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The Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century
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Index
A
ABS Immunization Calendar program, 336-337
Academia, xvi-xvii, 15-18, 29, 32-33, 358-395
see also Professional education;
Schools of public health
academic health centers, 239, 250-251, 252
accreditation, 360-361, 368
assessment efforts, 364, 374, 378
Association of Schools of Public Health, 122, 360-361, 394
attitudes, research on200, 392-393
CDC support, 16-17, 99, 368, 371-372, 373, 381, 382-386, 390-392
community-level efforts, 359, 363, 372, 373-374, 375, 377-381, 386-395
community public health degrees, 361
competency-based learning, 33, 363, 419, 422, 437
Council on Linkages between Academia and Public Health Practice, 5, 9, 118, 120, 161
credentialing, 122, 359, 364
curricula, 15, 117, 121, 125-126, 418, 419, 422(n.9), 423
defined, 359
doctorate of public health, 360, 361
epidemiology, 374-375
financing, 16, 111, 367-374, 395
health care delivery system, cooperative efforts, 5, 6, 155-158, 250-251, 360, 365, 375, 381
interdisciplinary approaches, 16, 235, 360, 362, 363-367, 371, 372, 376
international cooperation, 166, 358
leadership training, 5-6, 16, 389, 393
mass media, use of, 324, 388
master of public health degree, 360, 361, 365, 366, 367, 372
obesity prevention, 81-82, 375-376
partnerships, 5, 6, 119, 120, 250-251, 358, 360, 364, 365, 372, 377, 378, 379, 380, 388-392, 394
policy development, 374, 388, 419
population studies and interventions, 360, 375, 376-377
practice scholarship, 393-395
preventive medicine and health promotion, 16, 17, 361, 364, 365, 375
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 5, 6, 155-158, 250-251, 360, 365, 375, 381
public health worker training partnerships, 119, 120
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racial/ethnic issues, 358, 362, 372, 419
rural areas, 250, 376
safety-net providers, 219
service, 373-374, 387-395
service learning, 373-374, 391-392
wages of faculty and staff, 361, 365-366
Access to services, 22, 24, 25, 32, 212, 213-220
see also Health insurance;
Managed care organizations;
Outreach;
Safetynet services
community health centers, 153-154, 215, 219
community-level collaborations, 192, 451
federal guarantees, 168
hospitals, 63
minorities, 63, 222-223, 233
obesity, 81
population-level studies and interventions, 71
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 244, 257
public transportation, 36
race/ethnicity, 62-63
social connectedness, 65
socioeconomic status, 233, 239
transportation, 36, 238
Accidents and injuries, 20-21
community-level collaborations, 192, 198, 253
seat belts, xv, 73-74, 240
teen driving behavior, 386
uninsured, emergency care, 217-218
workplace, 276, 277, 284-288
Accountability, xiv, 4, 7, 33, 34, 101, 444
Department of Health and Human Resources funding, 115, 150
emergency preparedness, 147
federal agency organization, 163
local government, 415
public health agencies, 413
public health leadership and, 121-122
Accreditation of institutions
hospitals, 157
public health agencies, 9, 155, 156, 157-158
schools of public health, 360-361, 368
Administration for Children and Families, 114
Administration on Aging, 114
Adolescents, 187, 451, 458
see also School-based interventions
Advocates for Youth, 328
alcohol abuse, 278
diabetes management, 386
employment, 203
immunizations, 223
parental expectations and teen behaviors, 386
smoking, 321
teenage pregnancy, 203, 340
Advertising, 307-308, 323-324, 337
alcoholic beverages, 76
community-based collaborations, 196, 197
media advocacy, 338
population-level studies and interventions, 76
professional education, 240
public service announcements, 15, 319-324
social marketing, 14, 117, 125, 201, 282, 299, 319, 326, 333-338
tobacco, 76, 196
Advocacy
AIDS, 310
committee study at hand, methodology, xiv
community-level collaborations, 190, 192, 202, 255, 458
diet, 340
media, 338-341
obesity, 81
public health infrastructure, 100
public health worker training, 117
Advocates for Youth, 328
African Americans, 61, 62
community-level collaboration, 190, 191, 197-198, 444-449
digital divide, 331-332
health care professionals of African American origin, 235
health insurance coverage and preventive care, 222-223
infant morality, 20, 21
oral disease, 230
poverty, 63
religious influences, 190, 191, 194
Age factors, xii
see also Adolescents;
Children;
Elderly persons;
Longevity
AIDS, media coverage, 309
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employer health promotion/prevention measures, 274
nursing shortages, 236-237
population dynamics, 12, 28, 35
population-level studies and interventions, 75
preventive care, insurance coverage, 222, 230-231, 274
professional training, 367
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 112
Agency for International Development, 165
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 112, 117, 118, 132, 163
Agenda setting theory, 344-345
AIDS, see HIV/AIDS
AIDS Federal Policy Act, 310
Air pollution, 54
Alcohol abuse, 228, 278
advertising, 76
cost factors, 228, 229, 276, 278
counseling, 223
employees, 274, 275, 276-277
entertainment television, 324-325, 328-329
media advocacy, 339-341
preventive interventions, 275, 276-277
Ambulatory care, see Outpatient care
American Academy of Pediatrics, 328
American Hospital Association, 237, 238, 253
American Indians
state program participation, 103
tribal governments, 102-103, 421-422
American Medical Association, 363
American Psychological Association, 328
American Public Health Association (APHA), 122, 156, 363
America’s Children: Health Insurance and Access to Care, 218
America’s Health Care Safety Net: Intact but Endangered, 220-221
Animal studies
see also Veterinarians
bioterrorism, 139
social isolation, 65
toxic substances, 164
Anthrax, 96, 106, 124, 142, 247, 317-318
Antibiotics
drug-resistant pathogens, 1, 21
information systems, 249
Asians
community-level interventions, 457-460
health care professionals, 235
Assessment, 32, 411, 412, 413
see also Credentialing;
Outcome assessment;
Performance standards;
Quality of care;
Research methodology
academic research, 364, 374, 378
accreditation, institutions
bioterrorism response, 141-143
community-level efforts, 11, 184, 186, 187-189, 191, 194, 196-197, 198-201, 202-203, 297, 406-409 (passim), 446, 447-449, 452, 456-457
employees, health promotion programs, 279-280, 281-283
of health care professionals, 5, 6, 366
health officials, 7, 113, 150, 163
industrial pollution control, 290
local level, 7, 8, 11, 141-142
mass media interventions, 321, 324-327, 345-347
peer review, 16, 27, 382, 383, 385, 388, 393
professional education, 366-367
public health agencies, general, 141-143, 156-157
public health laboratories, 8, 140
public health worker training, 119, 430
system-wide, 7, 99
Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health, 156, 406
Association of Health Care Journalists, 316-317
Association of Public Health Laboratories, 130, 137, 138
Association of Schools of Public Affairs and
Administration, 361
Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH), xi(n.1), 122, 360-361, 394
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO), 9, 122, 148, 155, 156, 158, 168, 332
Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine, 361
Association of University Programs in Health Administration, 361
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Assurance, 8, 22, 83, 98, 114, 411, 412, 413-414
academic research, 374
accreditation of public health agencies, 157
environmental safety, 116
privacy, 136
safety-net services, 257
uninsured persons, 154, 247
Asthma, 54, 56, 62, 63, 128, 218, 234, 239, 286, 386, 446
Attitudes and beliefs
academic research, 200, 392-393
AIDS discrimination, 310
alcohol and substance abuse, 228
community-level collaborations, 184, 193, 194, 200
companies, public opinion, 298
crime, public opinion, 311
employees, 282
health belief model, 342
health care system decisionmakers, 24
industrial pollution, 291
institutional and organizational, 17
mass media, 307-308, 310, 313-315, 317, 318, 322, 333
minority physicians, 236
oral diseases, 229
parental expectations and teen behaviors, 386
political, 417
professional education, 373-374, 420
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 244
research methodology, 347
smoking, 76
uninsured persons, 216
B
Behavioral risk factors, 21, 24, 39, 50, 57, 275
see also Accidents and injuries;
Alcohol abuse;
Obesity;
Preventive interventions and health promotion;
Smoking;
Substance abuse
academic research, 374, 375, 377
chronic conditions, general, 234
community-level collaborations, 186, 189, 191, 196-198
counseling, 81, 102, 105, 196, 222, 223, 224, 234, 274, 282, 458
employees, 275-281 (passim)
health insurance and, 218
mass media, 307-308
race/ethnicity and, 61
social connectedness, 65
socioeconomic status, 60
Biostatistics, 105, 116, 316, 360, 372, 419
Bioterrorism, 1, 3, 7, 21, 27, 40, 234
anthrax, 96, 106, 124, 142, 247, 317-318
assessment, 141-143
CDC response, 124, 134, 143-144, 145
DHHS, 124, 143
diagnosis, 96, 218
Enhanced Surveillance Project, 131
funding for preparedness, 7, 26-27, 137-138, 139, 140, 144-147
health insurance coverage, 218
information/communication systems, 3, 99-100, 124, 132-133, 134, 142
local public health agencies, 96, 137-138, 139, 140, 141-147, 160
mass media, 142, 317-318
physician reports, 247, 248
public health agency response, 96, 100, 137-138, 139, 140, 141-147
state law reform, 106, 107
Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Initiative, 143
Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Program, 143
Birth defects, 21, 55
Black persons, see African Americans
Block grants, 150-152, 228-229, 245, 444
Body mass index, 48-50
Bureau of Health Professions, 371
C
California Public Employees Retirement System, 272
Cancer
breast, 197-198
diagnosis and screening, 197-198, 224, 240, 274
international efforts, 20-21
National Cancer Institute, 276
oral, 230
racial/ethnic disparities in treatment, 231
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Cardiovascular disease, 275, 277
see also Hypertension
community-level collaborations, 188, 191
occupational status, 66
preventive interventions, 224, 275
race/ethnicity, 62
social connectedness, 64, 65
socioeconomic status, 58
Categorical grants, general, 8, 115, 127, 150, 151-152, 160
Center for Genomics and Public Health, 390, 394
Center for Infectious Disease Research Policy, 139
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 5, 99-101
academia, support of, 16-17, 99, 368, 371-372, 373, 381, 382-386, 390-392
accreditation, institutions, 9, 155, 157-158
bioterrorism response, 124, 134, 143-144, 145
budget, 386
Centers, Institutes, and Offices, 381, 382
communication technology, 128, 131-133, 134, 136
community-level interventions, 188, 386, 390-391
investigator-initiated research, 16, 382-383, 385
mass media, entertainment television, 326
National Center for Environmental Health, 10, 163
National Center for Health Statistics, 114
National Electronic Disease Surveillance System, 128, 132
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 283
National Public Health Performance Standards Program, 150, 155, 157
obesity, 76-77
performance standards, 155
preventive interventions, 16, 55, 74, 76-77, 99-100, 117-121 (passim), 381, 382-386, 390-391
professional education, 12, 16-17, 368, 371, 373, 374, 423
public health laboratories, 137, 138, 140
public health worker training
research agenda, 9, 161
smoking, 74
state law reform, 106-107
surveillance, 128, 129, 131-133, 140, 248, 249-250
toxic substances, 55
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 114
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 245
Centers for Prevention Research, 99
Centers for Public Health Preparedness, 100, 394
Centers, Institutes, and Offices (CIO-CDC), 381, 382
Certified Health Education Specialist, 122
C. Everett Koop National Health Award, 299
Chemical terrorism, 138, 139, 141
Children, 12, 36
see also Adolescents;
Infants;
Schoolb ased interventions
Administration for Children and Families, 114
community-level interventions, 187, 386, 444, 458
competencies of health care workers, 433-434
dental care, 229-230
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment program, 224-225, 226
employee leave to care for, 288
entertainment television, 328-329
immunizations, 111, 223, 274, 336-337, 362, 386
news media coverage, 311-313
obesity, 78
preventive interventions, 224, 226, 386
public health worker training, 117
toxic substances, 55
uninsured, 216, 217, 218, 220
Cholesterol, 275
Chronic conditions, 12, 20, 21, 27, 212
see also Cardiovascular disease;
Diabetes
asthma, 54, 56, 62, 63, 128, 218, 234, 239, 286, 386, 446
birth defects, 21, 55
community-level collaborations, 193-194, 444, 449
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defined, 232
demographic factors, general, 35
disabled persons, 215, 232
educational attainment and, 21, 59
elderly persons, 35, 232-236
health care delivery system, 212, 229, 231, 232-234, 236-237
health insurance, 214, 216, 234-235, 240
historical perspectives, xii, 79
managed care, 240
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 100
nursing shortages, 236-237
oral diseases and, 229
quality of care, general, 232-234
surveillance, 128, 130
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 137
Coalitions, see Community partnerships, coalitions, and collaboration;
Partnerships, coalitions, and collaboration
Cognitive theory, 343-344
Collaboration, see Partnerships, coalitions, and collaboration
Colleges and universities, see Academia
Communication, xiii, xiv, 4, 6, 10, 15, 34, 37, 131-134
see also Information systems;
Internet;
Mass media
bioterrorism response, 3, 99-100, 124, 132-133, 134, 142, 144
CDC, technological innovation, 128, 131-133, 134, 136
community-level, 11, 14, 184, 189, 299-300
corporate/community, 299-300
Health Alert Network, 99-100, 124, 132-133, 134, 143, 144, 146
health care delivery system, 213
health officials’ role, 6, 124, 125, 132, 135, 168
infrastructure costs, 136, 139, 243, 256
local public health agencies, 134, 143, 159-160
National Information Infrastructure, 134-135
partnerships, 6, 34, 392
professional training, 123-126, 367
schools of public health, 132, 333
standards, 39, 130, 132, 139, 144, 242-243
technical assistance, 139, 242-244, 307
technological innovations, 35, 37-38, 39, 131-133, 134, 136
Community and Migrant Health Centers, 111
Community-based factors and interventions, xv-xvi, 2, 11, 22, 178-204
see also Community partnerships, coalitions, and collaboration;
Local factors
academia, 359, 363, 372, 373-374, 375, 377-381, 386-395
academic health centers, 239, 250-251, 252
access to services, 192, 451
accidents and injuries, 192, 198, 253
African Americans, 190, 191, 197-198, 444-449
Asians, 457-460
assessment, 11, 184, 186, 187-189, 191, 194, 196-197, 198-201, 202-203, 297, 406-409 (passim), 446, 447-449, 452, 456-457
children, 187, 386, 444, 458
committee study at hand, methodology, 441
communication, 11, 14, 184, 189, 299-300
community health centers, 153-154, 215, 219, 251
definitional issues, 160-161, 178-180, 387, 394
demonstration projects, 13, 204, 253
determinants of health, 179, 188, 447-448, 456, 457
ecological models, 51-53, 68-71
employer/business role, 13, 187, 188, 193, 201, 203, 253-254, 255, 268, 290, 292-300
entertainment media, 327
environmental factors, 54, 186, 187, 188, 192-196, 386
epidemiology, 200-201
essential services, 32, 33, 160, 161, 179, 185, 460
ethical issues, 200-201
funding, 11, 183, 201, 203, 204, 253, 254, 444, 449, 454, 456, 457
globalization and, 180
governance, 184-186
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health care delivery system, 213, 251-252
Healthy People 2010, 19
Hispanics, 457-460
historical perspectives, 178, 179
hospitals, 182, 187, 202, 251, 252-253
information systems, 184, 189
intersectoral models, 52
leadership, 11, 184, 196, 201, 204, 254, 292, 293, 297-298, 389, 393
media interventions, 81, 338, 339-340
obesity, 80, 81, 82, 187, 197, 198
outcome assessment, 11, 198-199
outreach, 111, 192, 202-203, 394, 445, 447, 450, 458
participatory research, 201, 346, 359, 377-378, 380-381, 393, 427
performance standards, 156, 160, 186, 193-196, 409-420
prevention and health promotion, 17, 80, 81, 183, 187, 190, 191, 192-194, 196-197, 198, 204, 253, 292, 327, 373, 378, 386-387, 389, 392-393, 407-408, 445-460 (passim)
professional training, 202, 203, 235, 362, 371, 373-374, 449
private sector, 182-183
public goods, 22-23
public health agency involvement, 181, 182, 246
public health function of state, 98
public health worker training, 117, 119
religious influences, 190-191
safety-net services, 153-154, 215, 219, 446
small and remote communities, 98, 108, 134, 160, 161, 188, 250, 415
state law, 106
taxation, 182, 253
technical assistance, 388, 393, 394
Turning Point initiative, xiii, xiv(n.3), 4(n.1), 106, 107, 121, 182-183, 184, 185, 203, 337, 442, 443, 451, 452, 454
Community health centers, 153-154, 215, 219, 251
Community Health Improvement Process (CHIP), 409-410
Community Health Status Indicators Project, 332-333
Community partnerships, coalitions, and collaboration, xi, 33, 34, 99, 142, 180, 181-182, 183, 185, 187, 204, 254, 255, 299, 377, 378, 379, 387, 388-391, 394, 441, 444-460
see also School-based interventions
advertising, 196, 197
advocacy, 190, 192, 202, 255, 458
African Americans, 190, 191, 197-198, 444-449
Asians, 457-460
attitudes affecting, 184, 193, 194, 200
behavioral risk factors, 186, 189, 191, 196-198
cardiovascular disease, 188, 191
CDC role, 188, 386, 390-391
chronic conditions, 193-194, 444, 449
crime, 70, 71, 180, 339-340, 445, 447, 458
cultural factors, 194-195, 197, 198, 200, 204, 458-459
diagnosis and screening, 197-198
elderly persons, 187, 458
employers and businesses, 187, 188, 193, 201, 203, 253-254, 255, 268, 290, 292-300
environmental health factors, 54, 186, 187, 188, 192-196, 386
epidemiology, 200-201
exercise, physical, 187, 188, 191, 194, 197
federal role, general, 11, 188, 203
food and nutrition, 187, 188, 191, 194, 197, 458
gender factors, 183-184, 191, 197-198, 446-447, 458
health insurance, 254, 458
health officials’ role, 179, 181, 272-273, 298
health workers, 191-192, 194, 427
Hispanics, 457-460
HIV/AIDS, 183-184, 444, 449, 458
information systems, 184, 189
Internet, 189
language factors, 178, 180
leadership, 11, 196, 201, 204, 254, 292, 293, 297-298, 389, 393
local public health agencies, 181, 185-186, 187, 191-192, 202, 203, 204, 408, 454, 458, 459-460
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mass media, 188, 196, 197, 202, 253, 254-255, 311-313, 388
mental health, 193, 451, 458
models, 186-199, 203, 393-394, 406-410
monitoring, 33, 408
nonprofit organizations, 181-182, 194, 252-253, 449, 451, 457, 459
obesity, 187, 197, 198
organizational factors, 22, 179, 180-199, 202, 203
outreach, 111, 192, 202-203, 394, 445, 447, 450, 458
performance standards, 409, 410
personal health, 449
political influences, 192, 195-196
population studies and interventions, 198-199, 378, 387
public education, 191, 192, 194, 197, 449, 458
racial/ethnic factors, 184, 190, 191, 197-198, 201, 444-449
religious influences, 190, 191, 454
risk factors, 186, 191, 193-198
sexually transmitted diseases, 183-184, 444, 449, 458
smoking, 188, 196
social factors, 184, 188, 204, 451
substance abuses, 203, 445
technical assistance, 11, 184, 202, 203, 388, 393, 394
toxic substances, 312-313, 390
Turning Point initiative, xiii, xiv(n.3), 4(n.1), 106, 107, 121, 182-183, 184, 185, 203, 337, 442, 443, 451, 452, 454
urban areas, 187, 374, 444-460
Community Voices, 184, 442-459 (passim)
Competencies of health workers, 15, 100-101, 154, 418, 422, 423-440
see also Credentialing
academia’s responsibilities, 33, 363, 419, 422, 437
accounting, 425
bioterrorism/emergency response, 426-427, 428
child care, 433-434
communication skills, 126, 417
community-level health, 191-192, 194, 427
computer applications, 433
core, 7, 120, 125, 363, 372, 424, 425-426, 432, 435, 437
cultural, 36, 125-126, 192, 194, 212, 236
emergency response, 143
epidemiology, 329-430
essential services, 5, 116, 422
multidisciplinary, 122-123, 235
training, competency-based, 5, 16, 33, 116-120, 122, 125-127, 143, 363, 366, 393-394, 422
Computer applications, 117
see also Information systems;
Internet competencies of health care workers, 433
diagnoses, 249
diffusion theory, 367
educational materials, computer
generated, 336
employee training programs, 293
health care settings lacking, 242
medical records, standards, 242-243
National Health Information Infrastructure, xii, 7, 134-136, 244
personal computer use, 7, 307, 333
physician orders, 242, 253
professional education, 367, 424
Confidentiality, see Privacy and confidentiality
Congress
see also Legislation
bioterrorism, 143, 144, 317
CDC investigator-initiated funding, 385
community health centers, 154
DHHS budget, 113
fragmentation of services, 112
Homeland Security Department, 143(n.13)
immunization programs, 149
information infrastructure, 7, 134, 136
international health activities, 165, 166
National Health Information Infrastructure, 7, 136
National Public Health Council, 10, 169
prevention research, 16
public health education funding, 16
safety belts, 73
workforce preparedness funding, 5, 120
Congress of National Black Churches, 190
Continuing education, 15, 120, 251, 358, 361, 367, 371, 372, 373, 419, 422, 454
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Contraceptives, 223, 325-326
Core public health functions, 5, 98, 120, 123, 157, 185, 363, 411, 452
see also Assessment;
Assurance;
Policy development
communications, 6, 125
professional education, 7, 120, 125, 363, 372, 424, 425-426, 432, 435, 437
Corporate Investment in Health Award, 14, 300
Costs and cost-benefit factors, 12, 46, 255-257
alcohol abuse, 228, 229, 276, 278
childhood and adolescent immunizations, 223
chronic diseases, 128, 233-234
communications/information infrastructure, 136, 139, 243, 256
depression, treatment of, 227
elderly persons, treatment of, 36
employee illness and injury, 272, 275-285 (passim), 298
essential public health services, 152-153
health care delivery system, capacity, 234
health care delivery system, state regulation, 213, 214
health insurance, 269-271, 273, 275, 277
health-related expenditures, 20, 213, 215, 232, 255-257
industrial pollution, 291
laboratory diagnostic tests, 248
local public health agency infrastructure, 144, 148
managed care, 241
mental illness, 225, 277, 278
National Health Information Infrastructure, 136
obesity, 77-78
pharmaceuticals, prescription drugs, 256, 269
population-level studies and interventions, 72, 75
preventive measures, 73, 74
primary care practice costs, 239
public health infrastructure, general, 147-148
public health laboratories, 137(n.10)
state public health agency infrastructure, 144
substance abuse, 228, 229, 276, 278
underinsured persons, 218
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 130, 139
Council on Linkages between Academia and Public Health Practice, 5, 9, 118, 120, 161
Counseling, 81, 102, 105, 196, 222, 223, 224, 234, 274, 282, 458
Coverage of the Quality of Care—A Resource Guide for Journalists, 317
Credentialing, 372, 454
see also Accreditation of institutions
academic programs, 122, 359, 364
Certified Health Education Specialist, 122
Graduate Certificate Program, 371
public health workers, 6, 122-123, 158
Crime and violence, 54, 180, 253
community-based interventions, 70, 71, 180, 339-340, 445, 447, 458
mass media, 311, 328-329, 345
public opinion, 311
Crossing the Quality Chasm, 212, 213, 231, 233-234, 235, 240, 242
Cultivation theory of mass media, 344
Cultural factors, 23, 39, 40, 62
see also Immigrants;
Language factors;
Race/ethnicity;
Social factors
academic research, 374, 390
community defined, 178-179, 180
community-level collaborations, 194-195, 197, 198, 200, 204, 458-459
faith community, 179, 181, 190, 191, 194, 355, 454
health worker competency, 36, 125-126, 192, 194, 212, 236
institutional, 24, 195, 202
mass media, 318, 334-335
obesity, 76, 81, 82
professional education, 118, 125, 180, 194, 233, 236, 362, 367, 372, 374, 458
religious influences, 190, 191, 454
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D
Definitional issues
academia, 359
chronic conditions, 232
community, 160-161, 178-180, 387, 394
disparities in health care, 231
essential public health services, xi-xii, 31, 32
population studies and interventions, 377, 378
prevention, 221, 376
public health, 28, 30, 98, 411, 453, 456
public service announcements, 320
safety-net services, 219
Demographics, xii, xv, 1, 35, 70-71
see also Age factors;
Educational attainment;
Gender factors;
Population studies and interventions;
Race/ethnicity;
Socioeconomic status
professional training, 362
Demonstrating Excellence, 394
Demonstration projects, 13
community-level, 13, 204, 253
health care financing and delivery, 257
hospital/community collaboration, 253
Dentistry, see Oral health care
Department of Agriculture, 101, 114
food labeling, 82
Department of Commerce, 300
Department of Defense, 215
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 6, 7, 111-115
see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;
National Institutes of Health
accreditation, institutions, 9, 158
Administration for Children and Families, 114
Administration on Aging, 114
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 112
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 112, 117, 118, 132, 163
bioterrorism response, 124, 143
budget, 113
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 114, 245
communication training, 125
community health centers, 153-154
Corporate Investment in Health Award, 14
demographic disparities in care, 233
dietary guidelines, 79, 80
Food and Drug Administration, 56, 112, 114, 163
Health Resources and Services Administration, 5, 16, 112
international efforts, 115, 165, 166
Internet interactive communications, 329, 332
local governments, cooperation with, 112, 167-168
mass media relations, 317-318
National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, 7, 135, 136, 143, 244
National Health Information Infrastructure, xii, 7, 134-136, 244
National Institutes of Health, reporting to, 387
National Public Health Council, 10-11, 169
oral health, insurance coverage, 229
organizational factors, 9-10, 112-115, 161-166, 168, 318
performance standards, 160
professional education, 118, 119, 120, 366-367, 368, 374
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 245
public health financing, 147
public health function, general, 98, 112, 150-151
public health laboratories, 7, 8, 140
Public Health Service, 112, 113, 114
regionalization, 162, 168
regulatory authorities of agencies, 9-10, 113-114, 164-165, 169
state government relations with, 10-11, 112, 167-169
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 112
surveillance, 113, 128
Department of Homeland Security, 143(n.13)
Department of Justice, 167
Department of State, 38
Agency for International Development, 165
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Depression, 67, 125, 225, 227, 234, 277, 278
suicide, 70, 275
Determinants of health, xiv, 2, 11, 21, 28, 31, 41, 135, 196, 245
see also Access to services;
Behavioral risk factors;
Genetic factors;
Risk factors
community-level, 179, 188, 447-448, 456, 457
ecological, xv, 6, 37, 51, 53, 68-71, 196
employment and workplace, 268
health care delivery system, 214, 240, 245, 417
physical environment, 53-56, 188
population-level, 4, 11, 25, 33, 46-84
social, xv, 36, 56-71, 188, 338, 346, 456
socioeconomic, 39, 57-61
Developing countries, research on diseases affecting, 40, 165
Diabetes, 77, 78-79, 275, 388
family-to-child management transfer, 386
Internet, 243
outpatient care, 239
preventive interventions, Medicare coverage, 224
Diagnosis and screening, 32, 99, 222
see also Public health laboratories
alcohol abuse, 278
bioterrorism response, 96, 218
cancer, 197-198, 224, 240, 274
cardiovascular disease, 227
children, Medicaid coverage, 224-225, 226
community-level collaborations, 197-198
counseling, 221-222, 223, 224
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment program, 224-225, 226
genomics, 37, 140
health insurance coverage, 214, 216, 218, 239, 248, 274
hospital emergency response, 238
mental disorders, 227
neglected, 221
obesity, clinical guidelines, 81
oral diseases, 230
public health laboratories, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
racial/ethnic factors, 197-198, 232
sexually transmitted diseases, 274
state law, 104(n.3), 105, 106
surveillance and, 248-250
toxicity, 100
Diet, see Food and nutrition
Diffusion of innovation theory, 39, 342-343
Disabled persons, 215, 232
employees, 275, 285
Distance learning, 117, 243, 359, 367, 368, 454
Doctor of public health (DrPH), 360, 361
Drugs, see Alcohol abuse;
Pharmaceuticals;
Substance abuse
E
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) program, 224-225, 226
Ecological models, xv, 6, 37, 51, 53, 68-71, 196
Economic factors, 21, 24-25
see also Costs and cost-benefit factors;
Employers and businesses;
Funding
competency requirements, 428, 431, 432
globalization, 38-41, 180, 362, 430
health determinant models, 57, 403-405
health-related expenditures, 20, 213, 215, 232, 255-256, 422
incentives and disincentives, 23, 32, 75, 104, 155, 213, 222, 233, 241
National Health Information Infrastructure, 136
pharmaceuticals, intellectual property, 165
professional training, 362
public service announcements, 320, 321, 323-324
university students, 15, 16
Education, see Academia;
Professional education;
Public education
Educational attainment, 57, 58, 69
chronic diseases, 21, 59
quality of care, 231
Elderly persons, 35-36, 234
see also Medicare
Administration on Aging, 114
chronic conditions, 35, 232-236
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public health agencies, 96, 121, 417-418
public health leadership, 121, 417
social marketing, 335
Pollution Prevention Act, 284
Population growth, 35-36, 53
minorities, 36
Population studies and interventions, xii, xiii, 46-84, 417
see also Demographics;
Epidemiology;
Surveillance
academia, 360, 375, 376-377
community-level collaborations, 198-199, 378, 387
cost factors, 72, 75
definitional issues, 377, 378
Department of Health and Human Services, 115
determinants of health, 4, 11, 25, 33, 46-84
diet, 72
employer efforts, 269
health care financing and delivery, demonstrations, 257
local health agencies, 111, 153, 154, 417
managed care, 240, 241, 246-247
mass media, 333-341
Medicaid, 246-247
personal health care and, 46, 47, 53
preventive interventions, 17, 47-48, 71-84, 376-377, 387
professional training, 362
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 251, 422
public health worker training, 117
Poverty
see also Medicaid;
Safety-net services
advertising of tobacco and alcohol, 76
employer insurance not provided, 273
environmental factors, 54, 60
ethical issues in indigent care, 416
federal responsibility, general, 416
health status, general, 50, 54, 60, 69
housing, 252
news media coverage of, 311, 313
oral disease, 229-230
primary care access, 239
race/ethnicity and, 61
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 215
Women, Infants and Children program, 82
Preparedness
bioterrorism, 3, 21, 27, 40, 141-143, 234, 247, 317-318
centers for public health preparedness, 100
emergency, xvi, 3, 5, 7, 100, 107, 115, 116, 124, 125, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 143-144, 212, 234, 449
funding for, 7, 26-27, 137-138, 139, 140, 144-147
public health, 100, 107
Prevention Priorities: Employers’ Guide to the Highest Value Preventive Health Services, 273
Prevention Research Centers, 383-385
Prevention Research Initiative (CDC), 382
Preventive interventions and health promotion, 25-26, 32, 414, 418
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Diagnosis and screening;
Exercise;
Outreach;
School-based interventions;
Smoking;
Vaccines
academia, 16, 17, 361, 364, 365, 375
alcohol abuse, 275, 276-277
biomedical interventions vs, 24
cardiovascular disease, 224, 275
CDC, 16, 55, 74, 76-77, 99-100, 117-121 (passim), 381, 382-386, 390-391
Centers for Prevention Research, 99
children, immunizations, 111, 223, 274, 336-337, 362, 386
community-based, 17, 80, 81, 183, 187, 190, 191, 192-194, 196-197, 198, 204, 253, 292, 327, 373, 378, 386-387, 389, 392-393, 407-408, 445-460 (passim)
cost factors, 73, 74
counseling, 81, 102, 105, 196, 222, 223, 224, 234, 274, 282, 458
definitional issues, 221, 376
diabetes, Medicare coverage, 224
elderly persons, 35
employers, 3, 13-14, 25, 193, 222, 223, 268, 271-274, 275-289, 292, 293, 294-300
Environmental Protection Agency, 386
environmental risk factors, 25-26, 377
evidence-based policy, 272
health care delivery system, 212
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health insurance coverage for, 12, 73, 216, 218, 221, 222-223, 235, 240
historical perspectives, 222
information technology, 244
interdisciplinary research, 376, 386
managed care, 222
mass media, xvi, 15, 319-348
Medicaid, 224-225, 226, 230
Medicare, 223-224, 226, 230
minority access to quality care, 63, 222-223, 233
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , 100
National Institutes of Health, 17, 82, 386-387
nation-wide programs, 154
neglected, 221-225
obesity, 80-82, 279, 290, 292
physicians, 222, 223-224, 364
population-level studies and interventions, 17, 47-48, 71-84, 376-377, 387
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 244, 253
research recommendations, 16-17, 387, 422
risk reduction models, 48-51
seat belts, xv, 73-74
socioeconomic status, 25-26
standards, 272
technological innovations, 35
Primary care
see also Diagnosis and screening;
Physicians
access to, 239-242, 255
health insurance, 218
managed care, 153, 239
public health agency provision, 246
shortage of personnel, 239
World Health Organization guidelines, 239
PRISM Awards, 328
Privacy and confidentiality
epidemics, measures taken, 24
genomics, 37
health insurance, 214
information technology, general, 243, 244
Internet interactive communication, 332
National Health Information Infrastructure, 136
public health laboratories information/communication systems, 139
surveillance, 13, 248
Private sector, 2, 3, 4, 22-23, 28
see also Employers and businesses;
Health insurance;
Nonprofit
organizations and foundations
community-level interventions, 182-183
funding, 11, 12, 14, 17, 136, 170, 182-183, 204
health care delivery system, 212-213, 214-215, 218, 225, 228, 229, 245, 247
hospitals, 137
information systems, 132, 136, 139
infrastructure, 97, 102, 111, 127-128, 132, 136, 137, 139, 153, 170
laboratories, 137, 139
public goods, 22-23
public-private partnerships, general, xi, 132, 182, 194, 245, 247, 417, 449
regulation of, 23
safety-net services, 153
surveillance, 127-128
Professional education, 3, 5, 27, 33, 34, 99, 116-122, 154, 252, 359, 360- 374, 419-420
see also Academia;
School-based interventions advocacy, 240
age factors, 367
assessment, 367-374
attitudes and beliefs about, 373-374, 420
CDC, 16-17, 368, 371, 373, 374, 423
communication skills, 123-126, 367
community-level efforts, 202, 203, 235, 362, 371, 373-374, 449
competency-based, 5, 16, 33, 116-120, 122, 125-127, 143, 363, 366, 393-394, 422
computer applications, 367, 424
continuing education, 15, 120, 251, 358, 361, 367, 371, 372, 373, 419, 422, 454
core public health functions, 7, 120, 125, 363, 372, 424, 425-426, 432, 435, 437
cost factors, 123-126, 367
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cultural factors, 118, 125, 180, 194, 233, 236, 362, 367, 372, 374, 458
curricula, 15, 117, 121, 125-126, 418, 419, 422(n.9), 423
dentistry, 81, 229
DHHS, 118, 119, 120, 366-367, 368, 374
diet and nutrition, 81, 362
distance learning, 117, 359, 367, 368, 454
employee training, general, 294
employment opportunities, student awareness of, 420
environmental factors, 117, 118, 159
epidemiology, 118, 129, 365, 372, 374-375
ethical issues, 116
funding, 5, 16, 111, 367-374, 395
Health Resources and Services Administration, 118, 119, 120, 366-367, 368, 374
historical perspectives, 116, 117, 362, 368-371, 420
information systems, 367
integrated/interdisciplinary, 16, 235, 360, 362, 363-367, 372, 376
lacking among public health workers, 361, 366-367
leadership, 5-6, 7, 118, 119, 120-122, 367, 371, 374, 418, 433
local public health agencies, 144, 146, 159, 368, 374, 419
mass media relations, 15, 315-317, 319
minority representation, 235-236, 358, 418
nonprofit organizations, general, 368, 369
nursing, 236, 362, 364, 365, 366
obesity, 81
outreach workers, 192
partnerships and collaborations, 118, 250-251
personal health care, 419
physicians, 366
policy development, 368, 372, 374
public health agencies, general, 5, 6, 365
public health laboratories, 139
public health workers/client relationship, 418
regionalization, 367
shortage of professionals, 235
standards, 372
state public health agencies, 144, 146, 371-372, 373, 374, 419
surveillance, 372
Public education, 32, 99, 124, 417, 421
see also Mass media;
School-based interventions
business investment in, 292-293
community-level collaboration, 191, 192, 194, 197, 449, 458
competency of health care workers, 431-432
information technology, 242, 243
obesity, 82
outreach workers, 192
population-level studies and interventions, 72, 75
telecommunications infrastructure, 135
Public goods, 22-23
Public health agencies, 2, 3, 29, 46, 96-170
see also Department of Health and
Human Services;
Local public health agencies;
State public health agencies
academic cooperation, 5, 6, 155-158, 250-251, 360, 365, 375, 381
accountability, 413
accreditation, 9, 155, 156, 157-158
assessment, 141-143, 156-157
bioterrorism response, 96, 100, 137-138, 139, 140, 141-147
business linkages, 13
community coordination with, 11, 181, 182, 185, 187-188, 191-192
delivery system collaborations, 12, 244-251
DHHS agencies, cooperation with, 9-10
funding, 96, 98-99, 100, 112, 145-154 (passim), 160
genetic testing, 140
health care delivery system and, 212, 213, 244-251
historical perspectives, 26, 97-98
information/communication systems, 134, 139, 143, 144, 154, 244-245
Internet access, 421
leadership, 5-6, 375
managed care organizations and, 111, 153
mass media, relations with, 14, 15, 317, 318-319, 327
performance standards, 150, 155-158
personal health care, 25, 246
political influences, 96, 121, 417-418
professional education and, 5, 6, 365
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public education, 421
rural areas, 108, 159, 161
safety-net services, 246, 247
Public Health Foundation (PHF), 148, 150, 155, 156, 332
Public Health Improvement Act, 144, 149
Public health laboratories, 7-8, 136-140
assessment, 8, 140
Association of Public Health Laboratories, 130, 137, 138
bioterrorism response, 96, 137-138, 139, 140, 143, 146
CDC role, 137, 138, 140
chemical terrorism response, 138, 139, 141, 146
competencies of health care workers, 433
DHHS role, 7, 8, 140
diagnostic tests, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
epidemiology, 136, 140
funding, 8, 136-138, 139, 140, 146, 154
health officials, 137
health workers, 138-139
information/communications infrastructure, 139
local government, 139
National Laboratory System, 139
professional education, 139
regulations for laboratories, 136-137
reporting requirements, 248
safety-net services, 136
state government, 7-8, 137, 139, 140, 146
surveillance, 136, 138, 140, 247, 248
technological innovation, 139, 140
Public health law
Public health law, 101-111, 113
AIDS Federal Policy Act, 310
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 137
Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, 238
employer-provided health insurance, 127, 248, 273
enforcement, 32, 102
Federal Emergency Response Act, 124
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, 103
infectious diseases, state law, 104(n.3), 105, 106
media advocacy, 339-340
model public health law, 4, 5, 106-107
Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, 4-5, 106, 107
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 283, 284
Pollution Prevention Act, 284
Prevention Research Centers, 383-385
professional education funding, selected laws, 369-370
Public Health Improvement Act, 144, 149
Public Health Preparedness and Response Act, 144
Public Health Service Act, 149
Public Health Threats and Emergency Act, 144-145
public health worker training, 117
reform of national, 26
reform of state, 4-5, 26, 98, 104-107, 108, 414, 422
Ryan White CARE Act, 151, 310
seat belts, 73-74
Toxic Substances Control Act, 284
Turning Point Model State Public Health Act, 4-5
Public Health Law Collaborative, 106-107
Public Health Leadership Institute, 391
Public Health Practice Program Office, 99
Public Health Preparedness and Response Act, 144
Public Health Service, see U.S. Public Health Service
Public Health Service Act, 149, 166
Public Health Threats and Emergency Act, 144-145
Public Health Training Centers, 374
The Public Health Workforce: An Agenda for the 21st Century, 117
Public relations, 326
professional training, 367
Public service announcements (PSAs), 15, 319-324
defined, 320
Federal Communication Commission, regulation of, 15, 319-320, 322-323
Q
Quality of care
see also Outcome assessment;
Performance standards
chronic conditions, 232-234
educational attainment, 231
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employment-based health insurance, 268, 271, 272, 273
environmental factors, 231
managed care, 233
minority groups, 27, 63, 222-223, 231-232, 233
National Committee for Quality Assurance, 157, 271
socioeconomic status, 231, 232, 233
state public health agency regulation, 213-214, 231, 244, 257
uninsured persons, general, 231, 232, 458
R
Race/ethnicity, 21, 25, 35, 36
see also Cultural factors;
Immigrants;
Language factors;
specific groups
academia, 358, 362, 372, 419
access to care, 63, 233
advertising of tobacco and alcohol, 76
community-level collaborations, 184, 190, 201
determinants-of-health model, 57, 61-63
diagnostic services, 197-198, 232
digital divide, 331-332
discrimination, 61-62
health insurance, 12, 62-63
health workers, 36, 233, 235-236
immigrants, 38, 62, 111, 457-460
infant mortality, 20
physicians, minority representation, 233, 235-236
preventive interventions, insurance coverage, 222-223
professional training of public health workers, 362
quality of care, general, 27, 63, 222-223, 231-232, 233
seat belt use, 73
socioeconomic status and, 58, 61, 63
tribal governments, 102-103, 421
Radio, 15, 322, 323
RAND Health Insurance Experiment, 218
Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory, 143
Rapid Syndrome Validation Project, 131
Reasoned action theory
Regionalization
community collaborations, 410
DHHS, 162, 168
professional education, 367
public health funding, 97
Religious influences
community-level collaboration, 190, 191, 454
faith community, 179, 181, 190, 191, 194, 355, 454
Regulatory issues, 9, 23, 101-102, 257
see also Accreditation of institutions;
Credentialing;
Standards
DHHS agencies, regulatory authorities, 9-10, 113-114, 164-165, 169
diet and nutrition, 292
enforcement, 32, 99, 102
environmental, 289-290
essential public health services, 99
federal, general, 111, 114
federal agency cooperation, 164
food labeling, 82
health care delivery system, 213, 257
health insurance, 213
local level, 10, 102
monitoring, 422
occupational safety and health, 283-286 (passim)
pharmaceuticals, 164
population-level studies and interventions, 72
private and nonprofit organizations, 23
public health laboratories, 136-137
public service announcements, 15, 319-320, 322-323
smoking prevention, 76
state-level, 10, 101-102, 104-107
Reporting requirements
federal law, 114, 149
federal/state relations, 169
National Notifiable Disease Reporting System, 248
National Public Health Program Reporting System, 149, 150
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 247-250
public health laboratories, 248
public health worker training, 127
state, 106, 149-150, 414
Research methodology, 367
see also Assessment
academic research, 16-17, 364, 374-387
applied, 359, 378, 386, 419
basic, 347-348, 358, 359, 378, 386, 419
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biostatistics, 105, 116, 316, 360, 372, 419
committee study at hand, xiii-xiv, xvii, 441-460
competency of public health workers, research , 423-424
descriptive, 378
formative, 334-335, 346, 378, 379
mass media, 334-335, 346-348
occupational safety and health, 286
participatory, 201, 346, 359, 377-378, 380-381, 393, 427
practice-based, 372
process, 378, 379
summative, 378, 379
Research recommendations, xiii, 9, 16, 32
academic research, 16-17, 364, 385, 387
community-based research, 387
essential public health services, 99
interagency cooperation, 164
investigator-initiated research, 385
preventive interventions, 16-17, 387, 422
public health worker training, 117
state law reform, 106
Risk factors, 47
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Environmental factors;
Preventive interventions and health promotion;
specific risk factors
community-level collaborations, 186, 193-198
health insurance holders, 216
models for reduction of, 48-49
population perspectives, 47-48
uninsured persons, 217
World Trade Center attack, response, 287
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 106, 121, 317, 328
see also Turning Point initiative
Ron Brown Award for Corporate
Leadership, 299
Rural areas, 54
academia, 250, 376
hospital nursing shortages, 236
public health agencies, 108, 159, 161
school funding, tax increases for, 253
small and remote communities, 98, 108, 134, 160, 161, 188, 250, 415
Ryan White CARE Act, 151, 310
S
Safety, see Accidents and injuries
Safety-net services, 111, 153-154, 216, 219-221, 245
see also Health insurance
academia, 219
alcohol/drug abuse treatment, 228
community health centers, 153-154, 215, 219
community services, 153-154, 215, 219, 446
defined, 219
federal government, direct provision of, 219, 221, 245
health officials’ role, 216, 220
hospitals, 219, 220
local government, 153, 219-220
mental health care, 228
private sector, 153
public health agencies, general, 246, 247
state government, 153, 219-220
Sanitation, 20, 22, 48, 51, 54, 60, 362
School-based interventions, 194, 386, 445-446, 450, 451-452
obesity, 79, 80, 82, 197
physical education, 79, 188, 194
smoking, 74-75
Schools of public health, 358, 360, 419-420
see also Academia;
Professional education
accreditation, 360-361, 368
Association of Schools of Public Health, xi(n.1), 122, 360-361, 394
communication/information systems, 132, 333
continuing education, 419
credentialing, 122
curricular content, 419, 422(n.9)
international programs, 362, 419
Internet use, 333
leadership training, 122
mass media partnering, 324
minority groups, 362, 419
policy development, 419
recruitment efforts, 420
research agenda, 5-6, 360, 419
state/local public health agency linkages, 419
Screening, see Diagnosis and screening
Seat belts, xv, 73-74, 240
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Sentinel for Health Award for Daytime Drama, 327-328
Sentinel surveillance, 131, 247, 250-251
Sex-based differences, see Gender factors
Sexual behavior, 222, 334
see also Gays and lesbians
contraception, 232, 325-326
television, 325, 328-329
urban areas, 54
Sexually transmitted diseases, 222, 325, 328
see also HIV/AIDS
community-level collaborations, 183-184, 444, 449, 458
competencies of health care workers, 440
employee screening, 274
SHINE Awards, 328
Smoking, xv, 53, 60, 70, 223
advertising, 76
community-level collaborations, 188, 196
employees, 274, 275, 276
mass media interventions,
population-level studies and interventions, 72, 74-76
school-based interventions, 74-75
taxation, 75, 76, 323, 324
Social Climate Survey, 75
Social comparison theory, 342
Social convergence theory, 342
Social factors, general, xv, 21, 22-24, 29, 56-71
see also Cultural factors;
Mass media;
Political influences;
Race/ethnicity academic research, 374
business involvement in community, 293-294, 298-299
community-level collaborations, 184, 188, 204, 451
connectedness, 63-66, 70-71, 180
determinants of health, xv, 36, 56-71, 188, 338, 346, 456
health determinant models, 57, 403-405
media advocacy, 338-339
obesity, 76
oral diseases, 229
peer influences, 74-75, 241, 329-330, 342
professional training, 362
public health defined, 28
public service announcements, 323
telecommunications infrastructure, 135
Social influence theory, 342
Social learning theory, 343-344
Social marketing, 14, 117, 125, 201, 282, 299, 319, 326, 333-338
Socioeconomic status, xv, 21, 23, 25, 68, 69, 70-71
see also Educational attainment;
Income;
Poverty
access to care, general, 233, 239
determinants-of-health model, 57-61
environmental factors, 54
gender and, 58
Healthy People 2010, 19
international perspectives, 68-70
media advocacy, 338
obesity, 79
occupational status, 57, 58
population-level studies and interventions, 71
preventive measures, 25-26
primary care, 240
quality of care, general, 231, 232, 233
race/ethnicity and, 58, 61, 63
social marketing, 336
Stages-of-change theory, 344
Standards
see also Accreditation of institutions;
Competencies of health workers;
Ethical issues;
Performance standards;
Regulatory issues
computer medical records, 242-243
cultural/linguistic competence, 195
dietary guidelines, 79, 80, 292
federal agency cooperation, 164
health care workers, 34
information/communication, 39, 130, 132, 139, 144, 242-243
international movements of goods, 39
national health data set, 127, 417
obesity, clinical guidelines, 81
occupational safety and health, 284
practice scholarship, 394
professional education, 372
public health function, general, 98, 107, 155-158, 415
public health laboratories, 137
public health workforce taxonomy, 117
reporting systems, 130, 150
toxic substance exposure levels, 55
treatment and prevention measures, 272
World Health Organization, 165
State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 215
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State government, 7, 412
see also Medicaid;
Medicare;
State public health agencies
block grants, 150-152, 228-229, 245, 444
community-level efforts, 203
epidemiology, 144, 146
essential public health services, 110, 168, 413
federal government relations, 10-11, 26, 103-104, 115, 145-146, 148, 150, 151-152, 165, 166-170, 418
health insurance regulation, 213
legislative reform, 4-5, 26, 98, 104-107, 414, 422
local public health agencies, cooperation with, 108-109, 142, 143, 410, 412, 415
managed care organizations, 111, 153
national health data set, 127, 417
organizational factors, 101
professional education and training, 5, 372
public health function, general, 97, 98, 99, 101-102, 104-107, 147-149, 412-413, 414
public health laboratories, 7-8, 137, 139, 140, 146
regulatory role, 10, 101-102, 104-107
reporting requirements, 106, 149-150, 414
safety-net services, 153, 219-220
surveillance, 106, 128, 129, 130-131, 132, 146
toxic substances in food, 55
State Health Leadership Initiative, 121
State-level trends
elderly persons, 35
employer-provided health insurance, 272
income effects on mortality, 69, 70
national health data set, 127, 417
obesity, 77
occupational safety and health, 285
safety-net services, 219
State public health agencies, 107-108, 142, 145-149, 414, 454, 455
academic qualifications of workers, 360
accreditation, 9, 155, 157-158
costs of infrastructure, 144
environmental factors, 416
epidemiology, 144, 146
Graduate Certificate Program, 371-372
health care delivery system and, 213
performance standards, 150, 155-158
professional education, 144, 146, 371-372, 373, 374, 419
quality of care regulation, 213-214, 231, 244, 257
schools of public health, linkages, 419
Stress, xvi
environmental, 60, 66
management, 278, 282, 283
psychosocial, 47, 62, 65, 66, 275, 278, 282
workplace, 275, 278, 279, 282, 283
Substance abuse, 228-229
see also Alcohol abuse
attitudes, 228
community-level efforts, 203, 445
costs to society, 228, 229, 276, 278
employees, 275, 276-277, 278
entertainment television, 328-329
insurance coverage for treatment, 12, 27, 73, 218, 225, 228-231
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 328
social influence interventions, 74-75
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 112
Suicide, 70, 275
Surgeon General, 74, 167, 225, 328
C. Everett Koop National Health Award, 299
dental care, 230
Surveillance, 127-136
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 112, 117, 118, 132, 163
CDC, 128, 129, 131-133, 140, 248, 249-250
chronic diseases, 128, 130
DHHS, 113, 128
diagnostic procedures and, 248-250
food-borne pathogens, 129-130
funding, 127-128, 146
health officials’ role, 248
information technology, 131, 243, 248, 249
international efforts, 40
local government efforts, 128, 129, 130-131, 132
National Center for Health Statistics, 114, 368
National Electronic Disease Surveillance Network, 99
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National Notifiable Disease Reporting System, 248
obesity, 82
partnerships, 131, 132
privacy and confidentiality, 13, 248
private sector, 127-128
professional education, 372
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 244, 247-250
public health laboratories, 136, 138, 140, 247, 248
sentinel, 131, 247, 250-251
state government, 106, 128, 129, 130-131, 132, 146
syndrome, 130-131
uninsured/underinsured persons, 218
Sustainability
bioterrorism response, 139, 145
change, 202, 254
funding, 7-8, 10, 98-99, 136, 148, 149, 150, 154, 157, 160, 161, 169, 170, 189, 457
technical assistance, 7, 150
Syndrome surveillance, 130-131
T
Taxation, 104
community, 182, 253
credits, 104, 136, 274
hospital/community collaboration, 253
tobacco, 75, 76, 323, 324
Technical assistance, 5, 7
community-level collaborations, 11, 184, 202, 203
federal support for states/localities, 367, 413, 417
information/communications systems, 139, 242-244, 307
sustainability, 7, 150
Technological innovations, 35, 37-38, 387
see also Computer applications;
Internet;
Technical assistance
academic health centers, 251
cost factors, general, 37-38, 39, 131-133
diffusion of, 39, 342-343, 367
health care delivery system, 213
information/communication systems, general, 35, 37-38, 39, 131-133, 134, 136
international perspectives, 38
managed care, 242
personal health care, 37
preventive measures, 35
public health agency/delivery system collaboration, 244, 251
public health laboratories, 139, 140
public health worker understanding of, 116, 117
Telecommunications Act, 134
Television, 31
see also Mass media
community-level collaboration, 255
entertainment programming, 324-329
Hispanics, 320-321
public service announcements, 15, 319-324 (passim)
sexual behavior, 325, 328-329
violence, 311, 328-329
Terrorism, 3
see also Bioterrorism
chemical agents, 138, 139, 141
hospital emergency response, 237
Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, 106
state law reform, 106
World Trade Center, 286-288
Theory of reasoned action, 343
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Toxic substances, 3, 60
community-level efforts, 312-313, 390
epidemiology, 55-56
in food, 55-56
gender factors, 55
industrial pollution, 289-290, 291
lead, 55
methylmercury, 55-56
monitoring systems, 100
rural areas, 54
urban areas, 54
workplace, 284
Toxic Substances Control Act, 284
Training, see Professional education
Transportation, 36
hospital emergency response, 238
Tribal governments, 102-103, 421-422
TRICARE, 215
Turning Point initiative, xiii, xiv(n.3), 4(n.1), 106, 107, 121, 182-183, 184, 185, 203, 337, 442, 443, 451, 452, 454
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U
Unequal Treatment, 231-232
Uninsured persons, 1, 11-12, 22, 25, 62-63, 153, 154, 215, 216-219, 221, 416
see also Medicaid;
Safety-net services;
State Children's Health Insurance Program
children, 216, 217, 218, 220
community health centers, 153-154, 215, 219
emergency care, 217-218
employed persons, 215, 217, 271, 273, 274
hospital emergency treatment, 238-239
Medicaid managed care, 220, 221, 225, 241, 246-247
oral health care, 229
physicians, visits to, 217
primary care, 239
quality of care, general, 231, 232, 458
racial/ethnic factors, 62-63, 222-223
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 215
Universities and colleges, see Academia;
Schools of public health
Urban areas, 36, 54
AIDS, 310
bioterrorism, 7
community-level collaborations, 187, 374, 444-460
housing, 36, 54, 60, 252, 255, 445
local government role, 108
Native Americans, 103
service learning, 376
sexual behavior, 54
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 168
U.S. Epidemiologic Catchment Area, 67
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 222, 231, 273
U.S. Public Health Service, 112, 113, 149, 162, 167, 222, 245
V
Vaccines, 20, 100, 110, 111, 146, 221, 222, 274
adolescents, 223
childhood, 111, 223, 274, 336-337, 362, 386
federal government, 111
professional training, 362
Veterans Health Administration, 215
Veterinarians, 111, 144, 360
competencies required, 440
Violence, see Crime and violence
Viruses, 27
HIV/AIDS, 40
oral diseases, 230
Vision for Health Consortium, 444-449
Visual perception, 274, 458
Vital Interest in Global Health, 166
Voluntary Hospital Association of America, 254
Voluntary organizations, 23, 30, 417
regulation, health care delivery system, 213
Volunteer workers, 116, 361
W
Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, 284
Washington Business Group on Health, 271, 297
Water quality, 60, 114
community-level efforts, 180, 190, 193
sanitation, 20, 22, 48, 51, 54, 60, 362
Who Will Keep the Public Healthy?, 365, 366, 424
Women, Infants and Children program, 82
Working Group on Bioterrorism Preparedness, 139
Workplace, see Occupational safety and health
World Health Organization (WHO), 22, 39, 165
community health services, 178
World Trade Center, 286-288
World Wide Web, see Internet
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