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Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents, Volume 2
Reference
Study Population
Exposed Cases
Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Case-Control Studies
Shu et al., 1999
Children diagnosed through the Children’s Cancer Group
Maternal preconception exposure, any solvents
93
1.8 (1.3–2.5)
Chlorinated solvents
2
1.8 (0.2–20.8)
Nonchlorinated organic solvents
22
2.0 (1.0–4.2)
Benzene
7
0.7 (0.3–1.8)
Trichloroethylene
9
1.8 (0.6–5.2)
Tetrachloroethylene
3
1.4 (0.2–8.6)
Methyl ethyl ketone
9
0.8 (0.3–1.9)
Toluene
5
1.5 (0.6–3.8)
Naphtha
2
0.5 (0.1–3.0)
Paint remover
16
2.5 (1.0–5.9)
Paternal preconception exposure, any solvents
490
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
Chlorinated solvents
9
1.0 (0.4–2.5)
Nonchlorinated organic solvents
61
1.3 (0.8–1.9)
Benzene
74
1.2 (0.8–1.2)
Trichloroethylene
100
1.1 (0.8–1.5)
Tetrachloroethylene
21
0.8 (0.5–1.5)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
107
1.1 (0.8–1.5)
Toluene
82
1.1 (0.8–1.5)
Xylene
67
1.2 (0.8–1.8)
Naphtha
62
1.2 (0.8–1.7)
Paint remover
120
1.0 (0.7–1.3)
Feingold et al., 1992
Children in the Denver, CO, area
Paternal occupational exposure year before birth
Solvents
3
1.7 (0.4–8.2)
Benzene
9
1.6 (0.5–5.8)
Diethylene glycol
7
1.4 (0.4–4.5)
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
Case-Control Study
Buckley et al., 1989
Children diagnosed through the Children’s Cancer Group
Paternal preconception exposure, solvents
NA
2.2 (p<0.05)
NOTE: NA=not applicable.
Epidemiologic Studies of Exposure to Organic Solvents and Neuroblastoma
Olshan and colleagues (1999) reported an increased risk of neuroblastoma in children whose fathers were painters (OR=2.1, 95% CI=0.9–4.8); this was the most relevant of the 73 paternal occupations listed for solvent exposure. In a followup study, the investigators used a job-exposure matrix to evaluate maternal and paternal occupational exposure to 65 chemical compounds or broad categories of substances (De Roos et al., 2001). As reviewed by an industrial hygienist, neuroblastoma risk was not markedly increased based on maternal exposures to halogenated hydrocarbons (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.2–2.1), to volatile hydrocarbons (OR=1.2, 95% CI=0.7–2.1), to acetone (OR=1.1, 95% CI=0.4–2.8), or to alcohols (OR=1.0, 95% CI=0.5–2.1). However, for paternal exposures, risk estimates were higher: volatile hydrocarbons (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.0–2.1), alcohols (OR=1.8, 95% CI=0.9–3.3), benzene (OR=2.0, 95% CI=0.4–10.3), methyl ethyl ketone (OR=1.4, 95% CI=0.5–3.8), naphtha (OR=1.4, 95% CI=0.4–5.9), and xylene (OR=1.4, 95% CI=0.5–4.3). Paternal exposure to acetone,
