AU: Animal unit:

A unit of measure used to compare different animal types.

• EPA (66 Fed. Reg. 2960-3138): 1 cattle excluding mature dairy and veal cattle; 0.7 mature dairy cattle; 2.5 swine weighing more than 55 pounds; 10 swine weighing 55 pounds or less; 55 turkeys; 100 chickens; and 1 veal calf.

• USDA: 1000 pounds of live animal weight.

BACT:

Best achievable control technology

bar:

A unit of pressure equal to one atmosphere (14.7 pounds per square inch).

BAT:

Best available technology (economically achievable)

Bioaerosol:

Particulate matter in the atmosphere containing materials of biological origin that may cause disease, such as toxins, allergens, viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

BMP:

Best management practice

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

BPT:

Best practicable control technology (currently available)

BST:

Bovine somatotropin

BW:

Body weight

C:

Carbon

C₂, C₁₀, C₁₆:

Hydrocarbons with 2, 10, and 16 carbon atoms, respectively.

CAA:

Clean Air Act

CAFO:

Concentrated animal feeding operation (see Appendix E).

CCC:

Commodity Credit Corporation, a government-owned and operated corporation, was created in 1933 to stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices. It now operates as a federal corporation within USDA; the Secretary of Agriculture chairs its Board of Directors. CCC programs are carried out through the personnel and facilities of other USDA organizations, including the Farm Service Agency and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. CCC funds are used for a number of conservation programs, include EQIP (67 Fed. Reg. 48431), the Conservation Reserve Program, the Wetlands Reserve Program, and the Farmland Protection Program.

CCN:

Cloud condensation nuclei

CERCLA:

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

cfm:

Cubic feet per minute

CFR:

Code of Federal Regulations

CFU:

Colony forming units (bacteria formed on nutrient media)

CH₄:

Methane

CNMP:

Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan

CO₂:

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CRP:

Conservation Reserve Program

CSP:

Conservation Security Program

Front Matter (R1-R22)

Executive Summary (1-13)

1. Introduction (14-25)

2. Livestock Agriculture and Animal Feeding Operations (26-49)

3. Air Emissions (50-73)

4. Measuring Emissions (74-97)

5. Approaches for Estimating Emissions (98-128)

6. Government Regulations and Programs (129-151)

7. Improving Knowledge and Practices (152-168)

8. Conclusions (169-175)

References (176-194)

Appendix A: Statement of Task (195-197)

Appendix B: Acronyms and Glossary (198-204)

Appendix C: Bioaerosols (205-206)

Appendix D: Nitrogen and Sulfur Contents of Animal Products and Live Animals -- Sample Excretion Predictions (207-213)

Appendix E: Animal Units (214-216)

Appendix F: Ammonia Emissions from Manure Storage (217-221)

Appendix G: Regulatory Action Levels by Selected Atmospheric Pollutant (222-223)

Appendix H: Regulatory Action Levels by Regulatory Requirement and Action Status (224-225)

Appendix I: Emission Factors for a Feed Mill or Grain Elevator (226-227)

Appendix J: Public Meeting Agendas (228-233)

Appendix K: Geographic Distribution of Livestock and Poultry Production in the United States for 1997 (234-240)

Appendix L: Emisson Factors in Published Literature (241-254)

About the Authors (255-260)

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications (261-264)