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Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management (2003)

Chapter: Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

Appendix C
Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

TABLE C-1 Summary of In Situ Oxidation (Phase II) Field Sites

Site Location

Area of Concern

Contaminants of Concern

Regulatory Driver

Oxidant

Scale

Remedial Objectives

Ability to Meet Objectives

Follow-up Actions

Anniston Army Depot

Calhoun County, AL

SWMU 12 soils in the former industrial lagoon area

VOCs in soil, primarily TCE

RCRA Corrective Action –Emergency Removal Action

Hydrogen peroxide

Pilot and full scale

Reduce chemical contamination that may be contributing to exceedances of health-based concentration limits in onsite and offsite groundwater

Reports claim up to 90% removal of total VOCs. Post-treatment sampling data show several areas above the 41-ppm TCE soil cleanup criteria.

Additional polishing treatment in selected locations.

Cherry Point UST

Bogue, Carteret County, NC

Vadose zone soils and groundwater in former UST area.

Gasoline and diesel range organics in soil. VOCs in groundwater, primarily benzene

NCDENR environmental regulations and site cleanup criteria

Hydrogen peroxide

Pilot scale

Demonstration project to remediate soil and groundwater within the 1,000 µg/L benzene contour interval to levels acceptable to the NCDENR.

Project caused pavement upheaval, underground explosions, and fire. Post-incident sampling indicates that significant contamination still remains that will most likely require further site characterization and remediation by other means.

Additional site characterization and remediation alternatives will have to be evaluated.

CRREL

Grafton County, NH

AOC 2 (Former TCE UST) & 9 (Ice Well) Vadose Zone Soils

TCE and MEK in soil.

Voluntary cleanup. NHDES is the primary oversight agency.

Potassium permanganate

Pilot and full scale

Reduce soil concentrations of TCE in vadose zone source area.

Pilot-scale testing is currently inconclusive. Increases in chloride concentrations in pore water during injection provide evidence that the dechlorination reaction is occurring, although pre- and post-injection soil samples indicate limited effect.

Full-scale trial is currently in operation.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

Site Location

Area of Concern

Contaminants of Concern

Regulatory Driver

Oxidant

Scale

Remedial Objectives

Ability to Meet Objectives

Follow-up Actions

Kings Bay NSB

Camden County, GA

Site 11-Former sanitary landfill along the western boundary of the NSB with contaminant plume moving toward residential area

VOCs in soil, primarily PCE

RCRA cleanup under a GDEP consent order

Hydrogen peroxide

Full scale

Aggressive source reduction with chemical oxidation to 100 ppb VOCs in source area

In situ oxidation was able to reduce total VOCs in the primary treatment zone to below 100 ppb. The success of this project may be linked to the sandy soil with high hydraulic conductivities (30 ft/day). GDEP rescinded the consent order and allowed the shutdown of the pump and treat system.

Natural attenuation to polish residuals outside the source area that are less than 100 ppb.

LEAD

Franklin County, PA

OBP vadose zone Soils

VOCs in soil, primarily TCA

The OBP is located within an NPL site at LEAD; working under an IAG with USEPA/PADEP.

Hydrogen peroxide

Full scale

Reduce soil concentrations of select VOCs below Act 2 Soil Cleanup Criteria for groundwater.

In situ oxidation provided significant removals of contaminants. However, in situ oxidation did not meet cleanup objectives, and additional alternatives will have to be evaluated to achieve greater reductions.

LEAD evaluating enhanced biological treatment; soil vapor extraction; hot spot excavation; and natural attenuation

LEAD

Franklin County, PA

SE DA bedrock aquifer

VOCs in groundwater, primarily TCE

The entire SE Area including the DA is an NPL site.

Hydrogen peroxide

Pilot scale

Evaluate pilot test results to determine whether ISO alone or combined with other technologies can be used for full-scale remediation

Not available

Not available

Nellis AFB

Northeast of Las Vegas, NV

Site ST-44 along the flight line with a plume of TCE-impacted groundwater

TCE in saturated soils and groundwater

Environmental investigations undertaken through the IRP and overseen by the Nevada DEP; must comply with Nevada ARARs

Ozone sparging

Pilot scale

Determine the feasibility of using in situ ozone sparging to reduce TCE contamination at ST-44

While in situ ozone sparging appeared to be able to reduce TCE contamination at ST-44 by varying amounts in some wells and spargers, there were increases in other wells and rebound was seen in 4 out of 5 wells and 1 out of 3 spargers.

Full-scale treatment with system modifications

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

Site Location

Area of Concern

Contaminants of Concern

Regulatory Driver

Oxidant

Scale

Remedial Objectives

Ability to Meet Objectives

Follow-up Actions

Pensacola NAS

Pensacola, FL

Former sludge drying beds were open surface impoundments that accepted paint wastes and listed hazardous waste

VOCs in groundwater, primarily TCE

State order based on monitoring data showing impact to groundwater. RCRA-regulated soils were removed and a P&T system installed.

Hydrogen peroxide

Full scale

To significantly reduce contamination in the aquifer

Groundwater results after Phase 2 indicate that in situ oxidation was successful in remediating chlorinated organics found in the treatment zone. However, the site experienced a rebound after Phase I, and the RPM expects it again after Phase 2.

Performing a phased evaluation of natural attenuation as a polishing technology

Shaw AFB

Sumter, SC

OU 4 – Former Fire Training Area No. 1. Soil and groundwater contaminated from the use of combustible liquids in the fire training exercises

VOCs in soil and groundwater, primarily TCA and DCA

Site under an ACO. Pilot test performed under TERC.

Hydrogen peroxide

Pilot scale

1. Determine if groundwater contamination at OU-4 can be treated and significantly reduced using hydrogen peroxide solution.

2. Define the radius of influence of an injection well.

3. Gather sufficient data to support the design of a full-scale remediation system.

1. Pilot test showed that groundwater can be partially treated with in situ oxidation; it remains to be seen whether significant reductions achievable.

2. Pilot test further defined the radius of influence of an injection well at the site based on the interpolation of several different field measurements.

3. Pilot test data allowed contractors to adjust chemical requirements, further define radius of influence, and estimate an approximate cost for full-scale remediation. More information is required for remediating contaminants in vadose zone and the lower portion of the aquifer, for selecting appropriate injection rates for large-scale areas, and controlling releases of VOCs to the air.

The draft Pilot Test Report recommended performing an air sparging pilot test using the existing injector and monitoring well system

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

Site Location

Area of Concern

Contaminants of Concern

Regulatory Driver

Oxidant

Scale

Remedial Objectives

Ability to Meet Objectives

Follow-up Actions

DOE Kansas City Plant

Kansas City, MO

Former Ponds Site with VOC contamination in vadose and saturated zone soils

TCE and DCE in soil

Not available

Potassium permanganate

Field demonstration

Evaluate feasibility of degrading VOCs in situ by addition of KMnO4 using a DSM process and evaluate impact of KMnO4 addition to chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil being treated

Oxidant introduction through the DSM process resulted in significant reductions of TCE within the vertical profile of the soil columns and homogenization of the treatment region. Average reduction of TCE levels by 67% in the test cells compared favorably with the 70% treatment goal.

Not discussed

DOE PORTS

Piketon, OH

Former area X-701B holding pond used for the neutralization and settling of metal-bearing acidic wastewater and solvent-contaminated solutions

TCE in groundwater

Pond was closed under RCRA closure action; site agreed to collaborate with ORNL and support ISO field test at Area X-701B

Potassium permanganate

Full scale demonstration

Field-scale treatability study of ISCOR to evaluate effectiveness in reducing sources of groundwater plumes and minimizing time pump-and-treat facilities are required to be operational

In situ oxidation via injection of KMnO4 solution resulted in dramatic removal of TCE from the Gallia aquifer. However, the persistence of TCE in surrounding units will result in recontamination of the Gallia aquifer over time. Groundwater samples collected 12 weeks after the conclusion of the test suggest that the rate of contaminant rebound will be slow, and that the ISCOR test was successful in reducing the overall mass of TCE within the aquifer unit.

Monitor TCE groundwater levels to determine if further action is needed.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

Site Location

Area of Concern

Contaminants of Concern

Regulatory Driver

Oxidant

Scale

Remedial Objectives

Ability to Meet Objectives

Follow-up Actions

DOE Savannah River Site

Aiken, SC

A/M Area

PCE and TCE in vadose zone soils and soils below the water table

A/M Area RCRA Groundwater Corrective Action; Integrated Demonstration R&D Activities

Hydrogen peroxide

Pilot scale

Pilot-scale demonstration to evaluate the ability of Fenton’s Reagent to destroy DNAPL (TCE & PCE) at a field site and assess the efficiency of Fenton’s Reagent deployed at depth (150 ft).

In situ oxidation provided significant removals of DNAPL found below the water table in the test zone. Although in situ oxidation met the pilot test objectives (verify an alternative DNAPL destruction technology), additional remediation technologies would have to be used in conjunction with in situ oxidation to meet typical aquifer protection standards.

Not discussed

BMC Olen

Irvine, CA

Site includes an operating plant that covers much of the source area

TCE, PCE, and MC in vadose zone soils and below the water table

Regional Water Quality Control Board

Potassium permanganate

Pilot and full scale

Phased objectives:

1. Reduce dissolved TCE and MC levels to asymptote.

2. Turn off active remediation (vapor recovery and groundwater extraction).

3. Obtain site closure.

4. Achieve dissolved TVOC levels below 500 µg/L site-wide.

The treatment met the most critical goals of:

1. reducing dissolved-phase CVOC levels (estimated at 97% reduction, to low ppb levels in the injection zone), and

2. terminating active remediation by vapor and groundwater recovery.

The treatment did not meet the further objectives of:

1. site closure without longterm monitoring (partly due to the unexpected presence of MC), and

2. a site-wide average dissolved TCE concentration of < 500 µg/L.

Long-term monitoring will be required as part of the monitored natural attenuation strategy for residual contaminants, particularly MC

 

SOURCE: ESTCP. 1999. Technology Status Report: In Situ Oxidation. http://www.cstcp.org/documents/techdocs/index.cfm (November).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

TABLE C-2 Summary of Selected Steam Injection Projects for Subsurface Remediation

Site

Contaminant Concentration/Volume

Geology

Treatment System Design

Removal Efficiency or Volume

Comments

Solvent Services, Inc. San Jose, CA

VOCs and nonvolatile organic contaminants at concentrations > 1,000 ppm

Silts and clays, continuous poorly sorted sand layer at bottom, 0.61 to 1.5 m

7.3-m2 area treated by 6 injection wells and 1 extraction well, 1.5m between wells, 111.6 kg/hr of steam injected for 120 hrs, then 67 kg/hr for 20 hrs

Vacuum extraction: 99 kg in 40 hrs.

Steam extraction: 146 kg in 140 hrs.

Followed by intermittent operations.

Pilot-scale demonstration

Annex Terminal Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro, CA

Major contaminants were TCE, PCE, chloro-benzene. Initial average concentration of 466 ppm VOCs

 

33-m2 area treated to 1.5-m depth by steam (200°C) and compressed air (135°C)

84.7% VOCs, 55% SVOCs.

Treatment time was 1 month

Detoxifier system developed by NovaTerra, Inc.

AT&T New York

Chlorinated solvents, TCE & 1,1,1-TCA, DNAPL (separate and dissolved aqueous phase)

Tight, heterogeneous

 

4,500 kg of hydrocarbons recovered in 2 years

Nutrients injected at 40°C, vacuum extraction of 7.8 m3/min, maximum vacuum of 41 cm Hg

Yorktown Naval Shipyards

Naval Special Fuel Oil, estimated 8,000 L a

Upper 6 m was homogeneous fine to coarse sand, below that was interbedded sands and clays. Water table 3.8 to 4.1 m below ground. Hydraulic conduct. 2.0 to 5.2 x 10-3 cm/s

83.6 m2 area treated with five spot pattern of four injection wells and one extraction well, 9.1 m between injection wells; injected at 6.1- to 7.6-m depth, extracted from 3- to 9.1 -m depth; Injection rate of 272 kg/hr

617 L recovered.

Steam injected over 2-month period

Hot water may be more appropriate for this nonvolatile, viscous oil

Naval Air Station Lemoore, CA

JP-5, estimated 757,000 L

Sands and silts with hydraulic conduct. 3.9 x 10-3 to 1.4 x 10-2 cm/s. Water table at 4.9 m

12,140-m2 area treated with two injection wells at the center, and eight vapor/groundwater extraction wells; Injection depth of 6 m

Approximately 976,000 L recovered in 3 months of operation. Final vadose zone concentration of 20 to 50 ppm TPH; 20,000 ppm remains at water table

Demonstration project

Pinellas Plant Northeast Site, Largo, FL

Volatile organic compounds including BTEX and chlorinated solvents

Silty sands, water table at 1 m below around surface

1,566 m3 treated by 48 holes to a depth of 9.8 m

Approximately 544 kg recovered

Dual auger rotary steam stripping demonstration project

SOURCE: Davis, E. L. 1998. Steam Injection for Soil and Aquifer Remediation, Ground Water Issue, EPA/540/S-97/505, January.

aThe report does not contain an estimate of the amount of oil contained in the area treated by the pilot study. This estimate was made using the same assumptions made in the report to estimate the oil contained within the entire contaminated region, with an estimate of the contamination extending to a depth of 1.5 m.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

TABLE C-3 Compilation of In Situ Thermal Treatment Projects

Project

Contaminant(s)

Technology

Status

LLNL Gas Pad

Gasoline

Steam Injection

Complete (115,000 lbs recovered)

Visalia Pole Yard NPL Site

Creosote, pentachlorophenol

Steam Injection

Ongoing full-scale (1 million lbs recovered in 18 months)

Skokie, IL

TCE

6-phase heating

Full-scale cleanup completed

Seattle, WA

PCE

6-phase heading

Full-scale cleanup completed

Ft. Richardson, AK

PCE

6-phase heading

Full-scale cleanup completed

Atlanta, GA

Diesel fuel

6-phase heading

Full-scale cleanup completed

Portland, IN

PCE, TCE

In situ thermal desorption

Full-scale cleanup completed

Tanapag, Saipan, NMI

PCBs

In situ thermal desorption

Full-scale cleanup completed

Fuel Terminal, Eugene, OR

Diesel fuel

In situ thermal desorption

Full-scale cleanup completed

Naval Facility, Ferndale, CA

PCBs

In situ thermal desorption

Full-scale cleanup completed

Dragstrip, Glen Falls, NY

PCBs

In situ thermal desorption

Demonstration project completed

Mew, Cape Girardeau, MO

PCBs

In situ thermal desorption

Demonstration project completed

Navy BADCAT, Vallejo, CA

PCBs

In situ thermal desorption

Demonstration project completed

Lemoore NAS, CA

JP-5

Steam injection

Full-scale cleanup completed

Petrochemical, TX

Solvents

3-Phase electrical heating

Sequential full-scale cleanup of hot spots

NAS North Island, San Diego, CA

TCE, JP-5

In situ thermal treatment

Full-scale cleanup underway following successful pilot

Yorktown Navy Facility, VA

Fuel oil

In situ steam heating

Full-scale project underway. Steam in pipes used to reduce viscosity, facilitate recovery in trenches

Rainbow Disposal, Huntington Beach, CA

Diesel fuel

Steam injection

EPA SITE demonstration

DESC, Whittier, AL

JP-5

Steam injection

Full-scale design and construction

Bulk oil plant, Jacksonville, FL

Motor oil

Steam injection

Full-scale design/startup Fall 2000

Metal recycling facility, Boston, MA

Heavy machine oil

In situ thermal treatment

Procurement and fabrication underway

Aircraft engine plant, Lynn, MA

PCBs

Steam injection

Design completed/implementation 2001

Safety Kleen Breslau, Ontario

PCBs

In situ thermal treatment

Pilot test

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×

Project

Contaminant(s)

Technology

Status

DESC, San Pedro, CA

Diesel fuel

In situ thermal treatment

Pilot test

PSNS, Bremerton, WA

Fuel oil

In situ thermal treatment

Pilot test

Ft. Hood, TX

JP-8

Steam injection/3-phase heat

Demonstration

Panama City, FL

Diesel fuel

Steam injection

Full-scale

Plating facility, Danbury, CT

CVOCs

Steam injection

Full-scale designed and constructed

DOE Savannah River, SC

PCE, TCE

Steam injection

Contract awarded

A.G. Communications, North Lake, IL

Solvents

Steam injection

Ongoing

Waukegon, IL

Methylene chloride

6-phase heating

Full-scale cleanup in progress

Long Beach, CA

PCE

6-phase heating

Pilot project (awarded)

Portland, OR

TCE

6-phase heating

Full-scale cleanup (awarded)

Newark, CA

EDB

6-phase heating

Pilot project (awarded)

Air Force Plant 4, Ft. Worth, TX

Solvents

6-phase heating

Pilot project underway

Holyoke, MA

Styrene

Steam injection

Ongoing

Alameda NAS

TCE, diesel, motor oil

Steam injection

Pilot project completed

DOE Portsmouth, OH

TCE

Steam injection

Pilot project completed

Solvent Services, San Jose, CA

Chlorinated solvents

Steam injection

Pilot project completed

Port of Ridgefield, WA

PAHs, PCP

Steam injection

Contract awarded

Cape Canaveral, FL

TCE

Steam injection/oxidation

Joint DOD/DOE/EPA/NASA “treat-off”

Mobil Oil

Petroleum

RF Heating

Full-scale completed

Ashland Refinery, St. Paul, MN

Petroleum

Microwave Heating

Full-scale completed

Wyckoff Wood Treater NPL Site

Creosote Pentachlorophenol

In situ thermal treatment

Signed ROD, conceptual design underway

Rocky Mt. Arsenal Hex Pit Commerce City, CO

Pesticides

In situ thermal desorption

Full-scale design/EPA SITE demonstration

Pole Yard, Alhambra, CA

Creosote, PAHs

In situ thermal desorption

Under contract

N. Ryan St. Site, Lake Charles, LA

PAHs, PCBs

In situ thermal desorption

Administrative Order on Consent Action Memorandum issued

 

SOURCES: (1) GWRTAC. 2000. Advances on Innovative Ground- Water Remediation Technologies and In Situ Thermal Treatment, Conference Proceedings, Boston, MA, June and (2) J. Cummings, 2001, EPA Technology Innovation Office, personal communication.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 349
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 350
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 351
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 352
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 353
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 354
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 355
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 356
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 357
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Tables of Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects." National Research Council. 2003. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10599.
×
Page 358
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The number of hazardous waste sites across the United States has grown to approximately 217,000, with billions of cubic yards of soil, sediment, and groundwater plumes requiring remediation. Sites contaminated with recalcitrant contaminants or with complex hydrogeological features have proved to be a significant challenge to cleanup on every level—technologically, financially, legally, and sociopolitically. Like many federal agencies, the Navy is a responsible party with a large liability in hazardous waste sites.

Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilitites applies the concepts of adaptive management to complex, high-risk hazardous waste sites that are typical of the military, EPA, and other responsible parties. The report suggests ways to make forward progress at sites with recalcitrant contamination that have stalled prior to meeting cleanup goals. This encompasses more rigorous data collection and analysis, consideration of alternative treatment technologies, and comprehensive long-term stewardship.

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