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Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents, Volume 2
Reference
Study Population
Exposed Cases
Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)
Case-Control Study
Gérin et al., 1998
Male residents of Montreal, Canada
Low exposure
64
1.1 (0.8–1.5)
Medium exposure
22
1.7 (0.9–3.0)
High exposure
9
0.9 (0.4–2.1)
Methylene Chloride
Cohort Study—Mortality
Gibbs et al., 1996
Cellulose-fiber production workers
High exposure
13
1.79 (0.95–3.06)
≥20-year latency
NA
2.08 (p<0.05)
≥20-year latency and ≥20-year duration
NA
2.91 (p≤0.05)
Low exposure
9
1.40 (0.64–2.66)
No exposure
3
1.04 (0.22–3.05)
Unspecified Mixtures of Organic Solvents
Cohort Study—Incidence
Anttila et al., 1995
Finnish workers monitored for exposure
Halogenated hydrocarbons
14
1.38 (0.76–2.32)
Cohort Studies—Mortality
Boice et al., 1999
Aircraft-manufacturing workers in California
Mixed solvents, routine exposure
70
1.0 (0.78–1.26)
Years exposed
<1
31
0.99 (0.65–1.49)
1–4
64
0.81 (0.59–1.13)
≥5
139
0.77 (0.58–1.02)
p-trend=0.06
Greenland et al., 1994
White male US transformer-assembly workers
Solvents, ever exposed
NA
0.84 (0.49–1.42)
Garabrant et al., 1988
Aircraft-manufacturing workers in California
25
0.93 (0.60–1.37)
Matanoski et al., 1986
US painters and allied tradesmen union members
117
0.99 (0.82–1.18)
Morgan et al., 1981
Male US paint and coatings manufacturers, employed >1 year
29
0.84
NOTE: NA=not available.
Epidemiologic Studies of Exposure to Organic Solvents and Bladder Cancer
All but one (Aschengrau et al., 1993) of the case-control studies of bladder cancer reviewed by the committee used occupational history to assess exposure, and in some studies information on specific chemical exposures was also obtained (Gérin et al., 1998; Pesch et al., 2000a). The study by Aschengrau and colleagues assessed exposure on the basis of estimated doses of tetrachloroethylene found in public drinking water in five towns of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Two studies included interviews with proxies if subjects were too ill to be interviewed (Morrison et al., 1985; Teschke et al., 1997). Most studies simply grouped exposure defined broadly on the basis of occupation, including work in the painting industry (Cordier et al., 1993; Jensen et al., 1987; La Vecchia et al., 1990; Morrison et al., 1985; Vineis and Magnani, 1985), in laundry and dry-cleaning services (Silverman et al., 1989a,b; Smith et al., 1985), and in both fields (Schoenberg et al., 1984; Teschke et al.,
