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Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents, Volume 2
TABLE 9.4 Selected Epidemiologic Studies: Renal Disease and Exposure to Organic Solvents
Reference
Population
Exposed Cases
Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)
Glomerulonephritis
Solvents
Case-Control Studies
Ravnskov et al., 1979
Patients in Sweden
50 total cases
3.9 (1.9–8.1)
van der Laan, 1980
Patients in the Netherlands
50 total cases
1.1 (0.4–3.1)
Stengel et al., 1995
Male patients in France
298 total cases
Low solvent exposure
21%a
1.0 (0.6–1.6)
High solvent exposure
18%a
1.2 (0.7–2.1)
Chlorinated solvents
4%a
0.6 (0.2–1.5)
Oxygenated solvents
6%a
1.2 (0.5–3.0)
Aliphatics
10%a
2.0 (0.9–4.3)
Aromatics
5%a
1.6 (0.5–4.6)
Solvent mixtures
8%a
0.8 (0.4–1.7)
Harrington et al., 1989
Patients in the United Kingdom
50 total cases
1.0 (0.16–6.3)
Sesso et al., 1990
Patients in Brazil
17 total cases
Organic solvents
52.9%a
5.0 (1.14–22.00)
Overall hydrocarbons
58.5%a
2.8 (0.71–11.07)
Porro et al., 1992
Patients in Italy
60 total cases
Total solvent exposures
NA
3.50 (1.18–12.18)
Occupational
NA
4.25 (1.18–16.36)
Nonoccupational
NA
1.71 (0.57–4.94)
Hydrocarbons
Case-Control Studies
Asal et al., 1996
Patients in Oklahoma
Hydrocarbon exposure
(<100 ppm vs ≥100 ppm)
132
1.39 (0.94–2.04)
Yaqoob et al., 1992
Patients in the United Kingdom
Greasing, degreasing agents
NA
5.3b p <0.01)
End-Stage Renal Disease
Solvents
Case-Control Studies
Steenland et al., 1990
Patients in Michigan
All solvents
124
1.51 (1.03–2.22)
Solvents used in paints and glues
38
1.01 (0.58–1.74)
Solvents used as cleaning agents or degreasers
94
2.50 (1.56–3.95)
Solvents used in other processes
17
1.05 (0.44–2.48)
Chronic Renal Failure
Hydrocarbons
Case-Control Studies
Nuyts et al., 1995
Patients in Belgium
Oxygenated hydrocarbons
25
5.45 (1.84–16.2)
NOTE: NA=not available.
a
b
