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Technique
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Application to the Field
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Application to Solid Phase
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Single vs. Lumped Processes
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Physical/chemical characterization of the solid phase
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General characteristics
• Organic carbon content
• Particle/grain size
• pH
• CEC
• HA/FA
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2
Can test field samples in the laboratory.
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3
Directly relevant to solid phase in situ; necessary to understand solid phase reactions.
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2
Measures are the outcome of lumped processes, but can be used to interpret single processes.
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Specific structures
• Characterization of carbonaceous and other solid phases using NMR, petrography, EA, IR/FTIR.
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2
Can test field samples in the laboratory.
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3
Directly measures the solid phase.
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2
Determines nature of the phase but not contaminant-phase interactions.
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Specific forms of contaminant bound to solids
• XRD and SEM
• XAS
• μL2MS
• SIMS
• NMR
• EPR
• XPS
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2
Some methods hard to use on natural particles. Detection limits of equipment can cause problems in natural settings.
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3
Directly applicable to solid phase.
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3
Uniquely suited to identify mechanisms of association.
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Extraction of soils and sediments for inorganic contaminants
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Extracts that change the solid phase
• Conventional
• Sequential
• TCLP, SPLP
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2
Can extract field soils and sediments, but must remove from field for test.
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2
Concentration extracted is qualitatively or operationally related to associations (form) in the solid phase.
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1
Operational measure that lumps different association/dissociation processes.
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