in which materials science and engineering operates as a multidisciplinary field.
Volume II—The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research begins, in Chapter 4, with a discussion of how materials research is related to various national goals or “areas of impact.” In Chapter 5, the results of a comprehensive survey of materials research properties are presented, both for applied research related to these areas of impact and for basic research. Chapter 6 provides a description of several of the more prominent materials research opportunities, again both basic and applied.
Volume III—The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering (Chapter 7) describes the industrial, governmental, academic, and professional activities in materials science and engineering in the U.S. In the industrial section, emphasis is given to illustrative descriptions of materials technologies and to the roles of materials scientists and engineers in various types of industry. The governmental section describes the ways in which the federal government is involved with the performance and support of materials science and engineering. The academic section contains detailed qualitative and quantitative information on the status and trends in university education and research both in “materials-designated” and “materials-related” departments and in materials research centers. In the professional section,
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
consideration is given to the characteristics and numbers of materials scientists and engineers, as well as to their professional activities and opportunities.
Volume IV—Materials Technology Abroad (Chapter 8) deals with many facets of materials technology, as practiced in other countries. In collecting this information, it was often difficult, or even impossible, to delineate policies and practices specific to the materials field from those pertinent to science and technology in general. In such cases, the broader situation has been reviewed on the assumption that its applicability to the materials sphere is implicit. Volume IV surveys national policies and administrative structures for science and technology, education, R & D, institutions, technology-enhancement programs, technical achievements, and international cooperation. Much of the content revolves around the general theme of technological innovation.
It is surely obvious from the magnitude of this Supplementary Report that COSMAT is enormously indebted to a wide diversity of committees and individual contributors, whose inputs and insights have proved so valuable. The COSMAT Panels, Committees, and Consultants are listed in the Summary Report. They and other individual contributors are also referred to in this Supplementary Report.
COSMAT is deeply grateful to Marguerite Meyer, Beverly Masaitis, and Judy Trimble for their indefatigable efforts in the typing and assembling of these four volumes; theirs was a prodigious task, indeed. We are also most indebted to Amahl Shakhashiri for her careful editing of these volumes.
And once again, COSMAT wishes to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency in this undertaking , carried out under the aegis of the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences.
Morris Cohen, Chairman
William O.Baker, Vice Chairman
Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering
September 1975
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)
*Morris Cohen (Chairman)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*William O.Baker (Vice Chairman)
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
Donald J.Blickwede
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Raymond F.Boyer
Dow Chemical Company
*Paul F.Chenea
General Motors Corporation
Preston E.Cloud
University of California, Santa Barbara
*Daniel C.Drucker
University of Illinois
Julius J.Harwood
Ford Motor Company
I.Grant Hedrick
Grumann Aerospace Corporation
Walter R.Hibbard, Jr.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
*John D.Hoffman
National Bureau of Standards
Melvin Kranzberg
Georgia Institute of Technology
*Hans H.Landsberg
Resources for the Future, Inc.
Humboldt W.Leverenz
RCA Laboratories, Inc.
Donald J.Lyman
University of Utah
Roger S.Porter
University of Massachusetts
Rustum Roy
Pennsylvania State University
*Roland W.Schmitt
General Electric Company
Abe Silverstein
Republic Steel Corporation
Lawrence H.Van Vlack
The University of Michigan
Ex Officio Members
*Harvey Brooks (as former Chairman, Committee on Science and Public Policy, NAS)
Harvard University
*N.Bruce Hannay (as Chairman, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
*Ernst Weber (as Chairman, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)
National Academy of Sciences
*
Members of the Executive Board
Survey Directors
Alan G.Chynoweth
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
S.Victor Radcliffe
Case Western Reserve University
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
Supplementary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering
Volume I
The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering
Chapter 1:
Materials and Society
Chapter 2:
The Contemporary Materials Scene
Chapter 3:
Materials Science and Engineering as a Multidiscipline
Volume II
The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
Chapter 4:
National Objectives and the Role of Materials Science and Engineering
Chapter 5:
Priorities in Materials Research
Chapter 6:
Opportunities in Materials Research
Volume III
The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering
Chapter 7:
Industrial, Governmental, Academic, and Professional Activities in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume IV
Materials Technology Abroad
Chapter 8:
Aspects of Materials Technology Abroad
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR VOLUME II
Chapter Number
Page Number
4
NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
3
The Nature of National Goals
3
The Relevance-Tree Approach
11
TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
15
The Nature of Telecommunications
15
Dimensions of the Telecommunications Sector
17
Dependence of TC’s on Hardware and Materials
17
Government Involvement in Telecommunications
20
Tomorrow’s TC Technologies
31
SPACE AND DEFENSE
33
U.S. Space Program
33
Materials Development and Space Achievements
39
Materials Needs of the Space Program
40
Some Conclusions
42
Note on Materials Science and Engineering in National Defense
43
NATIONAL GOALS IN ELECTRIC POWER
48
Public Policy and National Goals
48
The Structure of the Industry
50
Industry Changes and Legislation
50
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Future Technologies
53
Materials for Electric Power
53
Critical Problems in Materials Use and Development
56
Summary and Conclusions
56
Additional Note on Materials Research Problems
60
Industrial Processes
60
Breeder Reactor
60
High-Temperature Gas Turbines
63
Magnetohydrodynamic Generator (MHD)
64
Solid-State Electrolyte Batteries
64
Superconducting Materials
65
TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIALS NEEDS
67
Changing Goals in Transportation
68
A Spectrum of National Goals in Transportation
70
Major Impacts of Technology on Transportation
70
Materials Technology for Ground Transportation
71
Materials Technology for Marine Transportation
72
Materials Technology for Commercial and Military Aircraft
72
Low-Temperature Composites
72
High-Temperature Composites
73
Oriented Eutectics
73
Conclusion
74
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47 Turbines and Generators
252
Area 50 Environmental Quality
253
50 Environmental Quality
257
51 Mining and Raw Materials Extraction
258
52 Pollution
259
53 Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal
260
54 Reliability, Safety, Maintainability
261
55 Substitution Opportunities
261
56 Working Conditions
262
Area 60 Health Services
263
60 Health Services
267
61 Artificial Organs
268
62 Medical Electronics
268
63 Medical Equipment (including dental)
268
64 Prosthetic Devices
269
Area 70 Housing and Other Construction
270
70 Housing and Other Construction
274
72 Highways, Bridges, Airports, etc.
275
73 Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings
275
74 Industrial and Commercial Structures
276
75 Mobile Homes
276
76 Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc.
276
Area 80 Production Equipment
277
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80 Production Equipment
281
81 Farm and Construction Machinery
281
82 Industrial Drives, Motors, Controls
281
83 Industrial Instrumentation
281
84 Machine Tools
282
85 Process Equipment
282
Area 90 Transportation Equipment
283
90 Transportation Equipment
287
91 Aircraft
288
92 Automotive
289
93 Guided Ground Transportation
290
94 Water
290
APPENDIX 5A
291
6
OPPORTUNITIES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH
307
INTRODUCTION
307
CLASSES OF MATERIALS
309
Ceramics
309
Glass
310
Metals
311
Superalloys
312
Radiation Resistant Reactor Materials
313
Superconductors
314
Contact Materials
314
Plastics
315
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Composites and Concrete
317
Cements
319
Aggregates
319
Reinforcement
320
Electronic Materials
320
Semiconductors
320
Magnetic Materials
322
Optical Crystals
324
Dielectrics
325
Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials
326
Miscellaneous Materials
327
Solid Electrolytes
327
Liquid Crystals
328
Biomaterials
329
MATERIALS PROCESSING
330
Processing and Manufacturing Techniques for Metals
330
Extractive and Process Metallurgy
330
Casting
332
Working
332
Joining and Finishing
333
Metastable Phases
334
Computer Techniques in Processing
334
Rubber and Plastics
335
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Materials and Man’s Needs Materials Science and Engineering: Volume II The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
Electronic Materials
336
Instrumentation, Analysis and Testing
339
BASIC RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
341
Superconductivity
341
Extensions of Laser Action
341
Fracture Toughness
342
Dynamic Behavior of Defects
343
Flammability of Polymers
344
Photochemistry
344
Corrosion Resistance
345
BASIC GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
347
Interatomic Forces, Chemical Bonding, and Lattice Stability
347
Microscopic Understanding of Phase Transitions
347
Amorphous, Disordered State
348
Impurity Effects in Solids
348
One- and Two-Dimensional Systems
349
Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces
351
Physical Properties of Polymeric Materials
353
Collective Behavior
353
Nonequilibrium Systems
354
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LIST OF FIGURES FOR VOLUME II
Figure Number
Page Number
CHAPTER 4. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
4.1
Partial Relevance Tree for Telecommunications
34
4.2
Expenditures for Space Research and Technology
38
4.3
Partial Relevance Tree for Achieving Space Goals
41
4.4
Partial Relevance Tree for Energy
59
4.5
Partial Relevance Tree for Transportation
75
4.6
Partial Relevance Tree for Health Services
81
4.7
Partial Relevance Tree for Environmental Goals
103
4.8
Partial Relevance Tree for Housing
116
CHAPTER 5. PRIORITIES IN GOAL-ORIENTED MATERIALS RESEARCH
5.1
Priority for Basic Research
153
5.2
Priority for Applied Research—Area 10—Communications, Computers, and Control
212
5.3
Priority for Applied Research—Area 20—Consumer Goods
222
5.4
Priority for Applied Research—Area 30—Defense and Space
231
5.5
Priority for Applied Research—Area 40—Energy
243
5.6
Priority for Applied Research—Area 50—Environmental Quality
254
5.7
Priority for Applied Research—Area 60—Health Services
264
5.8
Priority for Applied Research—Area 70—Housing and Other Construction
271
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5.9
Priority for Applied Research—Area 80—Production Equipment
278
5.10
Priority for Applied Research—Area 90—Transportation Equipment
284
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LIST OF TABLES FOR VOLUME II
Table Number
Page Number
CHAPTER 4. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
4.1
Changes in Federal Budget Outlays, 1950–1972, Selected Fiscal Years
6
4.2
Expenditures for National Goals, 1962 and 1969
8
4.3
Expenditures for Private Consumption, 1962 to 1969
9
4.4
Illustrative Levels in a Relevance Tree
12
4.5
Example Programs Displayed According to Relevance Trees
13
4.6
Types of Equipment in Telecommunications Systems
18
4.7
Elements in the Telephone Handset
21
4.8
Summary of Some Major Achievements in Telecommunications Technology and Related Materials Achievements
23
4.9
Summary of Some Materials Innovations in TC Technology
25
4.10
Characteristics of New Nationwide Networks that May Have an Impact on the Public Network
32
4.11
Space Research and Technology
37
4.12
Some Major Pieces of Legislation Relating to Electric Power
51
4.13
Technological Advances Relating to Electric Power
53
4.14
Materials Employed in the Electric Power Industry
55
4.15
Energy Developments in Which Further Advances in Technology Are Now Limited or Inhibited by Materials
57
4.16
Critical Energy-Related Materials Areas in Which Solutions Appear Possible, Given Substantially Increased Materials Research
58
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4.17
Relation of Energy to Value of Materials
61
4.18
Major Events in Transportation Legislation
69
4.19
Changing National Objectives and Priorities Concerning Health Care—Key Documents
77
4.20
Distribution of National Expenditures for Health Care
82
4.21
Materials for Medical Care—1970 Sales and Growth Rate
83
4.22
Materials Innovation in Health Care
86
4.23
Environmental Goals as Presented in Presidential Messages, 1967–1972
4.24
Estimated Volume of Industrial Wastes Before Treatment, 1964.
101
4.25
Changing National Objectives and Priorities—Key Documents
109
4.26
Housing Construction Needs, 1968–1978
113
4.27
Relative Shares of Development & Construction Costs in Different Types of Housing
118
4.28
Relative Shares of Specific Construction Cost
119
4.29
Past Materials Innovations in Housing Technology
121
4.30
Goal-Oriented Materials Research Bearing on Areas of National Impact
134
CHAPTER 5. PRIORITIES IN GOAL-ORIENTED MATERIALS RESEARCH
5.1a
Personal Information
142
5.1b
Discipline of Highest Degree
143
5.2a
Overall Response
144
5.2b
Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact
145
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5.3a
Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Highest Degree
146
5.3b
Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Discipline of Highest Degree
146
5.3c
Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Age Bracket
147
5.3d
Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Type of Institution
147
5.3e
Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Type of Activity
148
5.3f
Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Management Level
148
5.4
Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Areas of Impact—Classification by Respondees Familiar with Area of Impact
150
5.5a
Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Highest Degree
155
5.5b
Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Discipline of Highest Degree
156
5.5c
Priority for Basic Research—Classification by Age
157
5.5d
Priority for Basic Research—Classification According to Type of Institution
158
5.5e
Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Type of Activity
159
5.5f
Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Level of Management
160
5.6a
Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Classes of Materials as Rated by Experts in Each Category
162
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5.6b
Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Classes of Properties as Rated by Experts in Each Category
163
5.6c
Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Processes as Rated by Experts in Each Category
164
5.7a
Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Properties)
166
5.7b
Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Materials)
167
5.7c
Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Processes)
168
5.8
Sub-Areas of Impact and Responses Received
200
5.9a
Priorities for Applied Research—Properties of Materials
202
5.9b
Priorities for Applied Research—Classes of Materials
203
5.9c
Priorities for Applied Research—Processes
204
5.9d
Priorities for Applied Research—Disciplines
205
5.10a
Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research— Properties of Materials (Corrected for Familiarity)
206
5.10b
Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research— Classes of Materials (Corrected for Familiarity)
207
5.10c
Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research— Processes (Corrected for Familiarity)
208
5.10d
Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research— Disciplines (Corrected for Familiarity)
209
5.11
Priority for Applied Research—Area 10—Communications, Computers and Control
213
5.12
Priority for Applied Research—Area 20—Consumer Goods
223
5.13
Priority for Applied Research—Area 30—Defense and Space
232
5.14
Priority for Applied Research—Area 40—Energy
244
5.15
Priority for Applied Research—Area 50—Environmental Quality
255
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5.16
Priority for Applied Research—Area 60—Health Services
265
5.17
Priority for Applied Research—Area 70—Housing and Other Construction
272
5.18
Priority for Applied Research—Area 80—Production Equipment
279
5.19
Priority for Applied Research—Area 90—Transportation Equipment
285
