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OCR for page 1319
Summary Tables,
Dietary Reference Intakes
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 1320
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 1322
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and
Macronutrients 1324
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges 1325
Additional Macronutrient Recommendations 1325
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Vitamins 1326
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Elements 1328
Estimated Average Requirements for Groups 1330
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin
(µg/d)a (µg/d)b,c (mg/d)d
Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo 400* 40* 5* 4* 2.0* 0.2*
7–12 mo 500* 50* 5* 5* 2.5* 0.3*
Children
1–3 y 5* 30*
300 15 6 0.5
4–8 y 5* 55*
400 25 7 0.6
Males
9–13 y 5* 60*
600 45 11 0.9
14–18 y 5* 75*
900 75 15 1.2
19–30 y 5* 120*
900 90 15 1.2
31–50 y 5* 120*
900 90 15 1.2
51–70 y 10* 120*
900 90 15 1.2
> 70 y 15* 120*
900 90 15 1.2
Females
9–13 y 5* 60*
600 45 11 0.9
14–18 y 5* 75*
700 65 15 1.0
19–30 y 5* 90*
700 75 15 1.1
31–50 y 5* 90*
700 75 15 1.1
51–70 y 10* 90*
700 75 15 1.1
> 70 y 15* 90*
700 75 15 1.1
Pregnancy
14–18 y 5* 75*
750 80 15 1.4
19–30 y 5* 90*
770 85 15 1.4
31–50 y 5* 90*
770 85 15 1.4
Lactation
14–18 y 5* 75*
1,200 115 19 1.4
19–30 y 5* 90*
1,300 120 19 1.4
31–50 y 5* 90*
1,300 120 19 1.4
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recom-
mended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordi-
nary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for
individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent)
individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI
for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the
group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with
confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg
α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is
twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin
A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
d As α -tocopherol. α -Tocopherol includes R RR - α -tocopherol, the only form of
α -tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2 R-stereoisomeric forms of
α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods
and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-,
SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months =
preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid
1320
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Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline
(mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g
(mg/d)
0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125*
0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150*
2* 8* 200*
0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9
3* 12* 250*
0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2
4* 20* 375*
0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8
5* 25* 550*
1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4
5* 30* 550*
1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4
5* 30* 550*
1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4
2.4h 5* 30* 550*
1.3 16 1.7 400
2.4h 5* 30* 550*
1.3 16 1.7 400
4* 20* 375*
0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8
400i 5* 25* 400*
1.0 14 1.2 2.4
400i 5* 30* 425*
1.1 14 1.3 2.4
400i 5* 30* 425*
1.1 14 1.3 2.4
2.4h 5* 30* 425*
1.1 14 1.5 400
2.4h 5* 30* 425*
1.1 14 1.5 400
600j 6* 30* 450*
1.4 18 1.9 2.6
600j 6* 30* 450*
1.4 18 1.9 2.6
600j 6* 30* 450*
1.4 18 1.9 2.6
7* 35* 550*
1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8
7* 35* 550*
1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8
7* 35* 550*
1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8
from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement
taken on an empty stomach.
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a
dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the
choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is
advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods
fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is
recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from
supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or
fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which
ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for
formation of the neural tube.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and
Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate,
Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin
A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium,
Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
1321
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Magnesium
Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo 210* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30*
7–12 mo 270* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 75*
11
Children
1–3 y 500* 11* 0.7*
340 90 7 80
4–8 y 800* 15* 1*
440 90 10 130
Males
9–13 y 1,300* 25* 2*
700 120 8 240
14–18 y 1,300* 35* 3*
890 150 11 410
19–30 y 1,000* 35* 4*
900 150 8 400
31–50 y 1,000* 35* 4*
900 150 8 420
51–70 y 1,200* 30* 4*
900 150 8 420
> 70 y 1,200* 30* 4*
900 150 8 420
Females
9–13 y 1,300* 21* 2*
700 120 8 240
14–18 y 1,300* 24* 3*
890 150 15 360
19–30 y 1,000* 25* 3*
900 150 18 310
31–50 y 1,000* 25* 3*
900 150 18 320
51–70 y 1,200* 20* 3*
900 150 8 320
> 70 y 1,200* 20* 3*
900 150 8 320
Pregnancy
14–18 y 1,300* 29* 3*
1,000 220 27 400
19–30 y 1,000* 30* 3*
1,000 220 27 350
31–50 y 1,000* 30* 3*
1,000 220 27 360
Lactation
14–18 y 1,300* 44* 3*
1,300 290 10 360
19–30 y 1,000* 45* 3*
1,300 290 9 310
31–50 y 1,000* 45* 3*
1,300 290 9 320
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and
Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may
both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all
(97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the
mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of
all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being
able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
1322
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Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Selenium Zinc Potassium Sodium Chloride
(mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d)
0.003* 2* 100* 15* 2* 0.4* 0.12* 0.18*
0.6* 3* 275* 20* 0.7* 0.37* 0.57*
3
1.2* 3.0* 1.0* 1.5*
17 460 20 3
1.5* 3.8* 1.2* 1.9*
22 500 30 5
1.9* 4.5* 1.5* 2.3*
34 1,250 40 8
2.2* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
43 1,250 55 11
2.3* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
45 700 55 11
2.3* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
45 700 55 11
2.3* 4.7* 1.3* 2.0*
45 700 55 11
2.3* 4.7* 1.2* 1.8*
45 700 55 11
1.6* 4.5* 1.5* 2.3*
34 1,250 40 8
1.6* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
43 1,250 55 9
1.8* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
45 700 55 8
1.8* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
45 700 55 8
1.8* 4.7* 1.3* 2.0*
45 700 55 8
1.8* 4.7* 1.2* 1.8*
45 700 55 8
2.0* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
50 1,250 60 12
2.0* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
50 700 60 11
2.0* 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
50 700 60 11
2.6* 5.1* 1.5* 2.3*
50 1,250 70 13
2.6* 5.1* 1.5* 2.3*
50 700 70 12
2.6* 5.1* 1.5* 2.3*
50 700 70 12
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and
Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate,
Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A,
Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium,
Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
1323
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total
Water and Macronutrients
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Linoleic α-Linolenic
Total Carbo- Total
Watera Proteinb
Life Stage hydrate Fiber Fat Acid Acid
Group (L/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d)
Infants
0–6 mo 0.7* 60* ND 31* 4.4* 0.5* 9.1*
7–12 mo 0.8* 95* ND 30* 4.6* 0.5* 11.0+
Children
ND c
1–3 y 1.3* 19* 7* 0.7*
130 13
4–8 y 1.7* 25* ND 10* 0.9*
130 19
Males
9–13 y 2.4* 31* ND 12* 1.2*
130 34
14–18 y 3.3* 38* ND 16* 1.6*
130 52
19–30 y 3.7* 38* ND 17* 1.6*
130 56
31–50 y 3.7* 38* ND 17* 1.6*
130 56
51–70 y 3.7* 30* ND 14* 1.6*
130 56
> 70 y 3.7* 30* ND 14* 1.6*
130 56
Females
9–13 y 2.1* 26* ND 10* 1.0*
130 34
14–18 y 2.3* 26* ND 11* 1.1*
130 46
19–30 y 2.7* 25* ND 12* 1.1*
130 46
31–50 y 2.7* 25* ND 12* 1.1*
130 46
51–70 y 2.7* 21* ND 11* 1.1*
130 46
> 70 y 2.7* 21* ND 11* 1.1*
130 46
Pregnancy
14–18 y 3.0* 28* ND 13* 1.4*
175 71
19–30 y 3.0* 28* ND 13* 1.4*
175 71
31–50 y 3.0* 28* ND 13* 1.4*
175 71
Lactation
14–18 y 3.8* 29* ND 13* 1.3*
210 71
19–30 y 3.8* 29* ND 13* 1.3*
210 71
31–50 y 3.8* 29* ND 13* 1.3*
210 71
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type
and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs
may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of
almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the
AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover
the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data
prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by
this intake. The plus (+) symbol indicates a change from the prepublication copy due to
a calculation error.
a Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water.
b Based on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for
adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight.
c Not determined.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol,
Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium,
Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
1324
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Range (percent of energy)
Children, Children,
Macronutrient 1–3 y 4–18 y Adults
Fat 30–40 25–35 20–35
n -6 Polyunsaturated fatty acidsa
(linoleic acid) 5–10 5–10 5–10
n -3 Polyunsaturated fatty acidsa
(α-linolenic acid) 0.6–1.2 0.6–1.2 0.6–1.2
Carbohydrate 45–65 45–65 45–65
Protein 5–20 10–30 10–35
a Approximately 10 percent of the total can come from longer-chain n-3 or n-6 fatty
acids.
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol,
Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005).
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Additional Macronutrient Recommendations
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Macronutrient Recommendation
Dietary cholesterol As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally
adequate diet
Trans fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally
adequate diet
Saturated fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally
adequate diet
Added sugars Limit to no more than 25% of total energy
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol,
Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005).
1325
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Vitamins
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E
(µg/d)b (mg/d)c,d
Group (mg/d) (µg/d) Vitamin K Thiamin
Infants
NDf
0–6 mo 600 25 ND ND ND
7–12 mo 600 ND 25 ND ND ND
Children
1–3 y 600 400 50 200 ND ND
4–8 y 900 650 50 300 ND ND
Males, Females
9–13 y 1,700 1,200 50 600 ND ND
14–18 y 2,800 1,800 50 800 ND ND
19–70 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND
> 70 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND
Pregnancy
14–18 y 2,800 1,800 50 800 ND ND
19–50 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND
Lactation
14–18 y 2,800 1,800 50 800 ND ND
19–50 y 3,000 2,000 50 1,000 ND ND
a UL = The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of
adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless other-
wise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due
to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin,
vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of ULs, extra
caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b As preformed vitamin A only.
c As α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol.
d The ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from
supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
e β-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for
individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency.
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Ribo- Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin Pantothenic Choline Carote-
flavin (mg/d)d (mg/d) (µg/d)d B12 Biotin (g/d) noidse
Acid
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1.0 ND
ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1.0 ND
ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND
ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND
ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND
ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND
ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND
ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND
ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND
ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND
f ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and
concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should
be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and
Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate,
Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference Intakes for
Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum,
Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001). These reports may be accessed via http://
www.nap.edu.
1327
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Elements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Calci- Fluo- Magne-
Life Stage Arse- Boron um Chro- Copper ride Iodine Iron sium
nicb (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)c
Group (mg/d) (g/d) mium (µg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo NDf ND ND ND ND 0.7 ND 40 ND
7–12 mo ND ND ND ND ND 0.9 ND 40 ND
Children
1–3 y ND 3 2.5 ND 1,000 1.3 200 40 65
4–8 y ND 6 2.5 ND 3,000 2.2 300 40 110
Males, Females
9–13 y ND 11 2.5 ND 5,000 10 600 40 350
14–18 y ND 17 2.5 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350
19–70 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350
> 70 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350
Pregnancy
14–18 y ND 17 2.5 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350
19–50 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350
Lactation
14–18 y ND 17 2.5 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350
19–50 y ND 20 2.5 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350
a UL = The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of
adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless other-
wise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due
to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for arsenic, chromium, silicon,
potassium, and sulfate. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in
consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b Although the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding
arsenic to food or supplements.
c The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and
do not include intake from food and water.
d Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no
justification for adding silicon to supplements.
e Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans,
1328
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Manga- Molyb- Phos- Sele- Vana- Sodi- Chlo-
nese denum Nickel phorus Potas- nium Sili- Sul- dium Zinc um ride
(mg/d) (g/d) sium (µg/d) cond (mg/d)e (mg/d) (g/d) (g/d)
(mg/d) (µg/d) fate
ND ND ND ND ND 45 ND ND ND 4 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND 60 ND ND ND 5 ND ND
2 300 0.2 3.0 ND 90 ND ND ND 7 1.5 2.3
3 600 0.3 3.0 ND 150 ND ND ND 12 1.9 2.9
6 1,100 0.6 4.0 ND 280 ND ND ND 23 2.2 3.4
9 1,700 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6
11 2,000 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
11 2,000 1.0 3.0 ND 400 ND ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
9 1,700 1.0 3.5 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6
11 2,000 1.0 3.5 ND 400 ND ND ND 40 2.3 3.6
9 1,700 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6
11 2,000 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 40 2.3 3.6
there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should
be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this
data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents.
f ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and
concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should
be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and
Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate,
Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vita-
min C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A,
Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium,
Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
1329
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements for Groups
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Ribo-
Life Stage CHO Protein Vit A Vit C Vit E Thiamin flavin Niacin Vit B6
(g/kg/d)(µg/d)a (mg/d) (mg/d)b (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)c (mg/d)
Group (g/d)
Infants
7–12 mo 1.0
Children
1–3 y 100 0.87 210 13 5 0.4 0.4 5 0.4
4–8 y 100 0.76 275 22 6 0.5 0.5 6 0.5
Males
9–13 y 100 0.76 445 39 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8
14–18 y 100 0.73 630 63 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1
19–30 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1
31–50 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1
51–70 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4
> 70 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4
Females
9–13 y 100 0.76 420 39 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8
14–18 y 100 0.71 485 56 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.0
19–30 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1
31–50 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1
51–70 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3
> 70 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3
Pregnancy
14–18 y 135 0.88 530 66 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6
19–30 y 135 0.88 550 70 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6
31–50 y 135 0.88 550 70 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6
Lactation
14–18 y 160 1.05 885 96 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7
19–30 y 160 1.05 900 100 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7
31–50 y 160 1.05 900 100 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7
NOTE: This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), which serve two
purposes: for assessing adequacy of population intakes and as the basis for calculating
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for individuals. EARs have not been estab-
lished for vitamin D, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, calcium, chromium,
fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg
α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is
twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A
is the same as RE.
b As α -tocopherol. α -Tocopherol includes R RR - α-tocopherol, the only form of
α -tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2 R-stereoisomeric forms of
α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods
and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-,
SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
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Magnes- Molyb- Phos- Sele-
Folate Vit B12 Copper Iodine Iron ium denum phorus nium Zinc
(µg/d)a (µg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)
6.9 2.5
120 0.7 260 65 3.0 65 13 380 17 2.5
160 1.0 340 65 4.1 110 17 405 23 4.0
250 1.5 540 73 5.9 200 26 1,055 35 7.0
330 2.0 685 95 7.7 340 33 1,055 45 8.5
320 2.0 700 95 6 330 34 580 45 9.4
320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4
320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4
320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4
250 1.5 540 73 5.7 200 26 1,055 35 7.0
330 2.0 685 95 7.9 300 33 1,055 45 7.3
320 2.0 700 95 8.1 255 34 580 45 6.8
320 2.0 700 95 8.1 265 34 580 45 6.8
320 2.0 700 95 5 265 34 580 45 6.8
320 2.0 700 95 5 265 34 580 45 6.8
520 2.2 785 160 23 335 40 1,055 49 10.5
520 2.2 800 160 22 290 40 580 49 9.5
520 2.2 800 160 22 300 40 580 49 9.5
450 2.4 985 209 7 300 35 1,055 59 10.9
450 2.4 1,000 209 6.5 255 36 580 59 10.4
450 2.4 1,000 209 6.5 265 36 580 59 10.4
c As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan.
d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid
from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement
taken on an empty stomach.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and
Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate,
Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vita-
min C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A,
Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001), and Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate,
Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). These reports
may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
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