Gulf War and Health: Volume 2. Insecticides and Solvents

Reference	Study Population	Exposed Cases	Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)
Benzene
Case-Control Studies
Pesch et al., 2000a	Participants in multiple centers in Germany
	British job-exposure matrix
	Benzene (males)
	Medium	95	1.1 (0.8–1.4)
	High	70	0.9 (0.7–1.2)
	Substantial	47	1.5 (1.0–2.1)
	Benzene (females)
	Medium	21	1.2 (0.7–2.0)
	High	18	1.5 (0.9–2.8)
	Substantial	8	1.4 (0.6–3.3)
	German job-exposure matrix
	Benzene (males)
	Medium	177	1.1 (0.9–1.3)
	High	169	1.2 (1.0–1.6)
	Substantial	68	1.2 (0.8–1.6)
	Benzene (females)
	Medium	27	1.0 (0.7–1.7)
	High	23	0.8 (0.5–1.4)
	Substantial	5	0.6 (0.2–1.6)
	Job task-exposure matrix approach
	Benzene (males)
	Medium	51	0.7 (0.5–1.0)
	High	71	1.0 (0.7–1.3)
	Substantial	37	1.4 (0.9–2.1)
	Benzene (females)
	Medium	2	0.4 (0.1–1.8)
	High	3	0.4 (0.1–1.2)
	Substantial	2	0.8 (0.2–3.7)
Gérin et al., 1998	Male residents of Montreal, Canada
	Low exposure	65	1.0 (0.7–1.3)
	Medium exposure	22	1.2 (0.7–2.0)
	High exposure	2	0.2 (0.0–0.6)
Toluene
Cohort Study—Incidence
Svensson et al., 1990	Male rotogravure printers in Sweden, employed >3 months
	Bladder and kidney cancer	4	0.64 (0.18–1.65)
	≥5 yrs exoposed with >10 yrs latency	4	0.85 (0.23–2.16)
Cohort Study—Mortality
Wiebelt and Becker, 1999	Male German rotogravure printers, employed >1 year	2	0.66 (0.08–3.27)
Walker et al., 1993	Shoe manufacturers in two plants in Ohio, potentially exposed to toluene and other solvents
	Total	7	0.99 (0.40–2.05)
	Males	4	0.87 (0.24–2.25)
	Females	3	1.20 (0.25–3.51)