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Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs (2003)

Chapter: Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
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B
Acronyms and Glossary


AALA:

American Agricultural Law Association

Accuracy:

The ability of a measurement to match the actual value of the quantity being measured.

AED:

Aerodynamic equivalent particle diameter

AER:

Allowable emission rate

AFO:

Animal feeding operation. As defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR 122.23), a “lot or facility” where animals “have been, are, or will be stabled or confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12 month period and crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility.”

Anthropogenic:

Caused by humans.

APA:

Administrative Procedure Act

APRP:

Air Pollution Regulatory Process

ARS:

Agricultural Research Service (USDA)

ASAE:

American Society of Agricultural Engineers

ASM:

Aerosol mass spectrometer

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

Atmospheric stability:

a property that depends on inversion strength—how rapidly air temperature rises with altitude (in units of degrees Celsius per 100 m). Strong inversions near the ground tend to stabilize the atmosphere, trap emissions, and result in higher pollutant concentrations. For a discussion of meteorological effects on carbon monoxide concentrations, see NRC (2002b).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×

AU: Animal unit:

A unit of measure used to compare different animal types.

• EPA (66 Fed. Reg. 2960-3138): 1 cattle excluding mature dairy and veal cattle; 0.7 mature dairy cattle; 2.5 swine weighing more than 55 pounds; 10 swine weighing 55 pounds or less; 55 turkeys; 100 chickens; and 1 veal calf.

• USDA: 1000 pounds of live animal weight.


BACT:

Best achievable control technology

bar:

A unit of pressure equal to one atmosphere (14.7 pounds per square inch).

BAT:

Best available technology (economically achievable)

Bioaerosol:

Particulate matter in the atmosphere containing materials of biological origin that may cause disease, such as toxins, allergens, viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

BMP:

Best management practice

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

BPT:

Best practicable control technology (currently available)

BST:

Bovine somatotropin

BW:

Body weight


C:

Carbon

C2, C10, C16:

Hydrocarbons with 2, 10, and 16 carbon atoms, respectively.

CAA:

Clean Air Act

CAFO:

Concentrated animal feeding operation (see Appendix E).

CCC:

Commodity Credit Corporation, a government-owned and operated corporation, was created in 1933 to stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices. It now operates as a federal corporation within USDA; the Secretary of Agriculture chairs its Board of Directors. CCC programs are carried out through the personnel and facilities of other USDA organizations, including the Farm Service Agency and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. CCC funds are used for a number of conservation programs, include EQIP (67 Fed. Reg. 48431), the Conservation Reserve Program, the Wetlands Reserve Program, and the Farmland Protection Program.

CCN:

Cloud condensation nuclei

CERCLA:

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

cfm:

Cubic feet per minute

CFR:

Code of Federal Regulations

CFU:

Colony forming units (bacteria formed on nutrient media)

CH4:

Methane

CNMP:

Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CRP:

Conservation Reserve Program

CSP:

Conservation Security Program

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×

CSREES:

Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (USDA)

CWA:

Clean Water Act

CZARA:

Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments

CZMA:

Coastal Zone Management Act


Denitrification:

Reduction of nitrates or nitrites to nitrogen-containing gases.

DHIA:

Dairy Herd Improvement Association

DM:

Dry matter

DMI:

Dry matter intake

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DOAS:

Differential optical absorption spectroscopy

dscm:

Dry standard cubic meter


Electronic nose:

An array of gas sensors that are combined with pattern recognition software to mimic human olfactory response (Lacey, 1998).

ELG:

Effluent limitation guideline

Emission flux:

The rate of mass emission per unit of area (e.g., tonnes per hour per hectare), typically from an area such as a waste lagoon or field.

Emission inventory:

A list showing the sources and amounts (e.g., tonnes) of a pollutant emitted from a defined area for a period of time, usually one year.

Emission rate:

The rate of mass emission (e.g., tonnes per hour).

EPA:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPCRA:

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

EQIP:

Environmental Quality Incentives Program


Feedlot:

An animal feeding operation where beef cattle are finished to slaughter weight; it consists of fenced earthen or concrete paddocks with cattle having little of no access to pasture.

FEP:

Tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer

FID:

Flame ionization detector

FPM:

Flame photometric detector

FRM:

Federal reference method

FSA:

Farm Service Agency (USDA)

ft2:

Square feet

FTIR:

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy


g:

Gram

g/cm3:

Grams per cubic centimeter

GC:

Gas chromatography

GC-EC:

Gas chromatography with electron capture detection

GC-FID:

Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

GLAS:

Ground-level area source


ha:

Hectare; an area 100 meters square, about 2.5 acres

HAP:

Hazardous air pollutant

HC:

Hydrocarbon

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×

HNO3:

Nitric acid

H2S:

Hydrogen sulfide

H2SO4:

Sulfuric acid

Hz:

Hertz (cycles per second)


IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISCST:

Industrial Source Complex Short Term


kg:

Kilogram, or 1000 grams (about 2.2 pounds)

km:

Kilometer, or 1000 meters

kwh:

Kilowatt-hour


L:

Liter

LAER:

Lowest achievable emission rate

lbs:

pounds

LD-50:

The dose lethal to 50 percent of the laboratory animals tested.

Lidar:

Light detection and ranging. A device similar to radar except that it emits pulsed laser light rather than microwaves.

LLPS:

Low-level point source

LOAEL:

Lowest observed adverse effect level

LU:

Live unit, 500 kg of body weight


m:

Meter

m3:

Cubic meter

MACT:

Maximum achievable control technology

Manure:

A mixture of animal feces and urine, which may also include litter or bedding materials.

MCF:

Methane conversion factor

MeSH:

Methanethiol

Mg:

megagram. An SI unit of mass equal to 1 million grams or 1000 kg. This means that the megagram is identical to the tonne (metric ton). Large masses are almost always stated in tonnes in commercial applications, but megagrams are often used in scientific contexts. One megagram equals about 2204.623 pounds.

μg/m3:

Micrograms per cubic meter

μm:

Micrometer or micron (10−6 meter)

MMD:

Mass median diameter

MMTCE:

Millions of metric tonnes carbon equivalent (used to express the greenhouse effect of methane and other gases relative to carbon dioxide).

MS:

Mass spectroscopy

MUN:

Milk urea nitrogen

mV:

millivolts

MWPS:

Midwest Plan Service (an organization of extension and research agricultural engineers).


N:

Nitrogen

N2:

Molecular nitrogen

NA:

Nonattainment area

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×

NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NaNO3:

Sodium nitrate

NBS:

National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)

NESHAPS:

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

NH3:

Ammonia

NH4+:

Ammonium ion

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Nitrification:

Oxidation of ammonia or an ammonium ion compound to nitric acid, nitrous acid, or any nitrate or nitrite, especially by the action of nitrobacteria.

NMHC:

Nonmethane hydrocarbon

NO:

Nitric oxide

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

NO2:

Nitrogen dioxide

NOAEL:

No observed adverse effect level

NODA:

Notice of data availability

NOV:

Notice of violation

NOx:

NO and NO2 (rapidly interconverted in the atmosphere)

NOy:

All oxidized nitrogen species in the atmosphere

NPDES:

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

Nr:

Reactive nitrogen (all nitrogen other than N2). The term reactive nitrogen (Nr) is used in this report to denote all biologically active, photochemically reactive, and radiatively active nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere and biosphere of the earth and to distinguish all reactive forms of nitrogen from nonreactive gaseous dinitrogen (N2). Thus, Nr includes (1) inorganic reduced forms of nitrogen (e.g., NH3, NH4+), (2) inorganic oxidized forms of nitrogen (e.g., NOx, HNO3, N2O, NO3), and (3) a wide variety of organic nitrogen compounds including urea, amino acids, amines, proteins, nucleic acids, and so forth.

NRC:

National Research Council

NRCS:

Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA)

NSPS:

New Source Performance Standards

NSR:

New source review

NTRM:

NIST Traceable Reference Material

NUE:

Nitrogen utilization efficiency (the ratio of nitrogen in animal product to nitrogen in feed consumed).

Nutrient excretion factor:

An estimate of the amount of a nutrient element (e.g., N) excreted, usually reported as kilograms per day (or year) per animal (or animal unit or kilograms of body weight).


ODT:

Odor detection threshold. The minimum concentration of odorant(s) detectable by 50 percent of the population (represented by an odor panel).

ORP:

Oxidation-reduction potential

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×

OU:

Odor unit. The amount of odorant(s) in 1 m3 of air detectable by 50 percent of the population

OUE:

European odor unit is the amount of odorant(s) that, when evaporated into 1 cubic meter of neutral gas at standard conditions, elicits a physiological response from a panel (detection threshold) equivalent to that elicited by 1 European Reference Odor Mass (erom), evaporated in 1 m3 of neutral gas at standard conditions. One erom is equivalent to 123 mg n-butanol (CAS 71-36-3).


PAN:

Peroxyacetyl nitrate

PBL:

Planetary boundary layer

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PET:

Polyethyleneterephalate (Nalophan)

PF-LIF:

Photolytic fragmentation laser-induced fluorescence

PM:

Particulate matter

PM2.5:

Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less.

PM10:

Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less.

PNP:

Permit nutrient plan

Point source:

“[A]ny discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel,…concentrated animal feeding operation,…from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include agricultural stormwater discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture” (33 USC § 1362(14)).

ppb:

Parts per billion (by volume)

ppd:

Pounds per day

ppm:

Parts per million (by volume)

Precision:

The degree of agreement between two or more results on the same property of identical test material expressed as the repeatability or reproducibility of an instrument reading the results.

PSD:

Particle size distribution

PSD:

Prevention of significant deterioration

psi:

Pounds per square inch

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)

PVF:

Polyvinylfluoride (Tedlar)


REA:

Relaxed eddy accumulation

RHA:

Rolling herd average

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ROG:

Reactive organic gase

RQ:

Reportable quantity


S:

Sulfur gas

SAPRA:

State air pollution regulatory agency

SCD:

Sulfur chemiluminescence detector

SF6:

Sulfur hexafluoride (used as an atmospheric tracer)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×

SIP:

State implementation plan

SO2:

Sulfur dioxide

SPM:

Single point air monitor

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction. A method used to concentrate the components in odor samples prior to analysis.

SRM:

Standard reference material

STPD:

Standard temperature and pressure, dry

Synoptic:

Relating to weather conditions that exist simultaneously over a large area.


TAN:

Total ammoniacal nitrogen

TDLS:

Tunable diode laser spectroscopy

Tg:

Teragram. 1 × 1012 g, or 1 million metric tonnes

TKN:

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

TMDL:

Total maximum daily load

TNRCC:

Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission

tpy:

Tons (short) per year

TRS:

Total reduced sulfur (includes H2S and mercaptans)

TS:

Total solids

TSP:

Total suspended particulates


Uncertainty:

The estimated amount or percentage by which an observed or calculated value may differ from the true value.

USC:

United States Code

USDA:

U.S. Department of Agriculture

USDC:

U.S. Department of Commerce


VFA:

Volatile fatty acid

VOC:

Volatile organic compound

VS:

Volatile solids. The weight lost upon ignition at 550 °C—an approximation of moisture and organic matter present (using Method 2540 E of the American Public Health Association).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×
Page 198
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×
Page 199
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×
Page 200
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×
Page 201
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×
Page 202
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×
Page 203
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary." National Research Council. 2003. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10586.
×
Page 204
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Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.

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