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Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents, Volume 2
Reference
Study Population
Exposed Cases
Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)
Low-level exposure
6
1.5 (0.6–3.4)
High-level exposure
18
1.8 (1.1–2.9)
High probability and high-level exposure
16
1.7 (1.0–2.8)
Cohort Studies—Mortality
Ireland et al., 1997
Benzene-exposed male Monsanto workers
Production workers
<12 ppm-month
1
1.6 (0.0–8.7)
12–72 ppm-month
1
1.9 (0.0–10.5)
≥72 ppm-month
2
4.4 (0.5–15.8)
Maintenance workers
6
1.2 (0.4–2.5)
Yin et al., 1996a
Chinese factory workers, ever exposed
13
1.3 (0.5–4.1)
Hayes et al., 1996
Benzene-exposed workers in China
Cumulative exposure
<10 ppm-years
1
0.8
10–39 ppm-years
3
1.9
40–99 ppm-years
2
1.3
100–400 ppm-years
1
0.4
400+ ppm-years
5
2.3
p trend=0.48
Greenland et al., 1994
White male US transformer-assembly workers, ever exposed, high probability
NA
2.1 (1.0–4.4)
Carpenter et al., 1988
Workers at two nuclear facilities, ever exposed
No latency
28
0.76
10-year-latency
20
0.57
Case-Control Study
Rodvall et al., 1996
Hospital catchment-area residents of Sweden, ever exposed (gliomas)
NA
5.5 (1.4–21.3)
Other Specific Organic Solvents
Cohort Study—Incidence
Anttila et al., 1998
Finnish workers biologically monitored for exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons
Toluene
3
1.09 (0.22–3.18)
Xylene
3
1.62 (0.33–4.72)
Cohort Studies—Mortality
Dosemeci et al., 1991
Male US industrial workers exposed to phenol
10
0.7 (0.4–1.4)
Leffingwell et al., 1983
Male workers at a Texas chemical plant, ever exposed (gliomas)
