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APPENDIX G
REE Dissemination And Outreach Efforts
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Research, Education, and Eco-
nomics (REE) mission area uses multiple outlets for disseminating news, general
information, services, and products, such as Web sites, databases, newsletters,
and reports. An integral part of this diffusion has been the mission area's attempts
to reach out to its clients and partners. Cooperative Extension the primary
vehicle for technology transfer to users is a critical element of the dissemina-
tion process. Each REE agency offers electronic databases and publications for
access by the general public, and all USDA mission areas, including REE, are
listed on the USDA "Services and Programs" Web page with links to each agency
(USDA, 2002k).
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
Among the publications of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), its
monthly magazine, Agricultural Research, is available for viewing on the ARS
Web site and in paper form. Agricultural Research details USDA's scientific
research and other newsworthy scientific and agricultural information. It is avail-
able on ARS's "News and Information" Web page at no charge, but a fee is
required for subscription to the paper form. Through the Web site, visitors have
full-text access to Agricultural Research dating back to May 1996 and index-only
access as far back as September 1978 (USDA, 2002a).
In addition to Agricultural Research, the "News and Information" page pro-
vides a compilation of updated and archived agricultural news. The committee
notes that some ARS research is not always communicated to the public via offi-
cial agency press releases (see Box Gab. The "News and Information" page also
204
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APPENDIX G
205
is linked to Healthy Animals (an online ARS newsletter addressing affairs relevant
to animal health research), the ARS Quarterly Report of various research projects,
Food and Nutrition Research Briefs, and the Methyl Bromide Alternatives News-
letter. Other ARS publications can be accessed from the site, some free and some
requiring a fee. The "News and Information" page also links users to "Sci4Kids,"
a Web site for youth that details the type of work done at ARS and includes
information and resources for teachers. "Sci4Kids" is available in Spanish. Other
ARS locations also have Web sites providing information useful for teachers and
students (see Box G-2~. From the ARS "Offices and Programs" page, a link is
provided to its "Diversity Outreach" site, which details ARS programs and out-
reach efforts concerning equal opportunity and civil rights (USDA, 2002a). A1-
though other ARS locations and programs can be located through its Web site,
not all of them can be found or accessed easily.
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APPENDIX G
In 1962, the National Agricultural Library (NAL) was designated a national
institution, although that was not mandated by law until 1990 (US Congress,
1990~. Its origins can be traced to 1862, when it was established as the depart-
mental library for USDA. Since then, NAL has fallen under the auspices of ARS,
and it has been charged with serving as both a national and a departmental library.
Designed to provide agricultural information to the general public, researchers,
academicians, and decision-makers, it is among the world's largest agricultural
libraries. NAL also is responsible for coordinating the libraries at USDA field
locations and the state land-grant libraries. Its mission includes providing a center
for agricultural data at the international level (USDA, 2002h).
A number of electronic resources and information sources are provided
through the NAL Web site. Four newsletters are sponsored by the library: Agri-
cultural Libraries Information Notes (ALINy, Animal Welfare Information Center
(AWIC), Probe (for USDA's Plant Genome Program), and Vignettes (published
by the NAL Agricultural Trade and Marketing Information Center). The NAL
Web site is linked to other USDA Web pages designed for students, and links are
provided to a number of previous annual reports. The NAL Web site contains
links to agricultural information resources and to resources not overseen directly
by the library. The library also maintains links to its services, such as document
delivery and the interlibrary-loan process (USDA, 2002h).
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207
A substantial portion of the NAL mission requires the use of online data-
bases to provide extensive agricultural information. From the NAL Web site, at
least 17 databases can be accessed, not all of which are maintained by the library.
Two of the databases Agricultural Online Access (AGRICOLA) and Agri-
cultural Network Information Center (AgNIC) merit brief descriptions.
AGRICOLA is a database of agricultural literature and reports in bibliographic
form. A broad array of agricultural records addressing such topics as the plant,
animal, and soil sciences is available. Books and journal articles can be searched
online through this database, but full-text references are not available directly;
several of the database entries contain Web links to their full-text versions. The
entries in AGRICOLA are not necessarily limited to a particular year, and NAL
notes that it includes records of materials dating back several centuries. In 1998,
AGRICOLA was made available online to the general public at no charge (USDA,
2002h). AgNIC is an online resource that provides access to agricultural infor-
mation on a number of subjects, including animal and veterinary sciences, eco-
nomics, environmental sciences, forestry, and government regulations. Users
can pick from general categories, which are linked to related categories or subcat-
egories; or categories can be searched by using keywords, and an agricultural
thesaurus is available for searching (USDA, 2002h). AgNIC represents a volun-
teer-based partnership between NAL, a number of land-grant universities, and
several institutions that are agriculture-related. Other government units and citi-
zen groups also participate, and the total number of partners is about 40. Those
participating agree to provide focused segments of agricultural information for
the database. Moreover, various AgNIC projects are available for viewing at its
Web site. AgNIC's institutional structure includes an executive board with a
secretariat and a framework of rules and procedures (USDA, 2002h).
In 2001, a panel of experts appointed by USDA reviewed the quality and
effectiveness of NAL in relation to its stated mission. The central finding of the
review was that NAL' s present degree of support renders it unable to maintain its
responsibility as a national library effectively while serving as USDA's depart-
mental library. Although surveys demonstrated a general sense of approval of the
NAL on the part of USDA staff, the panel found deficiencies in light of site
examinations, progress reports on NAL, and surveys of other users. Ultimately,
the panel determined that NAL has not yet succeeded in fulfilling its dual role
(Vanderhoef et al., 2001~. The panel noted that, in light of NAL's current short-
comings, it will be important to further its development as an institution. Much
of the panel's review focused on the need to expand and enhance the library's
electronic databases and resources, including AGRICOLA and AgNIC. For ex-
ample, the review suggested that AGRICOLA would operate better if it were
given the functionality and breadth of databases of the National Library of Medi-
cine. In addition to making budgetary recommendations, the panel called for an
increase in NAL staff and a realignment in which the library would be placed
directly under the auspices of the secretary or deputy secretary of agriculture. In
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APPENDIX G
sum, the review panel called for an increase in general support with the objective
of promoting the library's dual role and the fulfillment of its responsibility to all
users (Vanderhoef et al., 2001~.
ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE
The Economic Research Service (ERS) relies on electronic media and print
publications to disseminate its work and information. One of its chief publica-
tions, Agricultural Outlook, is published 10 times per year and is available on-
line for viewing at no charge, and on paper with a subscription fee. Agricultural
Outlook is USDA' s primary resource for agricultural and food-price forecasts. It
typically includes data addressing agricultural commodities, general information
on the US economy, and other economic indicators. The central focus of Agricul-
tural Outlook is short-term forecasts of the economy and agriculture, but long-
term examinations also are provided. Through the ERS Web site, past issues of
Agricultural Outlook can be accessed back to 1995, and an index of publications
over the last 5 years is available (USDA, 2002f).
In addition to Agricultural Outlook, ERS offers Food Consumption, Prices,
and Expenditures, 197~97, a statistical bulletin providing historical data on pat-
terns in food consumption and spending. Available for viewing online at no
charge, this publication also can be purchased in print. Agricultural Resources
and Environmental Indicators also can be found at the ERS Web site. This report
addresses the state of natural resources used in the agricultural economy, and it
depicts various trends concerning their use. The first edition appeared in 1994.
Online editions are free, but there is a fee for the print form (USDA, 2002f).
Other ERS products include the magazines Food Review and Rural America.
Food Review, published three times per year, studies patterns in food assistance,
consumption, and safety; Rural America appears four times per year and addresses
issues related to demographic change and the use of research as applied to rural
banking. Outlook reports provide current and prospective information on com-
modity supply, demand, and price conditions, and annual yearbooks provide
historical data series on acreage, yield, supply, domestic use, foreign trade, and
price and topical articles pertinent to understanding the US and global markets.
Publications in professional journals also are available online (USDA, 2002f).
ERS offers a number of data products, all of which can be accessed on-line,
including state fact sheets, agricultural baseline projections, and data on farm
income, farm financial management, production, supply, and distribution, and
farm employment (USDA, 2002e). "Briefing rooms" also are available for in-
depth discussion of selected issues and provide a synthesis of ERS research on
specific topics, questions and answers, recommended readings, and data products.
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209
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS SERVICE
The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) USDA's principal
supplier of agricultural statistics provides links to its publications, which gener-
ally are available through its Web site at no cost or for purchase on paper. Access
is provided to reports on commodities, state-level statistical information, and crop
weather; relevant graphic information; a calendar of reports; and NASS's monthly
newsletter, which contains statistical highlights. Another publication, Trends in
Agriculture, draws on statistical information to capture the nature of changes and
trends in US agriculture. With respect to agricultural graphics, users can access
displays of crop and livestock data. From the NASS website, state agricultural
statistics services can be located. NASS also offers a number of files depicting
historical agricultural data, and special requests for data can be made, subject to a
fee. The NASS Web site can be searched by keyword and by criteria, such as
year or crop name (USDA, 2002i).
From the NASS Web site, users can access a page detailing the R&D
activities of the agency. It includes links to agricultural data and detailed maps
and images pertaining to US agriculture. For example, users can enter queries
that will generate downloadable maps, which can be useful for projects based on
geographic information systems. The NASS Web site also contains pages that
provide tables of information on such topics as land use. In addition to its data
tables and maps, NASS maintains an on-line database of "published estimates"
that can be accessed by the general public. The database spans national, state,
and county data on crops and livestock and provides the number of farms by
state. Although the database provides a rather extensive body of information,
NASS acknowledges that it remains under construction (USDA, 2002i).
Other sources of information from NASS include its "News and Coming
Events" Web page and "NASS Kids." "News and Coming Events" provides
statistical information relevant to agriculture in the form of brief mass-media
statements. "NASS Kids" is an online educational resource for youths, which
seeks to inform them about the type of work that NASS does, especially in the
context of statistics. It offers learning tools in the form of games, a glossary, and
elementary historical information about the agency. "NASS Kids" also provides
a page of information useful for teachers and lesson planning. Like ARS's
"Sci4Kids," "NASS Kids" is available in Spanish, although the Spanish version
does not contain the full extent of information found in the English version
(USDA, 2002i).
The 1997 Census of Agriculture was the first to be conducted under the
auspices of NASS. From the NASS Web site, the census can be accessed com-
prehensively. Various rankings, highlights, and profiles are linked from the Web
page of the census. The data provided online span the national, state, and county
levels, and data on US territories, such as Guam and Puerto Rico, can be accessed.
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APPENDIX G
"Special studies" also are provided, addressing, for example, the 1998 Census of
Aquaculture and the 1998 Census of Horticulture (USDA, 2002i).
COOPERATIVE STATE RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND
EXTENSION SERVICE
Although many of the dissemination and outreach efforts of the Cooperative
State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) are similar to those
of the other three REE agencies, this agency is also USDA's primary technology-
transfer arm.
Extension
The Cooperative Extension System supported by CSREES, state, and local
governments functions primarily to disseminate research results to farmers and
other citizens. The Extension network serves clients in 3,150 counties in the
United States. According to CSREES's Office of Extramural Programs, real
aggregate federal funding for public extension has declined, from $332 million in
1991 to $280 million in 2000.
Cooperative Extension programs include the well-established 4-H and Youth
Development Program, a nonformal education program and organization for
youth. The 4-H program is maintained under the auspices of CSREES, and its
mission focuses on expanding opportunities for and helping to develop the
abilities of culturally diverse children and adults through the building of support-
ive environments (USDA, 2002g). The 4-H Web site allows users to access
information concerning 4-H programs and partners, as well as how to join.
Among the other features of the 4-H Web site are community-related program
information and a history of the 4-H program (USDA, 2002g).
Various reports have analyzed the land-grant universities and the extension
system according to their outreach ability, as well as how these institutions have
tried to bolster outreach and increase dissemination. A 1996 National Research
Council report provides several recommendations for colleges of agriculture
within land-grant universities with respect to extension (NRC, 1996), including a
need for greater systematization of data on the results of extension programs,
expanding linkages to other federal agencies, and strengthening the research
underpinnings of extension, including in nonfarm programs.
A 1999 report, Returning to Our Roots: The Engaged Institution, calls for a
stronger sense of "engagement" between land-grant and state universities and the
communities that they serve (Kellogg Commission, 1999~. The concept of
engagement emphasizes the need to abandon one-way contact between institu-
tions and communities in favor of greater collaboration and interaction. In addi-
tion to strengthening technology transfer to users, engaged institutions are
expected to expand opportunities for students to contribute to the extension
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APPENDIX G
211
system. The 1999 report provides a set of guidelines by which engagement can
be measured, including the ability of institutions to respond to those whom they
serve, the level of deference given to those who work with or are served by such
institutions, the need for institutions to remain neutral in their treatment of poten-
tially controversial topics, the degree to which institutions are accessible, the
extent to which institutions' purposes are integrated with their duties as facilitators
of student training, how well the different actors within institutions are coordi-
nated, and the extent to which institutions are connected with partners that provide
vital resources for their missions (Kellogg Commission, 1999~. The land-grant
university system is expected to serve as a mechanism for "engagement" with
those assisted by extension.
In response to the Kellogg Commission's report (1999), the Extension Com-
mittee on Organization and Policy (ECOP) formulated a vision of engagement
that considers the impact of changing demographics, advances in technology, and
social changes that confront contemporary America (ECOP, 2002~. They noted
that for extension to meet the new challenges of engagement, its workforce must
be empowered to alter programs and their delivery. Having more than 3,000
facilities nationwide, extension has tremendous connectivity and has built its repu-
tation by responding to the grass-roots needs of communities. Those efforts will
be most effective if extension and its university partners forge effective alliances
with public and private agencies and organizations that provide health and human
services, commercial or civic evaluation, and private-sector vendors of technical
information (ECOP, 2002~.
The structure, function, and processes of extension have been changing.
Extension is increasingly playing a universitywide role outside colleges of agri-
culture in many universities an arrangement that has provided access to a
broader array of university resources and expertise and has fostered more
multidisciplinary research. Extension is increasingly engaging stakeholders and
other users and is responding to more broadly defined problems that go beyond
its traditional focus on agricultural production (NRC, 2002~.
Other CSREES Dissemination and Outreach Efforts
Like the other REE agencies, CSREES provides many of its resources on-
line through its Web site. From its "News and Information" page, users can
access current information about CSREES, its mass-media releases, and other
relevant news. CSREES also offers a newsletter that is archived back to 2000.
Another online resource, "Partners on the Web." is a video magazine detailing
national research, education, and extension programs in the United States. Using
video streaming technology, visitors can access three episodes, the most recent of
which dates back to Spring 2000. From the "News and Information" page, users
also can obtain application information and other details about the CSREES
Fellows Program (USDA, 2002d).
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APPENDIX G
The "News and Information" page contains a link to "Community Supported
Agriculture" (CSA), which is a program maintained by CSREES and NAL. CSA
represents an effort to link relevant users with databases on sustainable agricul-
ture and with communities of users engaged in cooperative economic associa-
tions. In addition to CSA, visitors can use the "News and Information" page to
browse information about the CSREES Competitive Grants Program, current
requests for proposals, and a calendar of previous and upcoming CSREES events
(USDA, 2002d).
The CSREES Web page home provides a link to "Agriculture in the Class-
room," a program that helps to develop students' understanding of the relation-
ships among agriculture, the economy, and society. Representatives of farming
associations, government, agribusiness, and higher education participate at the
state level to implement this program. USDA works to coordinate and facilitate
"Agriculture in the Classroom" (USDA, 2002b).
The Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) is the communication and out-
reach arm of USDA's Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE)
program, a competitive-grants program that supports regional sustainable agri-
culture research and education. SAN is a cooperative effort among academe,
government, and other organizations interested in the sharing of information
relevant to sustainable agriculture. In 1991, SAN launched an e-mail discussion
forum intended to provide responses to questions concerning sustainable agricul-
ture (Sustainable Agriculture Network, 2002~. Currently, 900 users subscribe to
the forum. SAN also provides information in a variety of formats, such as elec-
tronic diskettes and printed materials.
The Experiment Station Committee on Organization and Policy of the
National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges published a
report, A Science Roadmap for Agriculture, in 2001. The report considers the
progress that could be made if new enterprises allowed the US agricultural system
to capitalize on innovations arising from basic science, to respond to the inter-
nationalization of markets, to improve the status of rural and urban communities,
and to engage in environmental protection. The report was written around a
number of "challenges" by which its findings are conveyed (ESCOP, 2001~.
CSREES Databases
Current Research Information System
The Current Research Information System (CRIS) is USDA's documenta-
tion and reporting system for current agricultural, food and nutrition, and forestry
research. It contains over 30,000 descriptions of current, publicly supported
research projects of the USDA agencies, the state agricultural experiment stations
(SAESs), the state land-grant universities, state schools of forestry, cooperating
schools of veterinary medicine, and USDA grant recipients. The CRIS database
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213
is overseen by the Information Systems and Technology Management (ISTM)
unit of CSREES. The database includes information on the type of activity being
performed, the people performing it, the location of the activity, progress made,
anticipated impacts, and publications that have resulted from it. The public can
access CRIS online free of charge, but other products and services, such as infor-
mation requests that can be made to agency staff, are not available to all people
and institutions (USDA, 2002c).
Agricultural Databases for Decision Support (ADDS) Program
An information program that can be reached through the CSREES Web pages
is the Agricultural Database for Decision Support (ADDS) Program, in which
CSREES is a partner. ADDS, Inc. a private, nonprofit corporation is a Web
site and Internet support center that develops, promotes, and delivers educational
materials, datasets, software, and other decision-support tools to agricultural
producers and others. Other partners include land-grant universities and the pri-
vate sector (USDA, 2002c).
Food and Agricultural Education Information System
The Food and Agricultural Education Information System (FAEIS) is an on-
line database of higher-education statistics spanning human sciences, agriculture,
and the food sciences. Drawing on national data from multiple government agen-
cies, land-grant universities, professional associations, and other databases,
FAEIS includes information on renewable natural resources, forestry, general
agriculture, and veterinary medicine. It is operated through Texas A&M Univer-
sity (USDA, 2002c).
Science and Education Impact Databases
The Science and Education Impact Databases provide information obtained
annually from institutions in the land-grant-USDA partnership on the impacts of
research, teaching, and extension programs. The databases can be queried by
topic, term, and state, and they can be viewed through topical summaries and fact
sheets (USDA, 2002c).
Research Management Information System
REE research activities are tracked by the Research Management Informa-
tion System (RMIS), a computer-based documentation and reporting system for
current and recently completed CRIS projects in agriculture, food and nutrition,
and forestry research. RMIS is designed to provide access to information about
research conducted primarily in the REE agricultural research system. Projects
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APPENDIX G
cataloged are conducted or sponsored by USDA research agencies, SAESs, the
state land-grant university system, other cooperating state institutions, and par-
ticipants in USDA's NRI Competitive Grants Program. RMIS also tracks patents
and CRADAs.
Research, Education, and Economics Information System
The 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (US Congress,
1996) permitted the construction of an information system that would track and
assess affairs in agricultural research and extension. CSREES was charged with
bringing together the other REE agencies in an effort to design and put into prac-
tice such a system, called the Research, Education, and Economics Information
System (REEIS). The impetus for REEIS came from a deficit in the body of REE
electronic information concerning the programs that it conducts with its part-
ners namely universities and other institutions of higher education. Further-
more, the Government Performance and Results Act has required standards for
reporting on the status of USDA projects (USDA, 2002j).
REEIS is expected to provide the public with access to information about
research results and new technologies while decreasing redundancies in these
efforts. It also is intended to create links between similar programs, to harmonize
information about REE programs, to meet standards for fiscal responsibility, and
to monitor the progress of technologies used in research, economics, extension or
education activities. The broader goal of REEIS is to interconnect several data-
bases used by extension and other REE agencies. The Science and Education
Resources Development division of CSREES is charged with oversight of REEIS
(USDA, 2002j). Although the public has on-line access to minutes of the REEIS
National Steering Committee meetings, the future of the REEIS system is unclear
(USDA, 2002j).
SUMMARY
The Research, Education, and Economics mission area disseminates its
information and services through a number of channels used by its four agencies.
Closely related to dissemination is the mission area's effort to increase its degree
of outreach, which in turn requires greater engagement with communities and
other users of agricultural technologies, innovations, and education programs.
All four of the REE agencies rely on electronic media to disseminate their research
and services, and each uses print materials as well. However, collectively and
individually, the agencies tend to stress the utility of electronic media for helping
to fulfill their mission statements. This effort includes the further development of
agency Web pages and online databases available to the general public. Never-
theless, as various reports and user surveys have indicated, not all of REE's elec-
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APPENDIX G
215
tronic resources are well interfaced, and Web sites related to the mission area's
work are not entirely accessible from the agency pages.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
sustainable agriculture
