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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

Index

A

Acceleration, 47, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 177, 273-274, 311, 312, 319, 323

see also Peak ground acceleration

free-field, 70-71

seismic networks, 179, 185

strong-motion seismology, 190, 318-322

Accelerator mass spectrometry, 223, 356

Acoustic measures, 197, 217, 357, 358

Active faults, general, 15, 18, 21, 46, 128, 132, 205, 225, 240, 317, 353, 382

see also specific faults

geological record, 1, 40, 216, 224

hazard analysis, 108, 123, 151, 152, 153, 267-268, 370

seafloor, 357

thermal factors, 53

Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 190, 191, 351-352, 353, 362, 371, 373, 379, 382, 391, 396-397

Africa, 144, 183, 184

see also specific countries

Aftershocks, 12, 44, 50-51, 258, 269-273, 289

equations, 50-51, 270-272

portable arrays, 191, 193, 373

prediction, 10, 61, 270-271

Alaska, 6, 42, 44-45, 50, 114, 117, 135-136, 222, 228, 266

Aleutian Islands, 40, 42, 44, 50, 56, 121, 136

Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Act (California), 153

Altimetry, 131, 356, 389

American Society of Civil Engineers, 71, 113, 153

Annualized earthquake losses, 2, 5, 150, 163

Applied Technology Council, 73, 153

Archaeological evidence, 20, 21, 22

Aristotle, 21-23, 84(n.3)

Aseismic deformation, 209, 215, 275, 316, 383

Assam earthquake, 26, 31

Attenuation, 33, 43, 74, 80, 112, 177, 302, 306, 309-310, 313-314, 364, 376

hazard analysis, 318-321, 371

imaging, 193

strong-motion seismology, 190, 318-319, 373

tsunamis, 119

Atwater, Tanya, 43, 45

Australia, 86(n.22), 147, 159, 161

B

Basement rock, 45, 128, 135, 141-142, 319

Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science, 367

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

Basic Safety Earthquake, 169

Basin effects, 82, 193-194

see also Sediments and sedimentary basins

hazard analysis, 112, 151, 371, 375

wave propagation, 193, 194, 302, 311, 375

Bathymetry, 137-140, 217, 224, 357

Berkeley Digital Seismic Network, 185

Blind thrust faults, 84-85(n.9), 128, 129, 208, 225, 226, 228, 356

Bolivia, 50, 300

Borah Peak earthquake, 50, 131-132

Boreholes, 99, (n.112), 113, 189, 209, 215, 226, 239, 240, 283, 353, 365-366, 367, 371, 389-390, 397

Bridges, 15, 82, 87(n.27), 109, 152-153, 304, 309

Brittleness, 46, 108, 256, 300, 385

brittle-ductile boundary, 36, 47, 48, 231-233

crustal deformation, 1, 11, 26, 269

volcano seismology, 198, 199, 201

Broadband instruments, 40, 161, 174(n.101), 176, 179, 180, 185, 187, 190, 191, 198, 305, 351, 354, 358

Building codes, 2, 6, 66-68, 80, 152, 154-159, 163, 309

cost factors, 6

historical perspectives, 66-68, 70-74

International Building Code, 113

performance-based engineering, 155-159

public education, 379-380

seismic hazard maps, 79, 122

soil conditions and, 105(n.162), 113, 155, 307-308

Uniform Building Code (UBC), 66, 71, 73, 79, 113, 322

Buildings, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 28, 54, 62, 66, 82, 122, 149, 155, 157, 159, 190, 352, 371, 373, 377, 397

deformation, 157, 377

foundations, 66, 67, 87(n.27), 152, 156

ground shaking, 67-68, 70-71, 73, 152, 157, 158-159

high-rise buildings, 71, 190

hospitals, 152, 397

masonry buildings, 6, 67, 109

seismic hazard maps, 79, 122

Building Seismic Safety Council, 153

Burridge-Knopoff spring-slider models, 260

C

Calaveras fault (California), 293, 297

California, 2, 6, 67-69, 71-73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 123-129, 193-196, 206, 213, 222, 228, 240, 266, 267, 268

see also Los Angeles, California;

San Andreas fault;

San Francisco, California

Alaskan earthquake, tsunamis, 44-45

engineering, 152-153, 155, 164

Global Positioning System (GPS), 203-205, 210

Hayward fault, 85(n.15), 123, 128, 293

hazard analysis, 14, 60, 114, 123-129, 131, 152-153, 363

San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392

Southern California Earthquake Center, 128, 190, 318, 356, 376

Hector Mine earthquake, 13, 50, 128, 206, 211, 213

Imperial fault, 67, 74, 123, 268, 321, 336(n.100, n.104), 339(n.127), 340(n.132)

Landers earthquake, 50, 128, 207, 272, 296, 297

Loma Prieta earthquake, 28, 50, 60, 112, 153, 212, 286, 304

legislation, 67, 118, 153

Northridge earthquake, 50, 73, 111-112, 118, 131, 156, 187, 289, 309, 312, 322, 323, 379

Parkfield, 60, 64, 71, 189, 211, 297, 366

seismic networks, 180, 185

subsidence, 114

warning systems, 161, 162

California Division of Mines and Geology, 318

California Geological Survey, 190

California Integrated Seismic Network, 185

California Strong-Motion Instrument Program, 190

Canada, 186, 190, 212, 229, 355

Cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366

Casualties, 62, 149, 376, 379

Centroid moment tensor, 182, 184

Characteristic earthquakes, 55, 56, 60, 122, 259, 261, 267, 275, 315-316, 317-318, 322, 359

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

Chile, 10, 23, 42, 44-45, 49-50, 114, 140, 212

China, 50, 62, 82, 224, 267

prediction, 62-63

secondary ground failures, 114

Chinnery, Michael, 36

Clustering, 56, 61, 189, 200, 229, 269-274, 315, 316-317, 358, 361-362, 386, 389

Coastal areas, 10, 28, 42, 44-45, 55, 59, 225, 229

see also Tsunamis

dendrochronology, 222

Pacific Northwest, 129-131

subsidence, 114, 229

Coast and Geodetic Survey, see U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

Coats, Robert, 40, 42

Compensated linear vector dipole, 37

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 197

Compression, 26, 40, 46, 62, 128, 193, 279, 296

waves, 34

Computer applications, 1-2, 262, 263, 364, 373, 375, 391

earthquake dynamics, 257, 259-260, 369

geoinformatics, 353

hazard analysis, general, 149-150

real-time, 8, 161, 162, 175(n.109), 185, 188, 352, 386

seismic cycle, 274

seismic information systems, 8-11, 373, 375, 378-379, 388

seismicity patterns, 61-62

strong-motion simulations, 370-371

tsunamis, 120

warning systems, 161-163

Continental drift, 36-38, 40, 90(n.45), 91(n.52), 92(n.57), 93(n.67), 94(n.68-69), 203

Convection, 11, 40, 42, 47, 182, 265

Coral, 137, 224, 229

Core (Earth), 32

Corinth fault, 225

Cost factors

see also Funding

earthquake damage, 2-6, 147, 149-151, 155-156, 350, 376, 377, 384

annualized earthquake losses, 2, 6, 150, 157

computer models, 149-150

prediction/risk assessment, 5-6, 147, 149-151

emergency response, 162-163

geodetic measures, 202, 203

Global Seismic Network (GSN), 182

remote sensing, 217

research, general, 15-16, 356, 382-383, 391-393

seismic hazard maps, 123, 318

seismic networks, 176, 182, 185, 352, 353, 382

seismic safety investments, 6, 154-155, 156-157, 163-164

tsunamis, 119, 292-293

volcano damage, 200

Coulomb criteria, 26, 27, 46, 269-270, 362

Creep, 48, 49, 102(n.131), 123, 128, 189, 267, 275, 277, 278, 280, 390

geodetic measures, 201, 208-209, 211, 212

rupture dynamics, 293, 297

Creep meters, 339(n.115)

D

Darwin, Charles, 23, 42, 216

Deep-focus earthquakes, 32-35 (passim), 42, 43, 47, 48, 53, 137, 256

rupture dynamics, 298-301, 302, 369

Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 397

Deformation, 1, 11, 17-18(n.15), 23, 26, 36, 263, 265, 359-360

see also Creep;

Brittleness;

Ductility

aseismic, 209, 215, 275, 316

building, 157, 377

cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366

crustal, 1, 2, 93(n.63), 108, 110, 176, 201-207 (passim), 212, 222, 263, 265, 351, 386

brittleness, 1, 11, 26, 269

fault zones, 266, 281, 353

geodetic measures, 201-209 (passim), 212, 214, 215, 216, 322-323, 354, 369

ground, 103(n.143), 152

rock, 48, 49, 229-240

cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366

seafloor, 119, 142

tectonic, 23, 45-46, 56, 108, 135, 176-177, 201, 274

Venus, 11

wave propagation, 309, 314

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

Dendrochronology, 130, 222, 223

Department of Commerce, 395

Department of Defense, 197, 397

Department of Energy, 397

see also EarthScope

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 397

Department of the Interior, 395

Department of Transportation, 397

Department of Veterans Affairs, 397

Developing countries

see also specific countries

economic losses, 6

hazard analysis, 137

Dietz, Robert, 38

Digital elevation models, 217, 356, 389

Dip-slip faults, 141, 309

Ductility

brittle-ductile boundary, 36, 47, 48, 231, 233

building design, 156, 159

crust, 95(n.78), 212, 257

mantle, 11

rock deformation, 46-47, 48, 231

San Andreas fault, 28, 36

Dynamical systems theory, 256, 257, 258

E

Early Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool, 173(n.78)

Earth Change and Hazard Observatory, 205

Earth Science National Laboratory Program, 367

Earthquake Early Alerting Service, 196

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 153

Earthquake Hazards Reduction Acts, 396-397

Earthquake Prediction: A Proposal for a Ten Year Program of Research, 62

EarthScope, 12, 189, 190, 280, 353, 354, 364, 366, 382

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 17-18(n.15), 205-208, 215, 322-323, 353, 354, 362, 364, 386, 389, 392, 398

Plate Boundary Observatory, 17-18(n.15), 204, 209, 353, 354, 355, 358, 364, 382, 392

San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392

USArray, 17-18(n.15), 354, 364, 373, 374

Eastern United States, 132, 135, 229, 307

see also specific states

strong-motion seismology, 191

Economic factors

see also Cost factors

earthquake damage, 2-6, 14, 147, 149-151, 155-156, 350, 376, 377, 384

annualized earthquake losses, 2, 6, 150, 157

computer programs, 149-150

prediction/risk assessment, 5-6, 147, 149-151

global, 83(n.1)

insurance, 13, 54, 147, 163

risk reduction incentives, 163

tsunamis, damage, 119, 292-293

volcano damage, 200

Education, see Professional education;

Public education and outreach

Elasticity, 27-31, 47, 48, 49, 89(n.39), 114

Elastic rebound model, 27-31

Elastic waves, 11, 36, 198, 303, 304, 308, 375

Electromagnetic measurements, 103(n.143), 105(n.156), 217, 276

prediction, 64

El Salvador, 50, 114

Emergency response, 8-11, 83, 159-163

see also Prediction;

Warning systems

cost factors, 162-163

evacuation, 10, 62, 161, 200, 386

hazard analysis, 123

mass media, 8-9, 185

rapid dissemination of information, 2, 8-9, 83

seismic hazard maps, 122

seismic information systems, 8-10, 191, 378-379, 388

seismic networks, 185, 189-190

volcanoes, 200

Engineering, 8, 15, 28, 152-160 (passim), 163, 164-165, 262, 392-393, 397

see also Bridges;

Building codes;

Buildings;

Safety issues

ground shaking, 15, 65-68, 70, 71-74, 155, 157-159, 377-378

historical perspectives, 28, 65-84

performance-based, 155-159

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

prediction issues, 8, 155-159

public information, 13, 379-380

retrofitting, 6, 13, 16(n.2), 54, 147, 152-153, 155, 163, 164

seismic hazard maps and, 122-123, 318

spectral analysis, 70-71

strong-motion seismology, 190, 318-319, 371

Environmental Protection Agency, 397

Epicenters

aftershocks, 270

maps, 41, 133, 360

public education, 12-13

seismometry, 32

Equations

aftershocks, 50-51, 270-272

building response, 71, 73

earthquake magnitude, 33, 34, 35, 49-50

fault mechanics, 26-27

hazard analysis, 315

rock friction, 232, 277

rupture dynamics, 282-283, 291

state-dependent seismicity, 270-271

wave propagation, 303, 304, 309

Evacuation, 10, 62, 161, 200, 386

Ewing, Maurice, 38

Explosions, 84(n.4), 193, 196, 200, 318, 354, 397

see also Volcanism

nuclear, 11, 34, 88-89(n.34), 178, 197

F

Faulting and fault systems, 11, 12, 15, 185, 256, 257, 259, 263, 264-282, 361-367, 373, 375, 386-389

see also Frictional processes;

Prediction;

Rupture dynamics;

Seismology;

Slippage, faults;

Stick-slip faults;

Strike-slip faults;

Thrust faults;

specific faults

architecture, 265-266, 385

chaos, 261-262

cores of, 276, 280, 301

fault-zone geology, 216-217

geodetic measures, 201, 209-212, 214, 216, 351-358, 359-360, 364, 389

hazard analysis, 315-317

historical perspectives, general, 23-31, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53-54, 385

kinematics, 11, 42, 45, 56, 142, 224, 266-268, 294-295, 361, 364, 375

laboratory studies, 11-12, 48, 64, 230-234

fault-friction processes, 214, 216, 262, 277, 279, 282, 365, 389-390

modeling, 257, 259-262, 263-264, 265, 274-278, 362-364, 367, 387, 390

rupture dynamics, 177, 282-297 (passim), 300-301, 368-369, 375

slip models, 15, 49, 225

neotectonics, 224-226

paleoseismology, 227, 228, 229

petrology, 237-238

portable-array studies, 191, 193, 388-389

reverse faults, 40, 42, 53, 128, 225, 248(n.70), 314, 324

seafloor spreading, 39, 40, 42, 43, 142, 144, 217

segmentation, 296, 362

seismic hazard maps, 122

time factors, 12, 30, 58, 177, 193, 264-265, 266-268, 269-275, 322, 376

tsunamis, 119-120

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 118, 149, 164, 396

National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), 2, 64, 73, 80, 113, 122, 156, 163, 164, 165, 350, 380, 382, 384, 395-397

performance-based engineering, 156, 158

Federal government, 16, 154, 164

see also specific departments and agencies;

terms beginning “National…”

Federation of Digital Seismographic Networks, 180-182

Field Act (California), 67

Fires, 2, 8, 21, 28, 84(n.3), 105(n.157), 149, 165(n.2)

Fold structures, 128, 224, 229, 356, 375, 389

Flooding, 114, 149

see also Tsunamis

Forecasting, see Prediction

Foreshocks, 271, 272-273

rupture initiation, 286, 290

Fracture mechanics, 281-282, 291-292

see also Rupture dynamics

historical perspectives, 30, 47

laboratory studies, 11-12, 48

modeling, 262

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

Frictional processes, 262-263, 265, 277-278, 281

see also Shear stress

equations, 232-233

historical perspectives, 26, 46, 47-49, 86(n.18)

laboratory studies, 11-12, 48, 156, 230-233, 268, 279-280

modeling, 11-12, 214, 230-231

rupture dynamics, 301

Funding, 382-383, 391-393, 395-397

see also Cost factors

Advanced National Seismic System, 352

EarthScope, 354

mitigation, 118, 164

prediction, 58

seismic networks, 176, 182, 185

G

General Services Administration, 397

Geochronology, 222-224

Geodesy, 11, 14, 201-216, 322-323, 351, 353, 357-358, 389

see also Global Positioning System

cost factors, 202, 203

creep, 201, 208-209, 211, 212

earthquake prediction, 64, 387

historical perspectives, 25, 26, 36, 42, 44, 51, 64, 176

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 17-18(n.15), 205-208, 215, 322-323, 353, 354, 362, 364, 386, 389, 392, 398

postseismic effects, 201, 202, 205, 212

seismic hazard maps, 122

slippage, faults, 201, 209-211, 212, 214, 216, 351

strain, 202, 211-213, 214-216, 356, 357

strainmeters, 17-18 (n.15), 42, 64, 93(n.62/n.63), 176, 201, 209, 212, 215, 216, 231, 283, 353, 354, 368

Geodynamics, 53

Geological Survey, see U.S. Geological Survey

Geology, general, 176, 216-229, 276

see also Basin effects;

Faulting and fault systems;

Paleoseismology;

Tectonics

active faults, geological record, 1, 216, 351

fault-zone geology, 353, 356

geochronology, 222-224

neotectonics, 11, 128, 137, 216, 217, 224-226, 356-357

remote sensing, 216-222

rupture processes, 368

Gilbert, G.K., 54, 216

Global Fault Mapping Project, 390

Global Positioning System (GPS), 131, 134, 151, 176-177, 201-215 (passim), 217, 322-323, 353, 354, 356, 358, 362, 376, 386, 389, 398

Plate Boundary Observatory, 17-18(n.15), 204-205, 209, 353, 354, 355, 358, 364, 382, 392

Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), 137, 139, 360-361, 390

Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 178-182, 190, 359, 388, 390

Global Strain Rate Map Project, 361, 390

Greece, 220

Ground shaking, 1, 2, 8, 15, 23, 28, 33, 44, 74, 116, 369-376

see also Acceleration;

Liquefaction;

Strong-motion seismology;

Velocity;

Vibration;

terms beginning “Seis…”

building codes, 67-68, 70-71, 73, 152, 157, 158-159

engineering for, 15, 65-68, 70, 71-74, 152, 155, 157-159, 377-378

hazard analysis, 71-73, 77, 107-108, 110-114, 121-122, 136, 149, 151, 155, 156, 318-322, 323-324

hypocenters, 112

modeling, 318-322, 370, 371, 377

paleoseismology, 227

peak ground acceleration (PGA), 8, 67-68, 71-72, 74-75, 77, 78, 192

hazard analysis, 110, 122, 319, 320

seismic hazard maps, 124, 139

peak ground velocity (PGV), 110, 322

portable arrays, 193

prediction, 177, 318-322, 369-376, 377-378, 386, 387, 388;

see also “hazard analysis” supra

rupture dynamics, 282, 292, 293-294, 309

seismic networks, 189-190

shear stress, 112, 113-114

time factors, 71, 110-111, 308, 321-322, 377, 391

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

warning systems, 161-163

wave propagation and scattering, 110-114, 177, 369-370, 371, 373, 375

Groundwater, 15, 61, 205, 279

pore fluids/pressure, 54, 240, 262, 276, 278, 279, 280, 309, 389

Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, 156

Gutenberg, Beno, 32, 33-35, 56, 257

Gutenberg-Richter relation, 33, 34, 35, 38, 51, 56, 122, 257, 259, 261, 268, 273

H

Hawaii, 10, 119, 136-137, 138, 271

Hayward fault, 85(n.15), 123, 128, 293

Hazardous materials, 149, 153, 397

nuclear power plants, 74, 76, 165(n.2), 397

Hazards and hazard analysis, 2, 6, 11, 13, 15, 107-147, 151-152, 185, 193, 256, 262, 314-324, 358, 376-378, 387, 388, 390

see also Prediction;

Risk assessment;

Seismic hazard maps

active faults, general, 108, 151, 152, 153, 267-268

basin effects, 151, 371, 375

California, 114, 123-129, 152-153, 363

San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392

Southern California Earthquake Center, 128, 190, 318, 356, 376

clustering, 316-317

developing countries, 137

emergency response and, 162-163, 376, 384, 386

engineering, 122-123, 152-159, 376

fault systems, 108, 151-153, 315-317

fires, 2, 8, 21, 28, 105(n.157), 149, 165(n.2)

flooding, 114, 149;

see also Tsunamis

Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), 137, 139, 360-361, 390

ground shaking, 71-73, 77, 107-108, 110-114, 121-122, 136, 149, 151, 155, 156, 318-322, 323-324

historical perspectives, 74-80, 315

landslides, 108, 114, 117-120 (passim), 131, 153

lateral spreading, 108, 114, 116-117

paleoseismology, 130, 131, 137, 147

probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), 77, 79-80, 122, 124, 137, 314, 315, 317-318, 377, 380

site response characterization, 73, 74, 113, 151, 319-321

slippage, faults, 107-108, 123, 140,315-316

strike-slip faults, 108, 123, 144-145, 360

subduction, 129-130, 137, 140-142

tectonics, 108, 137-147 (passim), 182

thrust faults, 128, 135-136

types of hazards, 107-121;

see specific hazards supra

wave propagation, 376, 377

HAZUS, 8, 149-151, 162

Hebgen Lake earthquake, 131

Hector Mine earthquake, 13, 50, 128, 206, 211, 213

Historical perspectives, 1, 2, 395

archaeological evidence, 20, 21, 22

computer applications, 70

earthquake science, 19-65, 176

economic losses, 4

engineering, 28, 65-80

fracture mechanics, 30, 47

frictional processes, 26, 46, 47-48, 49, 53, 86(n.18)

geodesy, 25, 26, 64, 176

hazard analysis, 56, 74-80, 315

paleoseismology, 25

prediction, 54-65, 315

seismology, 23-36, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50-52, 176, 303

slippage, faults, 19, 23-26, 28, 36, 42, 43, 46, 55

tectonics, 23-24, 26, 30-31, 36-47, 53, 55-56, 256,

triangulation, 201-202

warning systems, 159, 161

wave propagation and scattering, 32, 33-34, 36, 83(n.4)

Hollywood fault, 108

Hospitals, 152, 397

Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe), 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379

Hypocenters, 32, 36, 82, 83, 84(n.4)

rupture propagation, 292, 309

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

I

Idaho, 132

Imperial fault, 67, 74, 102(n.133), 123, 268, 321, 327(n.27), 336(n.100, n.104), 339(n.127), 340(n.142)

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), 176, 180-182, 191

Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 180-182, 190, 359, 388, 390

India, 13, 16, 19, 23, 26, 38, 46, 50, 94, 132

Indonesia, 140, 141

Insurance, 13, 54, 147, 163

Interdisciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 17-18(n.15), 205-208, 215, 322-323, 353, 354, 362, 364, 386, 389, 392, 398

Interferometry, see Very long baseline interferometry

Intermontane Western U.S., 101(n.125), 128, 131-132

see also specific states

International Association of Seismology, 87(n.25)

International Building Code, 113

International Data Center, 197

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 137

International GPS Service for Geodynamics, 359

International Lithosphere Project, 361

International Monitoring System, 196

International Ocean Network Program, 358

International perspectives

see also Developing countries;

specific countries

Global Fault Mapping Project, 390

Global Positioning System (GPS), 131, 134, 151, 176-177, 201-215 (passim), 217, 322-323, 353, 354, 356, 358, 362, 376, 386, 389

Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program, 137, 139, 360-361

Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 180-182, 190, 359, 388, 390

Global Strain Rate Map Project, 361

International Seismological Centre, 87(n.25), 180, 196

International Seismological Summary, 32, 34

Internet

public information, 13, 165, 381

seismic information systems, 379

Information technology, see Computer applications

Italy, 33

Izmit earthquake, 16(n.2), 211, 213, 269, 360

J

Japan, 32, 36, 114, 141, 213, 214, 266

Global Positioning System (GPS), 203-204, 212

ground motion measurements, 67, 81

Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe), 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379

Kanto earthquake, 55, 66

Niigata earthquake, 50

Nobi earthquake, 24, 50, 65-66, 97(n.97), 141

strong-motion stations, 191

Tokai seismic gap, 58-59

Tokyo earthquake, 31

warning systems, 161

Jeffreys-Bullen model, 303

Johnson Valley fault, 296

K

Kanto earthquake, 55, 66

Kinematics, faulting, 11, 42, 45, 56, 142, 224, 266-268, 294-295, 361, 364, 375

Kobe earthquake, 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379

Koto, B., 23, 216

Kyoshin Net, 191

L

Laboratory studies, 62, 64, 321, 365, 389-390

damage mechanics, 276, 281

fault-friction processes, 214, 262, 268, 277-280, 282, 365, 390

fracture mechanics, 11-12, 48

frictional processes, general, 11-12, 48, 230-233

rupture dynamics, 282-283

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

shear stress, 230, 279

stick-slip faults, 58, 230, 282

Landers earthquake, 50, 128, 207, 270, 272, 296, 297

Landsat satellites, 216, 219

Landslides, 2, 16(n.2), 44, 87(n.27), 229

hazards, 108, 114, 117-120 (passim), 131, 153, 370

tsunamis and, 119, 120

Land-use policies, 152, 153, 163

Large-Scale Earthquake Countermeasures Act, 59

Laser altimetry, 131, 356, 389

Lateral force, 66, 67, 70-71, 73

Lateral spreading, 16(n.2)

hazards, 108, 114, 116-117

Lawson, Andrew, 28, 30, 55

Legislation, 134

see also building codes

Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Act (California), 153

Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act, 396

Field Act (California), 67

Large-Scale Earthquake Countermeasures Act (Japan), 59

NEHRP Reauthorization Act, 396

Riley Act (California), 67

Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (California), 118, 153

Stafford Act, 118, 153

Lehmann, Inge, 32

LIDAR, 217, 356

Liquefaction, 2, 44, 108, 114-116, 117-118, 136, 227, 229, 370

Lithosphere, 231, 265, 300, 356-357, 385

see also Faulting and fault systems;

Subduction;

Tectonics

central and eastern U.S., 132, 134

continental, 46, 144, 147, 191, 257

oceanic, 40-43, 46, 47, 137-140, 266, 357-358

stress observations and modeling, 239

tomographic mapping, 182

wave propagation, 309

Lithology, 232, 260, 266, 274, 279, 342-343(n.156)

Loma Prieta earthquake, 28, 50, 60, 112, 153, 212, 286, 304

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 397

Los Angeles, California, 128, 193

building codes, 67

ground shaking, 71

Northridge earthquake, 50, 73, 111-112, 118, 131, 156, 187, 289, 309, 312, 322, 323, 379

seismic networks, 185

tectonic strain, 205

Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment, 193

Lyell, Charles, 23, 145

M

Mainshock, 50-51, 62, 97(n.98), 248(n.70-71, 73), 269-270, 272, 273, 289

Mantle, 32, 38, 43, 45, 112, 303

convection, 40, 42, 47, 182, 265

seismic tomography, 182, 183

Masonry buildings, 6, 67, 109

Mass media, 8-9, 185

McKenzie, Dan, 42

Mechanics, 47-54

see also Fracture mechanics;

Frictional processes;

Rock mechanics;

Shear stress

damage, 276-277

fault, 35-36, 229-240, 276-282, 362

Melting, 45, 171(n.57), 198, 238, 278, 280, 281, 290, 300, 365, 367, 389

Mexico, 50, 61, 112, 113, 304, 355

warning systems, 161

Microcracking, 62, 64, 96(n.88), 233, 280

Microseismicity, 188, 189, 275, 286, 297, 397

Middle East, 11, 144, 145

see also specific countries and earthquakes

Milne, John, 31, 32, 159, 161

Mines, 185-186, 283

Missouri, New Madrid earthquakes, 122, 133, 134, 229

Mitigation, 14, 102(n.129), 122, 147, 163, 164

see also Emergency response

Models and modeling, 256, 257, 259-261, 397

see also Equations: Laboratory studies;

Prediction

aftershocks, 50-51, 270

digital elevation models, 217, 356, 389

dislocation, 35-36, 49, 51-52

earthquake recurrence intervals, 58

elastic rebound model, 27-31

faults and fault zones, 257, 259-262, 263-264, 265, 274-278, 362-364, 367, 387, 390

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

slip models, 15, 49, 225

see also “rupture dynamics” infra

friction and fracture mechanics, 11-12, 214, 230-231

ground motion, 318-322, 370, 371, 377

rupture dynamics, 177, 282-297 (passim), 300-301, 368-369

seismic-gap method, 55-60

stress, 61, 239-240, 317, 364

tsunamis, 121

wave propagation, 302-314, 369

Modified Mercalli Intensity, 77

Moho reflections, 32, 193, 304, 322, 373

Morgan, Jason, 42

Mountains, 318

see also Orogenesis

Wasatch Front, 54-55

Multidisciplinary approaches, 11, 15, 164-165, 189, 256, 366-367, 378, 380, 382-383, 385, 387

N

Nakano, H., 36

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 202-203, 398

see also EarthScope

National Bureau of Standards, 73

National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, 73

National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), 2, 64, 73, 80, 113, 122, 156, 163, 164, 165, 350, 380, 382, 384, 395-398 (passim)

National Earthquake Information Service, 196

National Earthquake Loss Reduction Program, 398

National Hazard Data Center, 397-398

National Institute of Standards and Technology, 164, 396

National Institutes for Building Standards, 149

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 397-398

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 177

National Science Foundation, 382, 393

see also EarthScope

Earth Science National Laboratory Program, 367

education, 381, 382

Global Seismic Network, 176, 182

Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, 164, 378, 397

National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352

National Strong-Motion Program, 190

NEHRP, see, National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program

NEHRP Reauthorization Act, 396

Neotectonics, 11, 128, 137, 216, 217, 224-226, 356-357

Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, 164, 378, 397

Nevada, 131, 132

New Madrid earthquakes, 122, 133, 134, 229

Newport-Inglewood fault, 123

New Zealand, 114, 171(n.64), 224, 228, 229, 359

Niigata earthquake, 50

Nisqually earthquake, 13, 17(n.12), 18(n.16), 131, 164

Nobi earthquake, 50, 65-66, 97(n.97), 141

Nonlinear behavior, 12, 73, 74, 113, 160, 257, 260, 282, 310, 313, 369, 370, 371

see also Rupture dynamics

tsunamis, 121

North Anatolian fault, 144, 224, 228, 250(n.89), 267, 268, 273, 360

Northridge earthquake, 50, 73, 111-112, 118, 131, 156, 187, 289, 309, 312, 322, 323, 379

Nuclear explosions, 11, 34, 88(n.34), 178, 197

Nuclear power plants, 74, 76, 397

O

Ocean Hemisphere Project, 188

Ocean trenches, 32, 38, 40, 44, 45, 56, 137, 140, 144

Office of Science and Technology, 62

Oil fields and wells, 225, 367

Oldham, R.D., 32

Omori’s Law, 50-51, 270, 271

Oregon, 114, 229

Orogenesis, 45-46

Outreach, see Public education and outreach

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

P

Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 164, 190

Pacific Northwest, 129-131, 212, 229, 266

see also Oregon;

Washington State

Paleomagnetic data, 38, 39

Paleoseismology, 11, 226-229, 268, 274

dendrochronology, 130, 222, 223

hazards, 130, 131, 137, 147

historical perspectives, 25

radiocarbon dating, 130, 223-224, 356

seismic hazard maps, 122

sea level change, 229

Parker, Robert, 42

Parkfield, California, 60, 64, 71, 189, 211, 297, 366

Peak ground acceleration (PGA), 8, 67-68, 71-72, 74-75, 77, 78, 192, 309

seismic hazard maps, 124, 125, 136, 138, 139

Peak ground velocity (PGV), 74, 110, 322

Peru, 50, 114, 115

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, 200

Philippines, 141, 200

Plafker, George, 42

Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO), 17-18(n.15), 204-205, 209, 353, 354, 355, 358, 364, 382, 392

Plate tectonics, see Tectonics

Poisson models, 315, 322

Poland, 186

Political factors, 6, 380

see also Funding

Pore fluids/pressure, 54, 240, 262, 276, 278, 279, 280, 309, 389

Portable arrays, 191, 193, 388-389, 390

aftershocks, 191, 193, 373

Postseismic effects, 102(n.131), 147, 193, 265, 269, 275, 277, 280

frictional processes, 277

geodetic measures, 201, 202, 205, 212

remote sensing, 217

Prediction, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14-15, 151, 214, 256, 257, 262, 274, 315-324, 350, 358-361

see also Hazards and hazard analysis;

Risk assessment;

Seismic hazard maps;

Warning systems

aftershock, 10, 61, 270-271

chaos and, 261-262

economic losses, 5-6, 149

engineering issues, 8, 155-159

geodetic measures, general, 64, 387

ground shaking, 177, 318-322, 369-376, 377-378, 386, 387, 388

historical perspectives, 54-65, 315, 385

intermediate-term, 60-62, 273-274, 314, 361-364, 368, 387

long-term, 54-60, 314, 358, 368, 384, 386-387

Japan, 161

rupture nucleation, 290

seismic-gap method, 55-60, 61, 316

short-term, 62-65, 107, 269-273, 314, 387

volcanoes, 200, 386

Principles of Geology,23, 145

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), 77, 79-80, 122, 124, 137, 314, 315, 317-318, 377, 380

Program of Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere, 191, 358

Project Impact, 164

Project NEPTUNE, 357-358

Project Vela Uniform, 40

Public education and outreach, ix,2, 12-14, 163, 164, 165, 379-382, 383, 384-385, 388

see also Warning systems

building codes, 379-380

mass media, 8-9, 185

rapid dissemination of information, 2, 8-9, 83

seismic networks, 185

R

Radiocarbon dating, 130, 223-224, 225, 356

Rapid Array Mobilization Program, 191

Ray theory, 303

Real-time analysis, 8, 147, 155, 161, 162, 163, 174(n.101), 175(n.109), 176, 178, 185, 188, 203, 352, 376, 386

von Rebeur-Paschwitz, Ernst, 31

Regulatory issues, 163, 379-380, 384

see also Building codes;

Land-use policies;

Legislation;

Standards

Reid, Henry Fielding, 30-31, 47, 55, 58, 214

Remote sensing, 12, 216-222, 356, 368, 398

see also Satellite technology

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

Response spectra, 70, 71, 74, 76, 79, 159, 312, 319, 347(n.201)

Retrofitting, 6, 13, 16(n.2), 54, 147, 152-153, 155, 156, 163, 164

Reverse faults, 40, 42, 53, 128, 225, 248(n.70), 314, 324

Richter (Charles) Scale, 33-35

Rifts, 43, 142

Riley Act (California), 67

Risk assessment, 11, 147-155, 370

see also Hazards and hazard analysis;

Prediction;

Safety issues

economic losses, 5-6, 147, 149-151

mitigation, 14, 122, 147, 163-164

Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas Against Seismic Disasters, 361

Rock deformation, 48, 49, 229-240

cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366

ductility, 46-47, 48, 231

Rockfalls, 114, 198, 229

Rock mechanics, 46-47, 176, 229-240, 276, 279, 280, 291-292

cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366

laboratory studies, 230-234, 279, 280, 281, 365

Rossi-Forel Intensity Scale, 33

Runcorn, S.K., 38

Rupture dynamics, 35-36, 82, 256-257, 282-302, 309, 350, 368

arrest, 295-298

creep, 293, 297

damage mechanics, 276-277

deep-focus earthquakes, 298-301, 369

equations, 282-283, 291

fault zones, 278-282, 296, 362, 367, 368-369

slippage, faults, 283, 284-298 (passim), 301

foreshocks, 286, 290

frictional processes, 301

geology, general, 368

ground shaking, 282, 292, 293-294, 309

hazards and hazard analysis, 107-110, 111-112, 120, 371, 376, 377

hypocenters, 292, 309

laboratory studies, 282-283

modeling, 177, 282-297 (passim), 300-301, 368-369

portable arrays, 193

temperature factors, 282-283, 300

time factors, 293-294, 301-302

velocity, 291, 292, 309

wave propagation, 292, 293-294, 368-369, 375

S

Safety issues, 2-8

see also Building codes;

Emergency response;

Engineering;

Hazards and hazard analysis;

Prediction;

Risk assessment;

Warning systems

cost of safety investments, 6, 154-155, 156-157

San Andreas fault, 27-31, 36, 42, 53-54, 55-60, 124, 128, 211, 225, 228, 238, 267, 279-280, 297

clustering, 269

dendrochronology, 222

Interferomic Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 207

paleoseismology, 177

prediction, 55, 60, 128

seismic networks, 189, 359, 360

San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392

San Francisco, California, 28, 44, 50, 66, 304

geodetic measures, 212

Hayward fault, 85(n.15), 123, 128, 293

hazard, 112, 123, 128, 144

Loma Prieta earthquake, 28, 50, 60, 112, 153, 212, 286, 304

San Jacinto fault, 102(n.133), 123

Satellite technology, 202-203, 216-219, 398

see also EarthScope;

Global Positioning System;

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

laser ranging, 202-203

very long baseline interferometry, 202-203

Seafloor spreading, 38-40, 42, 43, 142, 144, 217

Sea level, 229

Secondary ground failures, 114-118

Sediments and sedimentary basins, 28, 45, 82, 112, 128, 130, 193, 196, 227, 293, 318, 370, 371, 389

liquefaction, 44, 370

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

landslides, 117, 370

radiocarbon dating, 223

wave propagation, 302, 304, 307-308, 310, 311, 314, 369-370

Segmentation, faults, 296, 362

Seismic-gap method, 55-60, 316

Seismic hazard analysis, see Hazards and hazard analysis;

Seismic networks

Seismic Hazard Mapping Act (California), 118, 153

Seismic hazard maps, 15, 79-80, 118, 122-127, 136-139, 152, 153, 386

building codes, 79, 122

cost factors, 123, 318

engineering, 122-123, 318

geodetic measures, 122

paleoseismology, 122

peak ground acceleration (PGA), 124, 125, 136, 138, 139

urban areas, general, 126-127, 152, 153, 318, 371

Seismic information systems, 8-11, 373, 375, 378-379, 388

Seismicity of the Earth,34-35

Seismic moment, 44, 49-54 (passim), 82, 112, 119, 134, 140, 187, 259, 286, 289, 315, 316

Seismic networks, 40, 41, 103(n.138), 134, 161, 162, 176, 178-190, 193, 197-198, 351-352, 357-360, 369, 370-371, 386, 388

acceleration, 179, 185

Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 190, 191, 351-352, 353, 362, 371, 373, 379, 382, 391, 396-397

cost factors, 176, 182, 185, 352, 353, 382

emergency response, 185, 189-190

Federation of Digital Seismographic Networks, 180-182

funding, 176, 182, 185

Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 178-182, 190, 359, 388, 390

ground shaking, 189-190

International Ocean Network Program, 358

National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352

public information, 185

slippage, faults, 185, 189

TERRAscope Network, 185

USArray, 17-18(n.15), 354, 364, 373, 374

World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network, 40, 41, 179, 395

Seismic reflection, 225, 356, 357, 371, 389

Seismic refraction, 112, 356, 357, 371, 389

Seismic tomography, 182, 183, 185, 198, 303-304, 364

Seismology, general, 14-15, 177-201

see also Faulting and fault systems;

Ground shaking;

Prediction;

Strong-motion seismology;

Tectonics;

Wave propagation and scattering

deep-focus earthquakes, 32-35, 42, 43, 47-48, 53, 137, 256

historical perspectives, 23-36, 37, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50-52, 176, 303

nuclear explosions, 11, 34, 88(n.34), 178, 197

volcanism, 198-201

Seismometry, seismograms, and seismographs, 8, 110, 113, 177-201 (passim), 352, 376

see also Seismic networks

epicenters, 32

historical perspectives, 31-36, 40, 49

portable arrays, 191, 193, 388-389, 390

rupture propagation, 292

seismicity catalogs, 196-198, 361-362

travel time, 31-32

ShakeMap, 162

Shear stress, 26, 47, 53, 238, 269, 279

ground shaking, 112, 113-114

laboratory studies, 230, 279

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, 356

Site response characterization, 73, 74, 113, 151, 319-321

Slippage, faults, 15, 64, 128, 225, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264, 267-268, 351, 365

see also Frictional processes;

Shear stress;

Stick-slip faults

afterslip, 341(n.144)

damage mechanics, 276

dip-slip faults, 141, 309

geodetic measures, 201, 209-211, 212, 214, 216, 351

hazards analysis, 107-108, 123, 140, 315-316

historical perspectives, 19, 23-26, 28, 36, 42, 43, 46, 55

rupture dynamics, 283, 284-298 (passim), 301

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

seismic networks, 185, 189

seismic tomography, 185

slip rates, 48, 49, 55, 144, 189, 201, 202, 209-210, 211, 225, 230, 231, 262, 266, 277, 278, 290, 294, 302, 351, 356, 360, 385, 387, 389

Slumps, 87(n.27), 108, 114

Social factors

see also Public education and outreach historical perspectives, 19-21

political factors, 6, 380

Soil conditions and types, 320, 324, 375

see also Sediments and sedimentary basins

building codes, 105(n.162), 113, 155, 307-308

liquefaction, 2, 44, 108, 114-116, 117-118, 136, 227, 229, 370

strain, 113, 310-311

wave propagation, 113, 304, 307-308, 313, 321

Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program, 398

Sonar, 217

South Africa, 186, 283

Southern California Earthquake Center, 128, 190, 318, 356, 376

Southern California Seismic Network, 180

South Carolina, 135, 229

Soviet Union, 62

Spirit leveling, 202

Stafford Act, 118, 153

Standards

see also Building codes

earthquake magnitude, 33, 49

ground acceleration and, 68

public education, 13-14, 382

Stick-slip faults, general, 48, 49, 108

laboratory experiments, 58, 230, 282

rupture dynamics, 282, 297

Strain, 19, 42, 48, 269, 275, 365

crustal, 11, 18(n.17), 51, 53, 55, 64, 134, 201, 205, 211

geodetic measures, 202, 211-213, 214-216, 356, 357;

see also Strainmeters

ground failure, 108

soils, 113, 310-311

Strainmeters, 17-18 (n.15), 42, 64, 93(n.62/ n.63), 176, 201, 209, 212, 215, 216, 231, 283, 353, 354, 368

Stress, 18(n.17), 26-27, 43-54 (passim), 60, 61, 66, 108, 113, 147, 211, 212, 230-233 (passim), 237, 256, 263, 269-274, 297, 301, 368

see also Shear stress

compressive, 26, 279

models, 61, 239-240, 317, 364

volcanoes, 137, 201

Strike-slip faults, general, 26, 43, 45, 46, 49, 53, 236

hazard analysis, 108, 123, 144-145, 360

wave propagation, 309

Strong-motion seismology, 190-191, 304, 318-324, 367-368, 370-376, 377, 386, 388, 390-391

acceleration, 190, 318-322

attenuation, 190, 318-319, 373

computer simulations, 370-371

engineering, 190, 318-319, 371

seismic information systems, 8-11, 373, 375, 378-379

time history, 308, 321-322, 377

urban areas, general, 191, 352, 370-371

Structural Engineers Association of Northern California, 71, 153

Subduction, 40-43, 45, 48, 387

hazard analysis, 129-130, 137, 140-142

seismic tomography, 182

strong-motion seismology, 191, 318-319

tsunamis, 120

uplift and subsidence, 114

volcanoes, 137, 200

Subsidence, 16(n.2), 38, 108, 114, 229

Sumba earthquake, 50

Suruga Trough, 59

Sykes, Lynn, 39-40, 43, 56

System Probatoire pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT), 216

T

Taiwan, 50, 109, 161, 191, 221

Tectonics, 11, 55-56, 182, 309, 314

see also EarthScope;

Faulting and fault systems;

Geodesy;

Rupture dynamics;

seafloor spreading;

Shear stress;

Slippage, faults;

Subduction

deformation, 23, 45-47, 56, 108, 135, 176-177, 201, 274

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

geodetic measures, 201-211 (passim), 212, 214, 216, 354

hazard analysis, 108, 137-147, 182

historical perspectives, 23-24, 26, 30-31, 36-47, 53, 55-56, 256

neotectonics, 11, 128, 137, 216, 217, 224-226, 356-357

orogenesis, 46

volcanoes, 199-201

Telemetry, 182, 185, 188, 193

USArray, 354

TERRAscope Network, 185

Temperature factors

see also Volcanism

fault and rock mechanics, 47, 230, 233, 237, 238, 239, 277-280, 389

heat flow, 35, 53

mantle convection, 265

melting, 45, 171(n.57), 198, 238, 278, 280, 281, 290, 300, 365, 367, 389

rupture dynamics, 282-283, 300

Thrust faults, general, 26, 38, 42, 59, 195, 208, 226, 228, 238, 314, 357

blind thrust faults, 84-85(n.9), 128, 129, 208, 225, 226, 228, 356

hazard analysis, 128, 135-136

Time factors

see also Emergency response;

Prediction;

Warning systems

aftershocks, 50-51, 61, 269-272

clustering, 56, 61, 189, 229, 268-274, 315, 316-317, 358, 361-362, 388-389

faulting, 12, 30, 58, 177, 193, 264-265, 266-268, 269-275, 322, 376

ground motion, 71, 110-111, 321-322, 391

strong-motion seismology, 308, 321-322, 377

rupture dynamics, 293-294, 301-302

seismic-gap method, 55, 316

seismicity catalogs, 196

slip rates, 48, 49, 55, 144, 189, 201, 202, 209-210, 211, 225, 230, 231, 262, 266, 277, 278, 290, 294, 302, 351, 356, 360, 385, 387, 389

tsunamis, 165(n.1)

Tiltmeters, 64, 200, 209, 216

du Toit, A.L., 38

Tokai seismic gap, 58-59

Tomography, see Seismic tomography

Topography, 131, 216-217, 356

Tree-ring dating, see Dendrochronology

Triangulation, 201-202, 203, 208-209

Trilateration, 202, 203

Tsunamis, 10, 44-45, 119-121, 131, 227, 292-293

damage costs, 119, 292-293

prediction, 119-121, 386

Tunnels, 12, 108

see also Boreholes;

Mines

Turkey, 16(n.2), 19, 50, 117, 171(n.64), 191, 224, 359, 360

Izmit earthquake, 16, 211, 213

North Anatolian fault, 144, 224, 228, 250(n.89), 267, 268, 273, 360

Turner, H.H., 32

U

UBC, see Uniform Building Code

Uncertainty

earthquake scaling, 268

hazard estimates, 6, 71, 157, 319

prediction, general, 63, 64, 149, 264

seismometers, 32

Uniform Building Code (UBC), 66, 71, 73, 79, 113, 322

United Nations, 137

Uplift, 23, 42, 46, 60, 108, 114, 130, 131, 227

see also Orogenesis

Urban areas, general, 2, 7, 11, 73, 82-83, 156, 350, 371, 388, 389

see also Buildings;

Emergency response;

specific cities, states and countries

Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 191, 352, 371, 373, 379, 391, 396-397

cost of safety measures, 6

economic losses, 3, 4, 5-6, 14, 384

historic perspectives, 11

seismic hazard maps, 126-127, 152, 153, 318, 371

strong-motion seismology, 191, 352, 370-371

USArray, 17-18(n.15), 354, 364, 373, 374

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 79, 91(n.53)

U.S. Geological Survey, 10, 189, 280, 356, 366, 392-393

see also EarthScope

Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 190, 191, 351-352, 353, 362, 371, 373, 379, 382, 391, 396-397

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
×

Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 178-182, 190, 359, 388, 390

hazard analysis, general, 73, 79, 122, 164-165, 317-318, 380

National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), 2, 64, 73, 80, 113, 122, 156, 163, 164, 165, 350, 380, 382, 384, 395-396

National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352

portable arrays, 191

prediction, 60, 64

public education, 381

seismicity catalogs, 196

strong-motion seismology, 190

warning systems, 161, 162

Utah, 131, 268

V

Vela Uniform, 395

Velocity, 232, 257, 297

compressional wave, 62

ground, 8, 73, 177, 308, 322, 323

peak ground velocity (PGV), 74, 110, 322

rupture dynamics, 291, 292, 309

seismic, 32, 43, 112, 177, 189, 302, 303, 314, 318, 321-322, 364, 371, 377

shear wave, 49, 62, 113, 319, 371

slip, 230, 231, 262, 277-278, 281, 290, 294, 302

Very long baseline interferometry, 202-203

Vibration, 70, 71, 95(n.81), 156, 178, 322

see also Ground shaking

Vibroseis studies, 189, 193, 196, 373

Viscoelastic behavior, 155, 156, 211, 213, 275, 319, 335(n.95), 362

Viscosity, 264, 265

Volcanism, 11, 198-201

continental lithosphere, 43

damage costs, 200

geodetic measures, 209, 353

hazards, 137, 386

historical perspectives, 23

ocean lithosphere, 43

stress, 137, 201

subduction, 137, 200

tsunamis and, 119

W

Warning systems, 10, 64, 119, 159-163

computer applications, 161-163

historical perspectives, 159, 161

Wasatch Front, 54-55

Washington State, 129, 130-131, 164, 212, 229

dendrochronology, 222

Nisqually earthquake, 13, 17(n.12), 18(n.16), 131, 164

strong-motion seismology, 191

subsidence, 114

Wave propagation and scattering, 10-11, 177-178, 193, 302-314

see also Attenuation;

Seismometry, seismograms, and seismographs

aftershocks, 270, 272

basin effects, 193, 194, 302, 311, 375;

see also “sedimentary basins” infra

compressional waves, 34, 36

elastic waves, 11, 36, 198, 303, 304, 308, 375

equations, 303, 304, 309

ground shaking, 110-114, 177, 369-370, 371, 373, 375

hazard analysis, 376, 377

historical perspectives, 19, 28, 32, 33-34, 36, 42

modeling, 302-314, 369

rupture dynamics, 292, 293-294, 368-369, 375

sedimentary basins, 302, 304, 307-308, 310, 311, 314, 369-370

soil conditions, 113, 304, 307-308, 313, 321

strike-slip faults, 309

Waves, tsunamis, see Tsunamis

Wegener, Alfred, 36, 38

World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network, 40, 41, 179, 395

World Wide Web, see Internet

Wyoming, 131

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10493.
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Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science Get This Book
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The destructive force of earthquakes has stimulated human inquiry since ancient times, yet the scientific study of earthquakes is a surprisingly recent endeavor. Instrumental recordings of earthquakes were not made until the second half of the 19th century, and the primary mechanism for generating seismic waves was not identified until the beginning of the 20th century.

From this recent start, a range of laboratory, field, and theoretical investigations have developed into a vigorous new discipline: the science of earthquakes. As a basic science, it provides a comprehensive understanding of earthquake behavior and related phenomena in the Earth and other terrestrial planets. As an applied science, it provides a knowledge base of great practical value for a global society whose infrastructure is built on the Earth's active crust.

This book describes the growth and origins of earthquake science and identifies research and data collection efforts that will strengthen the scientific and social contributions of this exciting new discipline.

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