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Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment
Index
A
Active duty personnel, 39
compensation, attitudes about, 131
size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22
size of military, general, 2, 11-17 (passim), 20-23, 218, 251-252
The Adolescent Society, 180
Advertising, 1, 6-8, 10, 11, 14, 99, 115, 135, 218, 219, 221-223, 224, 225-234, 235, 236, 244-245, 260-261, 269-271, 274, 288, 289, 290, 300-306
age factors, 231-233, 237
Air Force, 228, 229, 234
Army, 227-228, 229, 234, 261
committee study methodology, 2-3, 10, 251, 288
corporate comparisons, 222-223, 225-226, 227, 229-230, 271
cost of, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261, 274
educational benefits, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231
mail, 219
Marine Corps, 229, 233-234, 261
Navy, 228, 229, 234
patriotism, 221-222
propensity to enlist, 216-217, 220, 226-227, 229, 231, 232-234, 249, 268, 269-271, 274
recruiter training, 241
recruitment model, 224
telephone, 219, 236, 237, 245
Afghanistan, 29
African Americans, see Black persons
Age factors, 3, 4, 189, 265, 290, 300-306
advertising, 231-233, 237
aptitude, 88-90
average age of service members, 23
civilian labor market, 119-120, 126-127, 131
developmental psychology of youth, 149-151, 180-181, 265-266
employment, 160
immigrants, 55
political participation, 154-155
population size, 51, 55, 254
propensity to serve, 171, 172
Air Force
advertising, 228, 229, 234
attrition, 33, 34, 36
compensation, attitudes about, 131
costs of recruiting resources, 113, 114
educational attainment of applicants, 78, 110
recruiting goals, by service, 24, 219
recruiting goals of individual recruiters, 238
recruiting practices, 238
retention requirements, 17, 33
satellites, protection of, 20
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Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment
separation after first term, 37
size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22
technical requirements of recruits, 12, 17
technological substitutes for personnel, 20
youth influencers, 186, 187
Air Force New Directions Survey, 37
Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151, 304
American Management Association, 125
The American Occupational Structure, 182
Aptitude and aptitude requirements, 13, 25-26, 28, 252-253, 258
see also Educational attainment;
Skill levels;
Tests and testing
age factors, 88-90
Army applicants, 79-80
compensation and, 108-109
enlistment standards, 4, 71, 72, 74-75, 79, 95, 258, 273
gender factors, 255, 256
historical perspectives, 26, 28, 74, 78-81, 87-92, 258
projections, 2, 4, 15, 28, 91, 258-259
race/ethnicity and, 91
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 70, 72, 75-76, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 99, 109, 110, 143, 147, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 73, 76, 80, 84, 91, 98, 99, 125, 225, 235, 237
Army, 12, 17
advertising, 227-228, 229, 234, 261
aptitude of applicants, 79-80
attrition, 33, 34, 36
compensation, attitudes about, 131
costs of recruiting resources, 113, 114, 261
educational attainment of applicants, 78, 110
educational benefits, 107, 115, 144-145
enlistment process, 100
Internet-based recruiting, 237
propensity to reenlist, 198-200, 221
recruiting goals, by service, 24, 219, 221
recruiting goals of individual recruiters, 238
recruiting stages, 224-225
separation after first term, 37
size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22
youth influencers, 186, 187
Army College Fund, 107, 115, 145, 260
Asthma, 93, 94, 96, 259
Attitudes and values, 5-6, 12, 14, 25, 150-179, 230-234, 265-269, 274, 300-306
see also Moral requirements;
Propensity to enlist;
Youth influencers
adventure/travel, opportunities for, 153, 203, 205-207, 208, 212, 214, 229, 269
Air Force, 33, 34, 36
Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151
Army, 33, 34, 36
civic duty and volunteerism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 134, 149-150, 152-153, 154-157, 165, 171-172, 189, 263, 266, 295
recruitment strategies, 221-222
committee study methodology, 2, 9, 251
compensation, attitudes about, 12, 37, 38, 97-98, 131-133, 134, 269, 290, 296
criminal behavior and, 157, 180, 196
educational aspirations, 1, 3, 4-5, 7, 12, 44, 97-98, 150, 158-161, 181, 251, 255, 261-262, 274, 296
educational benefits of military, 159-160
employment aspirations, 12, 140, 150, 158-175, 182-185, 187, 202-217
extrinsic incentives, general, 204, 208-217, 269, 274
family, proximity to, 101-102, 153, 203, 269
gender factors, 5, 115, 116, 152-154, 158-159, 161-179, 185, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 215-216, 290
General Social Survey, 188
health belief model, 192-193
historical perspectives, 5, 14, 253
income, importance of, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 183, 209-212
international stationing of enlistees, 101
military, general views of, 149-152 (passim), 167, 168-179, 188, 201
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150-153 (passim), 156, 158-159, 161-177, 181, 190(n.1), 191, 199-202, 220, 265, 292, 303-304
obedience to orders, 179
patriotism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 115-116, 134, 135-136, 150-153, 154-157, 171-173, 203-207, 212-214, 216, 263, 265, 269
racial discrimination, 126, 174-175
recruiters, 223, 240-241, 242
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risk of harm in military, 102, 192, 193, 196, 217, 229
self-efficacy, 157, 191, 193-198 (passim), 217, 267-268
separation after first term, 37
social cognitive theory, 191-192
theory of reasoned action, 192, 199-200
wars and armed conflicts, attitudes toward, 178-179, 182, 189, 290
Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303
youth developmental psychology, 149-151, 180-181, 265-266
Youth Development Study, 151, 157, 161, 164, 165, 184-185, 303
Attrition, 2-3, 12, 15, 17, 29-40, 74, 99, 253
Air Force, 33, 34, 36
Army, 33, 34, 36
cost factors, 38, 74
educational attainment and, 74
gender factors, 12, 35-37
historical perspectives, 15, 31-34, 254
Marine Corps, 33, 34, 36-37
mental illness, 35, 36, 37
Navy, 33, 34, 36
physical and medical reasons, 12, 35, 36
B
Basic training, 74, 99, 100, 127
Black persons
aptitude, 91
civilian vs military employment, 119, 121
educational attainment, general, 50, 51, 86-87, 141, 256
enlistment applicant qualifications, 82-83
enlistment rates, 4, 65
force structure, 23
population projections, 55, 56
propensity to enlist, 200
Bonuses for enlistment, 98, 99, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 129, 132, 235, 261, 274
Bosnia, 30, 35
Budgetary factors, 1, 6, 16-17, 21-22, 254
see also Cost factors
attrition, 38, 74
enlistment standards, 72, 74, 75
Bureau of Census, see Census Bureau
C
Career Exploration Program, 237
Census Bureau, 44, 47-55 (passim), 65, 117, 120, 142, 255
The Changing Nature of Work, 118-119
Coast Guard, compensation, attitudes about, 131
Cognitive ability, see Aptitude and aptitude requirements;
Tests and testing
College First program, 145-146
Combat, see Wars and armed conflicts
Compensation, 102-113, 116-117, 147-148, 203, 259-260
see also Fringe benefits;
Incentive programs;
Income;
Retirement benefits
attitudes toward, 12, 37, 38, 97-98, 131-133, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 209-212, 214, 223, 259-260
basic pay, 102, 103-106, 129-130, 132
civilian pay of enlistees, 113, 114
civilian vs military, 5, 10, 11, 108-111, 127, 128-134, 165, 259-260, 262, 263, 272, 274
duration of service and, 103, 104
educational attainment and, 106, 108-110, 141-143, 260, 263, 274
food benefits, 103, 132, 260
housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260
medical and dental benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134
promotion in rank and, 103, 104-105, 128
reassignment expenses, 101
recreational facilities, 107
recruitment techniques, 223
special and incentive pays, 105, 106, 132
tax benefits, 103
training of recruits, pay during, 100
vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269
Computer technology
see also Internet
civilian employment, 123, 129, 159-160
enlistee skills, 12, 29
literacy skills, 159-160, 241, 246
recruiter training, 241
telephone voice response units, general, 245
Conscription, see Draft
Corporation for National Service, 10
Cost factors, 7, 105, 111-115, 259
see also Budgetary factors
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Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment
advertising, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261, 274
attrition, 38, 74
automated technology, 20
civilian employee, benefit costs to, 133
college education, 140-141
delayed entry programs, 100(n.2)
educational attainment vs aptitude, 80
educational benefits, 112-113, 114, 261, 264, 274
enlistment standards, 73, 74, 75
individual decision making, 98
per new recruit, 22, 38
reassignment expenses, 101
recruiters and recruiting, 111, 112-113, 114, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261
Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 296
Counselors
recruiting practices, 235
youth influencers, 6, 120, 136, 149, 185, 186, 187, 189, 266, 267
Criminal behavior, 4, 13, 70, 73, 84, 92, 93, 94
recruiting practices, 235
substance abuse, 4, 10, 35, 36, 85, 92-93, 196, 259
youth attitudes and, 157, 180, 196
D
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 20
Defense Guidance benchmarks, 72-73, 75, 78, 79, 85
Defense Manpower Data Center, 74, 122, 288, 289
see also Youth Attitude Tracking Study
Delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238
Demographic factors, 1, 3-4, 6, 12, 41-69, 139-140, 254-256, 273, 298, 302-303
see also Age factors;
Educational attainment;
Gender factors;
Geographic factors;
Immigrants;
Marriage and marital status;
Population size;
Race/ethnicity;
Socioeconomic status
civilian vs military employment, 119-120
committee study methodology, 2, 9, 13, 251
enlistment standards and, 71, 72, 73, 84
fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256
number of enlistees, 1, 20-21, 218, 251
propensity to enlist, 190, 195, 200-201, 270
self-efficacy, 195
Department of Homeland Security, 18
Discrimination, 126, 174-175
equal opportunity, 126, 203, 204, 212, 269
Draft, 1, 43, 102
Dropouts, 7, 77-78, 121, 138, 139, 146, 160, 264
stayouts, 138-139
stopouts, 7, 138-139, 264
Drug use, see Substance abuse
Duration of enlistment, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135
see also Attrition;
Voluntary separation
E
Economic factors, 1, 6, 9, 64, 190, 201
see also Budgetary factors;
Cost factors;
Employment;
Socioeconomic status
business cycles, 31, 43, 111, 115, 117, 141, 159, 219
food benefits, 103, 132, 260
housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260
medical benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134
socioeconomic status, 3, 139, 239
tax benefits, 103
wars based on economic interest, 178-179
Educational attainment, 9, 10, 13, 25, 42, 64, 136-147, 251
Air Force applicants, 78, 110
Army applicants, 78, 110
attrition, 74
black persons, 50, 51, 86-87, 141, 256
civilian vs military employment, 120, 121, 126, 131
college experience, 43-50, 68, 116-117, 120, 121, 136-147, 256, 261, 263-264, 290
aspirations for degrees, 1, 3, 4-5, 6, 13, 42, 59, 136-147 (passim), 150, 158-159, 181, 189, 200, 219, 251, 261-262, 263-264, 274, 296
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community colleges, 48, 137-138, 144, 146-147, 263
enlistees, 43-50, 68, 108, 109, 110
parental, 58-59, 68-69, 138, 139
compensation and, 106, 108-110, 141-143, 260, 263, 274
dropouts, 7, 77-78, 121, 138, 139, 146, 160, 264
enlistment standards, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 257, 273
gender factors, 3, 5, 6, 44-46, 49-50, 58-59, 68, 86, 120, 121, 199-200, 255
aspirations, 158-159, 215-216
compensation and, 109
parental, 3, 58-59, 64, 65, 66, 182, 185-186, 255
General Equivalency Diploma (GED), 25, 72, 74, 76-78, 80, 126, 257
high school graduates, 43, 45-48, 50, 59, 70, 72, 74, 76-78, 80, 86, 95, 100, 108, 110, 120, 121, 126, 131, 142, 199-200, 251, 255, 256, 257, 260, 263, 274
Hispanics, 51, 86-87, 121, 140, 141, 256
historical perspectives, 76-78, 216, 256
applicants/enlistees, 4-5, 25-26, 49-51, 76-78, 85-87, 95, 110-111, 216, 256
aspirations, 158-161
general youth population, 43-51, 52, 53, 85-87, 95
parental, 57-59
parental, 3, 4-5, 57-60, 66, 68-69, 139, 182-183, 255, 256, 290
projections, 4, 258-259
race/ethnicity, 5, 50, 51, 86-87, 120, 121, 139-141, 216, 256
standards, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 253, 257, 258, 273
Educational benefits, 6, 7, 11, 99, 103, 107-108, 115, 127, 143-146, 261, 263-264
advertising of, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231
Army, 107, 115, 144-145
attitudes toward, 159-160
cost factors, 112-113, 114, 261, 264, 274
Montgomery GI Bill, 107, 111, 117, 145
Navy, 107, 144-145
online, 147
propensity to enlist, 203
recruitment practices, 235, 245
Veterans Education Assistance Program, 143
Education and training, 99
see also Educational attainment;
Educational benefits;
Skill levels
civilian vs military job market, 127, 135, 137-138
physical requirements of training, 73
propensity to enlist, 204, 209-212
recruiters, selection and training, 8, 11, 223, 224, 235, 240-241, 242, 249, 272-273, 275
recruiting at schools, 219, 235, 236, 237, 290
recruits, following enlistment, 17, 27-28, 29, 97-98
basically qualified recruits, 27
basic training, 74, 99, 100, 127
joint Services efforts, 19
special skill training, 100-102, 127, 253
vocational and technical, 127, 136, 137-138, 159-160
Employment, 64, 259
see also Compensation;
Income;
Vacations;
Working conditions
advertising of benefits, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237
attitudes toward, 12, 140, 150, 158-175, 182-185, 187, 202-217
business cycles, 31, 43, 111, 115, 117, 141, 159, 219
civilian pay of enlistees, 113, 114
civilian vs military job market, 1, 4, 10, 13, 37, 68, 97-98, 99, 108-111, 117-136, 148, 167, 202-217, 251, 261-263
advertising/recruiting, 14, 222-223, 225-226, 227, 229-230, 242-249, 262, 271-273
age factors, 119-120, 126-127, 131
combined careers, 135
compensation, 5, 10, 11, 108-111, 127, 128-134, 165, 259-260, 262, 263, 272, 274
computer technology, 123, 129, 159-160
education and training, 127, 135, 137-138
gender factors, 119, 120
number of civilian employees, 218-219
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physical and medical requirements, 126-127
public sector (non-military) job market , 117, 167
race/ethnicity, 119, 120, 121
technology, exposure to, 27, 203, 209-212, 215-216
working conditions, general, 127-128, 135-136, 166
developmental psychology of youth, 149
educational attainment and, 5, 49-51, 68, 97-98, 120, 121, 131, 136, 159, 215-216
gender factors, 49-50, 120, 121, 159, 160, 161-167, 182-183, 185-186, 215-216
historical perspectives, 49-51, 52, 53, 123, 159-163, 166
job security, 203, 204, 216, 230, 263
parental occupational status/ aspirations for children, 60, 61, 62, 82, 182-188
promotion in rank, 103
propensity to enlist, 195-196, 203, 209-212
public sector (non-military), 117, 167
recruiting practices, 235, 236, 237, 239
retirement benefits, 106, 132, 134, 260
veterans benefits, 107
Enlistment, overall, 4, 9, 13, 70-76, 84-85, 95-96, 108, 235, 251, 252-253, 257-259, 262
Army, 100
black persons and, 82-83
bonuses, 98, 99, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 129, 132, 235, 261, 274
cost factors, 73, 74, 75
demographic factors, general, 71, 72, 73, 84
educational attainment, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74, 78, 80, 257, 273
gender factors, 71, 73
Hispanics and, 4, 65
moral requirements, 98
Navy, 100
parental factors, 73
physical and medical requirements, 13, 17, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 92, 259
propensity, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 41, 42, 55, 71, 80-81, 83, 85, 92, 96, 115, 116, 150, 151, 173-175, 190-217, 267, 273-274, 289, 291-292
racial/ethic factors, 71, 82-83
skills, 2, 12, 29, 253
standards, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 71, 72, 73, 74-75, 78, 79, 80, 84, 95, 258, 273
time factors, duration, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity;
specific groups
F
Familial factors, 180, 181-185, 223, 295
see also Marriage and marital status;
Parental factors
fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256
international stationing of enlistees, 101
medical and dental benefits, 107, 132
proximity to, 101-102, 153-154, 203, 269
recruiter training, 241
retention across generations, 30-31, 60-62, 65, 66, 68-69, 186, 215, 223, 230, 255-256
separation from service after first term, attitudes, 37
Fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256
pregnancy, 12, 35, 36-37, 41
Food benefits, 103, 132, 260
Force size, 2, 11-17 (passim), 20-23, 251-252
determination of, 15, 23
enlistment standards and, 74
projections, 2, 11, 17, 39
Force structure, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 251
determination of, 15, 20
gender factors, 23
race/ethnicity, 23
rotational base, 19
specialized forces, 19
Friends, see Peer influences
Fringe benefits
see also Educational benefits
food benefits, 103, 132, 260
housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260
medical benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134
recreational facilities, 107, 295
tax benefits, 103
vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269
Funding, 16-17, 140
see also Budgetary factors
attitudes toward military spending, 178
vocational education, 137
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G
Gallup’s National Survey of Working America, 161
Gender factors, 4, 5, 64, 65, 71
see also Marriage and marital status
aptitude, 81, 91
attitudes, 5, 115, 116, 152-154, 158-159, 161-179, 185, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 215-216, 290
working conditions, 173-175, 188
attrition, 12, 35-37
civilian vs military employment, 119, 120
discrimination, 126, 174-175
educational attainment, 3, 5, 44-46, 49-50, 68, 86, 120, 121, 199-200
aspirations, 158-159, 215-216
employment, 49-50, 120, 121, 159, 160, 161-167, 182-183, 185-186, 215-216
enlistment applicant qualifications, 81-82
enlistment standards, 71, 73
equal opportunity, 126, 174-175, 203, 204, 212, 269
fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256
first-term attrition, 12, 35, 36-37
force structure, 23
homosexuality, 35, 36, 73
immigrant mothers, 57
maternal influence on decision making, 3, 6, 57, 185-189 (passim), 255, 267
population size, 51
pregnancy, 12, 35, 36-37, 41
propensity to enlist/reenlist, 115, 116, 169-177, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 220
race/ethnicity, 65, 66
working conditions, perceptions of, 173-175, 188
youth influencers, 185-187
spousal influence, 37, 101, 186
General Equivalency Diploma (GED), 25, 72, 74, 76-78, 80, 126, 257
General Social Survey, 188
Geographic factors, 64, 65, 66
attitudes toward closeness to parents, 101-102, 153-154, 203, 269
attitudes toward travel, 153, 203, 205-207, 208, 212, 214, 229, 269
civilian vs military employment, 118
housing allowances, 103
international stationing of enlistees, 101
propensity to enlist, 200
recruiting strategies, 235, 236-237, 239-240, 243, 248
H
Health belief model, 192-193
Hispanics, 254-255
aptitude, 91
civilian vs military employment, 119, 121
educational attainment, general, 51, 86-87, 121, 140, 141, 256
enlistment applicant qualifications, 81-83
enlistment rates, 4, 65
force structure, 23
population projections, 3, 55-56, 68
Historical perspectives, 5, 11, 142, 258, 302-303
advertising, 221-223, 226-227, 261
aptitude, 26, 28, 74, 78-81, 87-92, 258
attitudes of youth, 150-179 (passim), 180-181, 265;
see also Longitudinal studies
attrition, 15, 31-34, 254
business cycles, 31, 43, 111, 115, 117, 141, 159
civic duty, volunteerism, and patriotism, 154-157
educational attainment, 76-78, 216, 256
applicants/enlistees, 4-5, 25-26, 49-51, 76-78, 85-87, 95, 110-111, 216, 256
aspirations, 158-161
general youth population, 43-51, 52, 53, 85-87, 95
education, cost of, 140
elasticity, economic factors, 111-112, 260-261
employment aspirations, 159-163, 166
employment, general, 49-51, 52, 53, 123
force size, 17, 20-22, 27, 251-252
immigration, 55, 57
parental involvement in military, 61-62
physical and moral requirements, 92-95, 258
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propensity to enlist, 116, 168-177, 190, 214-215, 218, 220-221, 226-227, 249
recruiting costs, 114, 221
recruiting techniques, 218, 220, 238, 242
recruitment goals, 23-25, 27, 31, 226, 250
supply/demand for recruits, 1, 9, 11, 13, 258, 261
youth influencers, 180-182, 186, 189
youth qualifications, 15, 76-95
Homeland security, see Terrorism
Homosexuality, 35, 36, 73
Housing, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132, 260
Humanitarian missions, 11, 17, 102
I
Immigrants, 41, 42, 52, 54-55, 57
see also Hispanics;
Mexican Americans
historical perspectives, 55, 57
population projections, 3, 53-54, 57, 58, 255
Incentive programs, 99, 102, 105, 111-117, 132, 290
see also Educational benefits
civilian vs military employment, 128-129, 272
committee study methodology, 2
delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238
enlistment bonuses, 98, 99, 111, 112-113, 114, 115, 129, 132, 235, 261, 274
recruiter, 8, 99, 239, 242, 249, 273
special and incentive pays, 105, 106, 132
Income, 139, 140-143
see also Compensation
attitudes toward importance of, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 183, 209-212
Influencers, see Youth influencers
Internet, 246-247, 290
civilian vs military compensation, 129, 130
educational benefits offered online, 147
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150
Occupational Information Network, 121
recruiting strategies, 219, 228, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 246-247, 248
youth influencers, 180
J
Job Corps, 10
Job opportunities, see Employment
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 16, 19
Joint Services activities
military, 19
recruitment advertising, 221
K
Kosovo, 290
L
Legislation
Montgomery GI Bill, 107, 111, 117, 145
Tech Prep Education Act, 137
Longitudinal studies
Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151
General Social Survey, 188
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150-153 (passim), 156, 158-159, 161-177, 181, 190(n.1), 191, 199-202, 220, 265, 292, 303-304
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 85, 87-92
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 152
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), 64, 66, 303
National Survey of Working America, 159
Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303
Youth Development Study, 151, 157, 161, 164, 165, 184-185, 303
M
Manpower requirements, 2-3, 11, 15-40, 70
see also Attrition;
Force size;
Force structure;
Retention
Marine Corps
advertising, 229, 233-234, 261
attrition, 33, 34, 36-37
compensation, attitudes about, 131
costs of recruiting, 113, 114
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educational attainment of applicants, 78
educational benefits, 107
gender factors, enlistment standards, 71
physical requirements of recruits, 17, 71
recruiting goals, by service, 24, 219
recruiting stages, 224
retention requirements, 17, 33
separation after first term, 37
size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22
skill requirements, general, 28-29
Marine Corps Exit Survey, 37
Marine Corps Retention Survey, 37
Marriage and marital status, 290
spousal influence, 37, 101, 186
youth developmental psychology, 149
Mass media, 180, 223, 243, 290, 300-308
see also Advertising;
Internet
mail, 219
newspapers, 19, 236, 244-245, 301
radio, 180, 236, 244
television, 113, 180, 228-229, 236
Medical benefits, 107, 132, 133, 134
Medical requirements, see Physical and medical requirements
Men, see Gender factors
Mexican Americans, 3
Mail promotions, 219
Military interventions, see Humanitarian missions;
Wars and armed conflicts
Millennials Rising, 300, 305
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity;
specific groups
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 150-153 (passim), 156, 158-159, 161-177, 181, 190(n.1), 191, 199-202, 220, 265, 292, 303-304
Montgomery GI Bill, 107, 111, 117, 143, 145
Moral requirements, 2, 4, 12, 13, 70, 71, 73, 84-85, 92-95, 251, 258, 259
criminal behavior, 4, 13, 70, 73, 84, 92, 93, 94
enlistment process, 98
historical perspectives, 92-95, 258
recruiter training, 241
scale of military recruiting, 219
N
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 85, 87-92
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) , 152
National Guard, 39
propensity to reenlist, 199-200
recruiting practices, 235
size of force, 2, 22
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, (NLSY79) 64, 66, 303
National Military Strategy (NMS), 15, 16, 18
National Security Strategy (NSS), 15-16, 18
National Survey of Working America, 159
A Nation at Risk, 90
Navy
advertising, 228, 229, 234
attrition, 33, 34, 36
compensation, attitudes about, 131
costs of recruiting resources, 113, 114
deployments, 102
educational attainment of enlistees, 110
educational benefits, 107, 144-145
enlistment process, 100
recruiting number goals, by service, 24, 219
recruiting stages, 224
retention requirements, 17
separation after first term, 37
size of force, by Service, table, 21, 22
skill requirements, general, 28
technical requirements of recruits, 12, 17
technological substitutes for personnel, 20, 23, 28
Navy College Fund, 145
Newspapers, 19, 236, 244-245, 301
O
Obesity, 35, 36, 84, 93, 94, 95, 258, 259
Occupational Information Network (O*NET), 120-121, 125
Office of Homeland Security, 18
P
Parental factors, 149, 181-184, 186-188, 189, 266, 267, 269, 274
attitudes of youth toward proximity of, 101-102, 153-154, 203, 269
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educational attainment, 3, 4-5, 57-60, 66, 68, 139, 182-183, 255, 256, 290
enlistment standards, 73
foreign-born, 57
military service of parents, 30-31, 60-62, 65, 66, 68-69, 186, 215, 223, 230, 255-256
occupational status/aspirations for children, 60, 61, 62, 82, 182-188
propensity to enlist, 209-212, 213-214, 223
Patriotism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 115-116, 134, 135-136, 150-153, 154-157, 171-173, 203-207, 212-214, 216, 263, 265, 269
advertising and, 221-222, 229, 231, 232, 233, 271
historical perspectives, 154-157
political participation, 154-155, 182
Peacekeeping missions, 11, 17, 102
Peer influences, 184, 185, 186, 187, 223, 237, 241, 266, 267
Pensions, see Retirement benefits
Physical and medical requirements, 2, 13, 17, 70, 92, 93-95, 96, 251, 259
asthma, 93, 94, 96, 259
attrition, 12, 35, 36
mental illness, 35, 36, 37
civilian vs military job market, 126-127
enlistment standards, 13, 17, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 92, 259
gender factors, enlistment standards, 71
historical perspectives, 92-95, 258
obesity, 35, 36, 84, 93, 94, 95, 258, 259
pregnancy, 12, 35, 36-37
propensity to enlist, 205-207
recruiting strategies, 235
scale of military recruiting, 219
training, 73
Population size, 1, 3, 12, 13, 51-55, 67-68, 70, 273-274
age factors, 51, 55, 254
fertility, 41, 42, 52, 57, 60-61, 255, 256
immigrants, 3, 53-54, 57, 58, 255
race/ethnicity, 3, 51-52, 55-56, 68
Projections, 96
aptitudes, 2, 4, 15, 28, 91, 258-259
civilian employment, 118, 123-124, 135
demographic factors, 3, 12, 13, 51, 53, 54, 59, 62-69, 254-255, 258-259
educational attainment, 4, 258-259
force size, 2, 11, 17, 39
immigration, 3, 53-54, 57, 58, 255
parental educational attainment, 59, 66
parental involvement in military, 62, 255-256
race/ethnicity, population, 3, 51-52, 68
size of military, 2, 11, 17, 39
Promotion in rank, compensation and, 103, 104-105, 128
Propensity to enlist, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 41, 42, 55, 71, 80-81, 83, 85, 92, 96, 115, 116, 150, 151, 154, 190-217, 267, 273-274, 289, 291-292
see also Attitudes and values;
Recruitment practices
advertising and, 216-217, 220, 226-227, 229, 231, 232-234, 249, 268, 269-271, 274
age factors, 171, 172
black persons, 200
demographic factors, general, 190, 195, 200-201, 270
educational benefits as enticement, 203
education and training, 204, 209-212
employment factors, 195-196, 203, 209-212
extrinsic incentives, 204, 208-217
gender factors, 115, 116, 169-177, 190, 198-200, 201, 204-212, 220
geographic factors, 200
health belief model, 192-193
historical perspectives, 116, 168-177, 190, 214-215, 218, 220-221, 226-227, 249
models of, 97-98, 191-200, 267-269
National Guard, 199-200
parental factors, 209-212, 213-214, 223
physical and medical requirements, 205-207
race/ethnicity, 200
recruitment practices and, 198, 200-217, 220-223, 269-270
social cognitive theory, 191-192
technology, exposure to, 203, 209-212, 215-216
theory of reasoned action, 192, 199-200
working conditions, 173-175, 201, 203, 204
Psychological factors
see also Attitudes and values;
Moral requirements;
Social factors;
Youth influencers
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adolescent/youth development, 149-151, 180-181, 265-266
attrition due to mental illness, 35, 36, 37
Psychosocial factors, see Attitudes and values;
Familial factors;
Parental factors;
Social factors
Q
Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), 11, 18, 21, 22-23, 25, 31, 39, 40
Quality of Life Domain Survey, 37
Quality of life, general, 12, 37, 30-31, 100-102
see also Working conditions
R
Race/ethnicity, 4, 55-57, 64, 254-255
see also Immigrants;
specific groups
civilian vs military employment, 119, 120, 121
discrimination, 126, 174-175
educational attainment, 5, 50, 51, 86-87, 120, 121, 139-141, 216, 256
enlistment applicant qualifications, 81-83
enlistment standards, 71, 82-83
gender factors, 65, 66
population projections, 3, 51-52, 55-56, 68
propensity to enlist, 200
Radio, 180, 236, 244
RAND Corporation, 73, 220, 289
Recreational activities, 107, 295
vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269
Recruitment practices, 6-7, 14, 15, 97-100, 148, 187, 216-217, 218-249, 250, 254, 260-261, 264, 269-273, 274
see also Advertising;
Incentive programs;
Retention;
Youth influencers
Air Force, 228, 229, 234, 238
committee study methodology, 2-3, 10, 250
competition among Services, 98, 220
corporate/civilian market comparisons, 14, 222-223, 225-226, 227, 229-230, 242-249, 262, 271-273
cost factors, 111, 112-113, 114, 221, 222, 246, 247, 261
counselors, 235
criminal behavior and, 235
delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238
educational benefits, 235, 245
employment aspects, 235, 236, 237, 239
geographic factors, 235, 236-237, 239-240, 243, 248
goals, by service, table, 24, 219
goals of individual recruiters, 235, 238-239
historical perspectives, 114, 121, 218, 220, 238, 242
Internet strategies, 219, 228, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 246-247, 248
joint service approaches, 221
leads, 219, 223-224, 228, 234, 235, 236-238, 244
model of, 223-225
National Guard, 235
recruiter attitudes, 223, 240-241, 242
recruiter incentives, 8, 99, 239, 242, 249, 273
recruiter selection and training, 8, 11, 240-241, 249, 272-273, 275
patriotism, appeals to, 216
propensity to enlist and, 198, 200-217, 220-223, 269-270
scale of, 7, 218-219, 242-243
school programs, 219, 235, 236, 237, 290
special and incentive pays to recruits, 105, 106
telephone, 219, 236, 237, 245
wars, recruitment during, 245
Regional factors, see Geographic factors
Reserve forces, 2, 39
National Guard, 39, 199-200, 235
size of force, by Service, table, 21
active duty, use of, 30
Retention, 2, 15, 29-40, 253-254, 261
see also Attrition
Air Force, 17, 33
compensation and, 104-105
duration of enlistment, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135
educational benefits and, 145-146
Marine Corps, 17, 33
propensity to reenlist, 198-200, 253-254
skill level maintenance, 30
special and incentive pays, 105, 106
technology, exposure to, 17, 30, 33, 39
voluntary separation, 2-3, 12, 17
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Retirement benefits, 106, 132, 134, 260
combined military-civilian careers, 135
veterans benefits, 107
S
Sailor 21: A Research Vision to Attract, Retain, and Utilize the 21st Century Sailor, 28
Sample Survey of Military Personnel, 37
Satellites, protection of, 20
School recruiting programs, 219, 235, 236, 237, 290
Sex differences, see Gender factors
Sexual orientation, see Homosexuality
Skill levels, 11, 12, 26, 27-29
see also Aptitude and aptitude requirements;
Education and training
attitudes toward attaining, 162, 163
committee study methodology, 2, 9
Marine Corps, 28-29
mix of skills, 2, 12, 15
problem solving and decision making, 28, 162, 163, 164
propensity to enlist, 193-194
specialized forces, 19, 31, 33, 39, 100-102, 108, 127, 129, 135, 253
technology, exposure to, 2, 12, 253
Social cognitive theory, 191-192
Social factors, 6, 13, 64, 151, 179, 180-181, 195-196, 213
see also Demographic factors;
Familial factors;
Parental factors; Patriotism;
Youth influencers
civic duty and volunteerism, 6, 8, 12, 37, 134, 149-150, 152-153, 154-157, 221-222
peer influences, 184, 185, 186, 187, 223, 237, 241, 266, 267
Society of Human Resource Management, 134
Socioeconomic status, 3, 139, 239
see also Educational attainment;
Income
Specialized personnel, 19, 31, 33, 39, 100-102, 108, 127, 129, 135, 253
Standards
see also Moral requirements;
Tests and testing
aptitude, 4, 71, 72, 74-75, 79, 95, 258, 273
attrition and, 35-36
civilian vs military job market, 124-127, 128, 262
Defense Guidance benchmarks, 72-73, 75, 78, 79, 85
educational attainment, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 253, 257, 258, 273
enlistment, overall, 4, 9, 13, 70-76, 84-85, 95-96, 108, 235, 251, 252-253, 257-259, 262
black persons and, 82-83
cost factors, 73, 74, 75
demographic factors, general, 71, 72, 73, 84
educational attainment, 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 28, 70-74 (passim), 78, 80, 257, 273
gender factors, 71, 73
physical and medical requirements, 13, 17, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 92, 259
propensity to enlist and, 193, 194
racial/ethnic factors, 71, 82-83
see also Moral requirements
recruiter training, 241
Substance abuse, 4, 10, 35, 36, 85, 92-93, 196, 259
Survey of Active Duty Personnel, 131, 134
T
Tax benefits, 103
Technical education, see Vocational and technical education
Technology, 19-20, 29
see also Computer technology
advertising, 229
civilian vs military personnel, occupations, 27, 203, 209-212, 215-216
enlistee skills, 2, 12, 253
propensity to enlist, external incentives, 203, 209-212, 215-216
retention of skilled personnel, 17, 30, 33, 39
satellites, protection of, 20
Tech Prep Education Act, 137
Telephone
Alfred P. Sloan Study, 151, 153
recruiting practices, 219, 236, 237, 245
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Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303
Television, 180, 228-229, 236
costs of recruiting resources, 113
Terrorism, 2, 9, 11, 17-18, 19, 252
force structure, 19
Tests and testing, 4
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 4, 9, 13, 25-26, 70, 72, 75-76, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 99, 109, 110, 143, 147, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 73, 76, 80, 84, 91, 98, 99, 125, 225, 235, 237
civilian vs military job market, 125-126
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
SATs, 305
Theory of reasoned action, 192, 199-200
Time factors
see also Attrition;
Retention
attrition, 31-34, 254
compensation, years of service and, 103, 104
delayed entry program, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 238
enlistment duration, 10, 23, 100-101, 103, 104, 106, 128, 135
goals of recruiters, 235
recruiter incentives, 239
retirement benefits, 106
rotation intervals during enlistment, 101
training of recruits, 100
vacation duration, 6, 134, 162, 163, 164, 189
Training, see Education and training
V
Vacations, 6, 134, 162, 163, 263, 265, 269
Values, see Attitudes and values
Veterans as youth influencers, 186, 187
Veterans benefits, 107, 143
Veterans Education Assistance Program, 143
Vietnam, 43, 182
Vocational and technical education, 127, 136, 137-138, 159-160
Tech Prep Education Act, 137
Voluntary separation, 2-3, 12, 17
W
Wages and salaries, see Compensation
Wars and armed conflicts, 11, 16, 18, 20, 60
see also Terrorism
attitudes toward, 178-179, 182, 189, 290
Bosnia, 30, 35
Cold War, aftermath, 11, 17, 18, 251-252
economic interests, 178-179
Gulf War, 219
Kosovo, 290
peacekeeping missions, 11, 17, 102
recruitment during, 245
Vietnam, 43, 182
Women, see Gender factors
Working conditions, 100-102
civilian vs military job market, 127-128, 135-136, 166
gender factors in perception, 173-175, 188
propensity to enlist, 173-175, 201, 203, 204
special and incentive pays based on, 105, 106, 132
World Wide Web, see Internet
Y
Youth and Careers Study, 185
Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS), 115, 116, 150-151, 161, 164, 165, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202-217, 220, 230-231, 265, 269, 287-298, 303
Youth Development Study, 151, 157, 161, 164, 165, 184-185, 303
Youth influencers, 10, 14, 151, 179-189, 251, 266-267, 290
see also Familial factors;
Mass media;
Parental factors
counselors, 6, 120, 136, 149, 185, 186, 187, 189
gender factors, general, 185-187
spousal influence, 37, 101, 186
historical perspectives, 180-182, 186, 189
Internet, 180
peers, 184, 185, 186, 187, 223, 237, 241, 266, 267
veterans, 186, 187
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