|
Reference
|
Study Population
|
Exposed Cases
|
Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)
|
|
Tetrachloroethylene and Dry-cleaning Solvents
|
|
Cohort Studies—Mortality
|
|
Ruder et al., 2001
|
Dry-cleaning union workers
|
14
|
2.47 (1.35–4.14)
|
|
|
Long-term exposurea
|
10
|
5.03 (2.41–9.47)
|
|
|
Tetrachloroethylene-only
|
5
|
2.65 (0.85–6.20)
|
|
|
Tetrachloroethylene-plus other solvents
|
9
|
2.40 (1.10–4.56)
|
|
Boice et al., 1999
|
Aircraft-manufacturing workers in California
|
|
|
|
Potential routine exposure
|
6
|
1.47 (0.54–3.21)
|
|
|
≥5 years routine or intermittent
|
3
|
0.91 (0.13–1.60)
|
|
Blair et al., 1990
|
Dry-cleaning union members in St. Louis, MO
|
|
|
|
Dry-cleaning solvents
|
13
|
2.1 (1.1–3.6)b
|
|
|
Medium exposure (white males)
|
1
|
2.9 (0.1–18.6)b
|
|
|
Medium exposure (black males)
|
7
|
3.6 (1.5–7.6)b
|
|
|
High exposure (white males)
|
0
|
—
|
|
|
High exposure (black males)
|
1
|
2.0 (0.1–11.1)b
|
|
Case-Control Study
|
|
Vaughan et al., 1997
|
Cases from the dry-cleaning industry
|
|
|
Squamous cell (possible exposure)
|
2
|
3.6 (0.5–27.0)
|
|
|
Squamous cell (probable)
|
2
|
6.4 (0.6–68.9)
|
|
|
Adenocarcinoma (possible)
|
2
|
1.1 (0.2–5.7)
|
|
|
Adenocarcinoma (probable)
|
1
|
0.9 (0.1–10.0)
|
|
Benzene
|
|
Cohort Studies—Mortality
|
|
Gérin et al., 1998
|
Male residents of Montreal, Canada
|
|
|
|
Medium or high exposure
|
5
|
0.9 (0.3–2.4)
|
|
Yin et al., 1996a
|
Chinese factory workers ever exposed to benzene
|
27
|
1.8 (0.8–4.5)
|
|
|
Males
|
25
|
2.0 (0.9–5.4)
|
|
|
Females
|
2
|
0.8 (0.1–16.7)
|
|
Hayes et al., 1996
|
Chinese factory workers (cumulative exposure to benzene)
|
|
|
|
None
|
7
|
1.0
|
|
|
<10 ppm-years
|
5
|
3.5
|
|
|
10–39 ppm-years
|
1
|
0.5
|
|
|
40–99 ppm-years
|
3
|
1.3
|
|
|
100–400 ppm-years
|
5
|
1.1
|
|
|
>400 ppm-years
|
13
|
3.2
|
|
|
|
|
p-trend=0.09
|
|
Xylene and Toluene
|
|
Case-Control Studies
|
|
Parent et al., 2000
|
Male residents of Montreal, Canada
|
|
|
|
Esophageal
|
|
|
|
Any toluene
|
16
|
1.2 (0.7–2.2)
|
|
|
Substantial toluene
|
7
|
1.5 (0.6–3.7)
|
|
|
Squamous cell
|
|
|
|
Any toluene
|
15
|
2.0 (1.0–3.9)
|
|
|
Substantial toluene
|
6
|
2.4 (0.9–6.4)
|
|
Gérin et al., 1998
|
Male residents of Montreal, Canada
|
|
|
|
Medium or high exposure, xylene
|
5
|
1.4 (0.5–3.8)
|
|
|
Medium or high exposure, toluene
|
9
|
1.9 (0.9–4.2)
|
|
Methylene Chloride
|
|
Cohort Study—Mortality
|
|
Hearne and Pifer, 1999
|
Male Kodak workers in New York state, employed >1 year
|
|
|
Methylene chloride cohort
|
2
|
0.63 (0.07–2.28)
|
|
|
Roll-coating division (external control)
|
4
|
1.42 (0.38–3.65)
|
|
|
Roll-coating division (internal control)
|
4
|
1.40 (0.38–3.58)
|
