National Academies Press: OpenBook

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals (2003)

Chapter: Appendix C: Examples of Underwater Acoustic Noise Models

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Examples of Underwater Acoustic Noise Models." National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10564.
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Appendix C
Examples of Underwater Acoustics Noise Models

NAVY MODELS OF UNDERWATER NOISE

Ambient Noise

Ambient Noise Directionality System (ANDES; Renner, 1986a, b, 1988)

Ambient Noise Model (AMBENT; Robinson and McConnell, 1983)

Noise Model (CNOIS; Estalote, 1984; Osborne, 1979)

Directional Ambient Noise (DANES; Lukas et al., 1980)

Directional Underwater Noise Estimation System (DUNES; Bannister et al., 1989)

Fast Ambient Noise Model (FANM; Cavanagh, 1974a, b; Lasky and Colilla, 1974)

Normal Mode Ambient Noise (Kuperman and Ingenito, 1980)

Research Ambient Noise Directionality Model (Wagstaff, 1973; Hamson and Wagstaff, 1983; Schreiner, 1990; Breeding, 1993)

CASS/GRAB (Weinberg and Keenan, 1996; Weinberg et al., 2001)

Dynamic Ambient Noise Prediction System (DAPS)

BEAM NOISE STATISTICS

Analytic

BBN Shipping Noise (BBN Technologies Noise, Inc.; Mahler et al., 1975; Moll et al., 1977, 1979)

Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL; Goldman, 1974)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Examples of Underwater Acoustic Noise Models." National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10564.
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USI Array Noise (Jeannette et al., 1978)

Sonobuoy Noise (Shankey and McCabe, 1976)

Simulation

Beam Program Library (BEAMPL; Etter et al., 1984)

Discreet Shipping Beam Noise Model (DSBN; Cavanagh, 1978)

Narrow Beam Towed Array Model (NABTAM; Etter et al., 1984)

Data compiled from P.C. Etter, 1996, Table 7.1.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Examples of Underwater Acoustic Noise Models." National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10564.
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Page 161
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Examples of Underwater Acoustic Noise Models." National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10564.
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Page 162
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For the 119 species of marine mammals, as well as for some other aquatic animals, sound is the primary means of learning about the environment and of communicating, navigating, and foraging. The possibility that human-generated noise could harm marine mammals or significantly interfere with their normal activities is an issue of increasing concern. Noise and its potential impacts have been regulated since the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Public awareness of the issue escalated in 1990s when researchers began using high-intensity sound to measure ocean climate changes. More recently, the stranding of beaked whales in proximity to Navy sonar use has again put the issue in the spotlight.

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals reviews sources of noise in the ocean environment, what is known of the responses of marine mammals to acoustic disturbance, and what models exist for describing ocean noise and marine mammal responses. Recommendations are made for future data gathering efforts, studies of marine mammal behavior and physiology, and modeling efforts necessary to determine what the long- and short-term impacts of ocean noise on marine mammals.

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