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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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INDEX

A

Acetone

hairy cell leukemia and, 326

multiple myeloma and, 306

rectal cancer and, 203

Acute human exposures

to carbamates, 52–53

to DEET, 67–68

delayed effects, 44–46

immediate effects, 43–44

to lindane, 64–65

organophosphorous compounds, 43–46

to pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 59–60

Acute leukemia, 134–135, 308

and benzene, 320–321

and mixtures of organic solvents, 321–322

and solvent exposure, 319–322

Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 336

Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 336

AD. See Alzheimer’s disease

Adult leukemia, 134–135, 308

acute, 319–322

and benzene, 315–316

chronic, 322–323

hairy cell, 325–326

and insecticide exposure, 134–139

lymphatic, 323–325

and mixtures of organic solvents, 317–319

and phenol, 317

and solvent exposure, 308–319

solvents, 317

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning and toluene, 317

and trichloroethylene, 316

Agents listed in PL 105–277 and PL 105–368, 1–2, 10–11

diseases endemic to the region, 2, 11

environmental particles and pollutants, 1, 10

live, “attenuated,” and toxoid vaccines, 2, 11

nerve agents and precursor compounds, 1, 10

pesticides, 1, 10

pyridostigmine bromide, 1, 10

radiation sources, 2, 10

synthetic chemical compounds, 1, 10

AhR action, interactions with carbamates, 56

Aircraft and aerospace workers, exposed to trichloroethylene, 165–166

Alcohols, 89–90

chemical structure of various, 90

cyclohexanol, 90

ethanol, 90

isopropanol, 90

methanol, 90

toxicology of, 89–90

Allergic contact dermatitis, 509–510, 512–513

ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

and insecticide exposure, 420–421

and solvent exposure, 434–439

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

and insecticide exposure, 418–419

and solvents, 424–429

Aplastic anemia, 484–491

and benzene, 487–490

and insecticide exposure, 485–486

and solvents, 489–491

Aromatic hydrocarbons, 84–85

benzene, 85

toluene, 85

toxicology of, 84–85

xylenes, 85

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

Association

measures of, 24–25

See also Categories of association

“Attenuated” vaccines, 2, 11

Audiometry, 581

Azamethiphos, chemical structure of, 41

B

Bait, for rodents, 1, 10

Balance, symptoms related to, 387–388

Behavioral alterations, organophosphorous-induced delayed, 46

Benzene

acute leukemia and, 320–321

adult leukemia and, 315–316

aplastic anemia and, 487–490

bladder cancer and, 256

bone cancer and, 225

brain and CNS tumors and, 280

breast cancer and, 235

chemical structure of, 85

chronic leukemia and, 323

colon cancer and, 198–199

esophageal cancer and, 190

hairy cell leukemia and, 325

hepatobiliary cancers and, 213

Hodgkin’s disease and, 299–300

kidney cancer and, 270

lung cancer and, 221

lymphatic leukemia and, 324

multiple myeloma and, 305

myelodysplastic syndromes and, 330

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 291–292

pancreatic cancer and, 206

prostate cancer and, 245–246

rectal cancer and, 202

stomach cancer and, 193

time-to-pregnancy effects and, 461

Bias

assessing the effect of, 26–27

information, 27–28

selection, 27

Bibliographic databases, 568

Biological interactions, research

recommendations from Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 564

Bladder cancer, 117

and benzene, 256

and insecticide exposure, 119–120

and mixtures of organic solvents, 257–259

and solvent exposure, 246–259

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 255

and toluene, 256–257

and trichloroethylene, 254

and xylene, 257

Blood glucose concentrations, of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 62

Bone cancer, 110

and benzene, 225

and insecticide exposure, 110–111

and mixtures of organic solvents, 225

and solvent exposure, 224–225

and trichloroethylene, 225

Brain and central nervous system (CNS)

tumors, 121

and benzene, 280

and chloroform, 281

and insecticide exposure, 121–123

and methylene chloride, 279

and mixtures of organic solvents, 281

and phenol, 280

and solvent exposure, 272–282

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 278–279

and toluene, 280

and trichloroethylene, 277–278

and xylene, 280

Breast cancer, 114

and benzene, 235

and insecticide exposure, 114–117

and methylene chloride, 236

and mixtures of organic solvents, 236

and solvent exposure, 230–236

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 235

and trichloroethylene, 234

Bronchospasm, from organophosphorous compounds, 49

2-Butoxyethanol glycol, chemical structure of, 91

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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n-Butyl acetate, chemical structure of, 93

C

Canadian Study, of Gulf War veterans, 544

Cancer overview, 98–101

and insecticide literature, 99–100

and solvent literature, 156–157

toxicity and carcinogenicity, of insecticides, 100–101, 159

toxicity and carcinogenicity, of solvents, 157

Cancers and exposure to insecticides, 98–155

adult leukemia, 134–139

bone cancer, 110–111

brain and CNS tumors, 121–123

childhood cancer, 139–146

female reproductive cancers, 114–117

gastrointestinal tract cancers, 102–105

hepatobiliary cancers, 105–107

Hodgkin’s disease, 130–131

lung cancer, 107–110

multiple myeloma, 132–134

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 123–130

oral, nasal, and laryngeal cancers, 101–102

skin cancer, 112–114

soft tissue sarcoma, 111–112

urologic cancers, 117–120

Cancers and exposure to organic solvents, 156–349

adult leukemia, 308, 313–319

bone cancer, 224–225

brain and CNS cancers, 272–282

breast cancer, 230–236

childhood cancers, 331–338

female reproductive cancers, 237–241

gastrointestinal tract tumors, 184–207

hepatobiliary cancers, 207–214

Hodgkin’s disease, 297, 299–301

lung cancer, 214–224

lymphatic and hematopoetic cancers, 282

multiple myleloma, 301–307

myelodysplastic syndromes, 326–331

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 283, 288–296

oral, nasal, and laryngeal cancer, 179–184

skin cancer, 226–230

soft tissue sarcoma, 225

urologic cancers, 241–272

Carbamate interactions with other agents, 56–57

and AhR action, 56

cimetidine, 56

inhibitor SKF525A effects, 56

malathion coadministration, 56

phenobarbital, 56

Carbamates, 1, 10, 51–57

acute human exposure, 52–53

carbaryl, 1, 10

carcinogenicity, 54

chemical structure of, 51

chemistry of, 51

developmental effects, 54–55

experimental data on, 53–55

genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility, 52

genotoxicity, 54

immune function changes, 55

immunosuppression, 55

interactions with other agents, 56–57

lysozyme activity changes, 55

mechanism of action, 52

methomyl, 1, 10

mutagenicity, 54

neurotoxic effects, 53–54

proxpur, 1, 10

reproductive effects, 54–55

serum complement-fixing activity changes, 55

toxicokinetics, 51–52

Carbaryl, 1, 10

chemical structure of, 51

sperm and semen parameters and, 455

Carboxylesterase, interactions with organophosphorous compounds, 50

Carcinogenicity

of carbamates, 54

of lindane, 65

of organophosphorous compounds, 47–48

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 60–61

Cardiovascular effects

and insecticide exposure, 491–492

and solvent exposure, 492–494

Categories of association, 18–21

Causal relationships or causality, 18–20

Central nervous system (CNS). See Brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors

Cervical cancer, 114

and methylene chloride, 239

and mixtures of organic solvents, 239

and solvent exposure, 237–239

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 239

and trichloroethylene, 239

Chance, assessing the effect of, 26

Chemical interactions

multiple exposures and, 13–14

research recommendations from Gulf

War and Health, Volume 1, 564

See also Interactions with other agents

Chemical structures

azamethiphos, 41

benzene, 85

2-butoxyethanol, 91

n-butyl acetate, 93

carbamates, 51

carbaryl, 51

chlorpyrifos, 41

cyclohexanol, 90

DEET, 67

diazinon, 41

dichlorvos, 41

n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, 67

diethylene glycol, 91

diethylene glycol (mono) butyl ether, 91

ethanol, 90

ethylene glycol, 91

glycol ethers and their metabolites, 92

hexylene glycol, 91

iso-butyl acetate, 93

isopropanol, 90

ketones, 94

lindane, 63

malathion, 41

methanol, 90

1-methoxy-2-propanol acetate, 93

organophosphorous insecticides used in Gulf War, 41

permethrin, 58

d-phenothrin, 58

propylene glycol, 91

pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 58

sec-butyl acetate, 93

tert-butyl acetate, 93

toluene, 85

various alcohols, 90

various esters, 93

various glycols, 91

xylenes, 85

Chemistry

of alcohols, 89–90

of aromatic hydrocarbons, 84–85

of carbamates, 51

of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, 67

of esters, 93

of glycol ethers, 92

of glycols, 90–91

of ketones, 94

of lindane, 63

of organophosphorous compounds, 40

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 57–58

Childhood cancers, 139–140

brain cancer, 146, 337–338

childhood leukemia, 141–146, 332–336

and insecticide exposure, 141–146

neuroblastoma, 336–337

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 146

and solvent exposure, 331–338

Chlorinated-hydrocarbons and other pesticides and repellents, 1, 10

DEET, 1, 10

lindane, 1, 10

permethrins, 1, 10

pyrethrins, 1, 10

rodenticides (bait), 1, 10

Chloroform, 88–89

brain and CNS tumors and, 281

metabolic pathways of biotransformation, 89

Chlorpyrifos, 1, 10

chemical structure of, 41

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

Chronic glomerulonephritis, 507

Chronic leukemia, 134–135, 308

and benzene, 323

and mixtures of organic solvents, 323

and solvent exposure, 322–323

“Chronic multisymptom illness,” 383–384

Chronic renal failure, and hydrocarbons, 508

Cimetidine (Tagamet®), interactions with carbamates, 56

Cirrhosis, 501

CNS. See Brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors

Cognitive impairment, organophosphorous-induced delayed, 46

Colon or colorectal cancer, 102

and benzene, 198–199

and insecticide exposure, 103, 105

and methylene chloride, 199

and mixtures of organic solvents, 200

and phenol, 199

and solvent exposure, 195–200

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 198

and toluene, 199

and trichloroethylene, 197–198

and xylene, 199

Color discrimination, 439–440

Color vision testing, 581

Concentration, symptoms related to, 384–387

Confounding, 28–30

Congenital malformations, 469

heart, 471–472, 475

and insecticide exposure, 470–473

and maternal exposure, 473, 477

multiple and other malformations, 472

neural-tube defects and other CNS anomalies, 470–471, 474

oral clefts, 475–476

other types of, 476

and paternal exposure, 473, 477

and solvent exposure, 474–477

Connective-tissue disorder, undifferentiated, 520

Cross-sectional studies, definition, 21–22

Cyclohexanol, chemical structure of, 90

D

Danish Study, of Gulf War veterans, 547–548

Databases

bibliographic, 566

factual, 566

Davis, Miriam, 533–561

DEET. See n,n-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

Delayed effects of organophosphorous

behavioral alterations, 46

cognitive impairment, 46

compounds, 44–46

intermediate syndromes, 45

neurologic deficits, 46

neuropathy, 45–46

tolerance, 44–45

visual deficits, 46

Demographic characteristics, of US Gulf War troops, 534

Depleted uranium (DU), 2, 10

research recommendations from Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 564

Dermatitis, 509–514

allergic contact dermatitis, 509–510, 512–513

and insecticide exposure, 509–512

irritant contact dermatitis and other skin disorders, 510–511, 513–514

from organophosphorous compounds, 49

and solvent exposure, 512–514

Developmental effects, 450–483

of carbamates, 54–55

congenital malformations, 469–477

of DEET, 69

of lindane, 66

and organophosphorous compounds, 48–49

preconception, 450–461

during pregnancy, 461–469

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 61

Diazinon, 1, 10

chemical structure of, 41

Dichlorvos, 1, 10

chemical structure of, 41

Diesel heater fumes, 1, 10

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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n,n-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), 1, 10, 66–69

acute human exposures, 67–68

chemical structure of, 67

chemistry, 67

developmental effects, 69

experimental data on, 68–69

genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility, 67

interactions with other agents, 69

interactions with pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 62–63

mechanism of action, 67

neurotoxic effects, 68–69

reproductive effects, 69

toxicokinetics, 67

Diethylene glycol, chemical structure of, 91

Diethylene glycol (mono) butyl ether, chemical structure of, 91

Diseases endemic to the Gulf region, 2, 11

leishmaniasis, 2, 11

pathogenic Escherichia coli, 2, 11

sandfly fever, 2, 11

shigellosis, 2, 11

Dizziness, symptoms related to, 387–388

DU. See Depleted uranium

E

Ecologic studies, definition, 21

Electroencephalography, 577

Electromyograms (EMG), 575–576

End-stage renal disease, and solvents, 508

Endometrial cancer, and methylene chloride, 241

Environmental particles and pollutants, 1, 10

diesel heater fumes, 1, 10

hydrogen sulfide, 1, 10

oil-fire byproducts, 1, 10

sand microparticles, 1, 10

Epidemiologic study designs, 21–24

case-control studies, 22–24

cohort studies, 22

cross-sectional studies, 21–22

ecologic studies, 21

experimental studies, 24

Escherichia coli, pathogenic, 2, 11

Esophageal cancer, 102

and benzene, 190

and insecticide exposure, 105

and methylene chloride, 190

and mixtures of organic solvents, 191

and phenol, 191

and solvent exposure, 184–191

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 190

and toluene, 190

and trichloroethylene, 189

and xylene, 190

Esters, 93–94

chemical structure of various, 93

iso-butyl acetate, 93

1-methoxy-2-propanol acetate, 93

n-butyl acetate, 93

sec-butyl acetate, 93

tert-butyl acetate, 93

toxicology of, 93–94

Ethanol

chemical structure of, 90

cohort studies of workers exposed to, 173, 178

Ethylene glycol, chemical structure of, 91

Ethylene glycol ethers, time-to-pregnancy effects and, 461

Evidence of associations. See Categories of association

Experimental data

on carbamates, 53–55

on DEET, 68–69

on lindane, 65–66

nature and value of, 34–36

on organophosphorous compounds, 46–49

on pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 60–62

Experimental studies, definition, 24

Exposure

assessing, 30–32

lack of information on, 14

F

Fatality rate, 33

Female Air Force Veterans Study, of Gulf War veterans, 548

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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Female reproductive cancers, 114–115

cervical cancer, 114, 237–239

and insecticide exposure, 115–117

ovarian and uterine cancer, 114–115, 240–241

and solvent exposure, 237–241

G

Gastrointestinal effects

and solvent exposure, 502–503

Gastrointestinal tract cancers or tumors, 102–105

colon cancer, 195–200

esophageal cancer, 105, 184, 188–191

and insecticide exposure, 102–105

pancreatic cancer, 103–104, 105, 203–207

rectal cancer, 103, 105, 200–203

and solvent exposure, 184–207

stomach cancer, 191–195

Genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility, 84

from carbamates, 52

from DEET, 67

from organophosphorous compounds, 42

from pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 58

Genetic Susceptibility Study, of Gulf War veterans, 549–550

Genotoxicity

of carbamates, 54

of organophosphorous compounds, 48

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 61

Glomerulonephritis, 504–508

and hydrocarbons, 508

and solvent exposure, 504–508

Glycol ethers

chemical structure of, 92

toxicology of, 92–93

Glycols, 90–92

2-butoxyethanol glycol, 91

chemical structure of various, 91

diethylene glycol, 91

diethylene glycol (mono) butyl ether, 91

ethylene glycol, 91

hexylene glycol, 91

propylene glycol, 91

toxicology of, 90–92

Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 2, 11, 563–566

conclusions, 563–564

research recommendations from, 564–565

Gulf War health issues, 13–15

complexities in addressing, 13

lack of exposure information, 14

literature on, 17–21, 565–568

multiple exposures and chemical interactions, 13–14

unexplained symptoms, 14

the war experience, 14–15

Gulf War veterans studies, 536–550

Canadian Study, 544

Danish Study, 547–548

Female Air Force Veterans Study, 548

Genetic Susceptibility Study, 549–550

“Iowa Study,” 538–541

major studies of Gulf War veterans’ symptoms and syndromes, 538

Massachusetts and New Orleans Veterans Study, 548

Naval Reservists Study, 548–549

Neurologic Dysfunction Study, 548–549

Oregon and Washington Veterans Study, 543–544

Pennsylvania and Hawaii Veterans Study, 548

University of London Study, 544–546

University of Manchester Study, 546–547

VA Study, 541–543

H

Hairy cell leukemia, 135, 308

and acetone, 326

and benzene, 325

and mixtures of organic solvents, 326

and solvent exposure, 325–326

and trichloroethylene, 326

Halogenated hydrocarbons, 85–89

chloroform, 88–89

methylene chloride, 87–88

tetrachloroethylene, 86

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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toxicology of, 85–89

trichloroethylene, 86–87

Hearing loss, 440–441

Hepatic effects, 499–502

cirrhosis, 501

liver function, 500

and solvent exposure, 499–502

Hepatic steatosis, 500–502

Hepatobiliary cancers, See also Liver cancer, 105

and benzene, 213

and insecticide exposure, 105–107

and methylene chloride, 212

and mixtures of organic solvents, 213–214

and phenol, 213

and solvent exposure, 207–214

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 212

and toluene, 213

and trichloroethylene, 211–212

Hepatotoxic effects, of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 62

Hexylene glycol, chemical structure of, 91

Hodgkin’s disease, 130

and benzene, 299–300

and insecticide exposure, 130–131

and mixtures of organic solvents, 300–301

and phenol, 300

and solvent exposure, 297–301

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 300

and toluene, 300

and trichloroethylene, 299

and xylene, 300

Hospitalization studies, of Gulf War veterans, 551–552

Hydrazine, 1, 10

Hydrocarbons

aromatic, 84–85

chronic renal failure and, 508

glomerulonephritis and, 508

halogenated, 85–89

Hydrogen sulfide, 1, 10

Hypersensitivities, from organophosphorous compounds, 49

I

Illnesses in Gulf War veterans epidemiologic studies of veterans’ symptoms and general health status, 536–550

limitations of past and current studies, 555–556

overview of, 533–562

population-based studies, 537–550

registry programs, 534–536

Immune function changes, from carbamates, 55

Immunosuppression, of carbamates, 55

Immunotoxic effects

of lindane, 66

from organophosphorous compounds, 49

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 61–62

Infertility, 453–455, 458–461

Information bias, 27–28

Inhibitor SKF525A effects, interactions with carbamates, 56

Insecticide exposure and specific cancers, 98–155

adult leukemia and, 134–139

aplastic anemia and, 486

bone cancer and, 110–111

brain and CNS tumors and, 121–123

breast cancer and, 116–117

cancers and, 98–155

childhood cancer and, 139–146

childhood leukemia and, 145–146

congenital malformations and, 473

female reproductive cancers and, 114–117

gastrointestinal tract cancers and, 102–105

hepatobiliary cancers and, 105–107

Hodgkin’s disease and, 130–131

lung cancer and, 107–110

multiple myeloma and, 132–134

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 123–130

oral, nasal, and laryngeal cancers and, 101–102

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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pancreatic cancer and, 105

skin cancer and, 112–114

soft tissue sarcoma and, 111–112

urologic cancers and, 117–120

Insecticide literature, and cancer, 99–100

Insecticide toxicology, 39–81

carbamates, 51–57

chemistry of, 41

DEET, 66–69

lindane, 63–66

organophosphorous compounds, 39–50

pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 57–63

Insecticides and neurologic diseases, 411–421

Alzheimer’s disease, 420–421

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 418–419

Parkinson’s disease, 412–418

Insecticides and peripheral neuropathy, 356–370

Gulf War veterans and, 356–362

OP insecticides and, 362–370

Insecticides used in the Gulf War, 12–13, 571

Interactions with other agents

of carbamates, 56–57

of DEET, 69

of organophosphorous compounds, 50

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 62–63

“Iowa Study,” 538–541

exposure-symptom relationships, 540

results of, 541

symptom clustering, 540

Irritant contact dermatitis and other skin disorders, 510–511, 513–514

Iso-butyl acetate, chemical structure of, 93

Isopropanol, chemical structure of, 90

Isopropyl alcohol

kidney cancer and, 270

multiple myeloma and, 306

K

Ketones

chemical structure of, 94

toxicology of, 94

Kidney cancer, 117–118

and benzene, 270

and insecticide exposure, 118–120

and isopropyl alcohol, 270

and mixtures of organic solvents, 270–272

and solvent exposure, 259–272

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 268–269

and toluene, 270

and trichloroethylene, 267–268

and xylene, 270

L

Laryngeal cancers, 101

and insecticide exposure, 101–102

and solvent exposure, 180–183

Latency period, 33

Leishmaniasis, 2, 11

Leukemia, 134–135, 307–308

acute, 308, 319–322

acute lymphocytic, 336

acute nonlymphocytic, 336

adult, 307–308, 313–319

childhood, 140–142, 145–146, 332, 335–336

chronic, 308, 322–323

hairy cell, 325–326

lymphatic, 323–325

Lindane, 1, 10, 63–66

acute human exposures, 64–65

carcinogenicity, 65

chemical structure of, 63, 64

chemistry of, 63

developmental effects, 66

experimental data on, 65–66

immunotoxic effects, 66

mechanism of action, 64

mutagenicity, 65

neurotoxic effects, 65

reproductive effects, 66

toxicokinetics, 64

Live vaccines, 2, 11

Liver cancer, See also Hepatobiliary cancers, 105

and insecticide exposure, 106–107

and solvent exposure, 207–214

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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Liver function, 500

Lung cancer, 107–108

and benzene, 221

and insecticide exposure, 108–110

and methylene chloride, 221

and mixtures of organic solvents, 223–224

and phenol, 222

and solvent exposure, 214–224

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 220

and toluene, 222

and trichloroethylene, 219–220

Lymphatic and hematopoetic cancers, 282

Lymphatic leukemia

and benzene, 324

and mixtures of organic solvents, 324

and solvent exposure, 323–325

Lysozyme activity changes, of carbamates, 55

M

Malathion, 1, 10

chemical structure of, 41

coadministration, and interactions with carbamates, 56

Massachusetts and New Orleans Veterans Study, of Gulf War veterans, 548

Maternal exposure

and congenital malformations, 473, 477

and pregnancy, 462–463, 465–466

MCS. See Multiple chemical sensitivity

Mechanisms of action

of carbamates, 52

of DEET, 67

of lindane, 64

of organophosphorous compounds, 43

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 58–59

Melanoma skin cancers, 112–113

and insecticide exposure, 113–114

and methylene chloride, 228

and mixtures of organic solvents, 229

and phenol, 229

and solvent exposure, 226–229

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 228

and trichloroethylene, 228

Memory, symptoms related to, 384–387

Metabolic pathways, of chloroform biotransformation, 89

Methanol, chemical structure of, 90

Methodology, 2–3

Methomyl, 1, 10

1-Methoxy-2-propanol acetate, chemical structure of, 93

Methylene chloride, 87–88

brain and CNS tumors and, 279

breast cancer and, 236

cervical cancer and, 239

colon cancer and, 199

endometrial cancer and, 241

esophageal cancer and, 190

hepatobiliary cancers and, 212

lung cancer and, 221

melanoma skin cancers and, 228

multiple myeloma and, 306

ovarian cancer and, 240

pancreatic cancer and, 206

prostate cancer and, 246

rectal cancer and, 203

stomach cancer and, 194

uterine cancer and, 241

Microwave radiation, 2, 10

Mixtures of organic solvents

acute leukemia and, 321–322

adult leukemia and, 317–319

bladder cancer and, 257–259

bone cancer and, 225

brain and CNS tumors and, 281

breast cancer and, 236

cervical cancer and, 239

chronic leukemia and, 323

colon cancer and, 200

esophageal cancer and, 191

hairy cell leukemia and, 326

hepatobiliary cancers and, 213–214

Hodgkin’s disease and, 300–301

kidney cancer and, 270–272

lung cancer and, 223–224

lymphatic leukemia and, 324

melanoma skin cancers and, 229

multiple myeloma and, 306–307

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

myelodysplastic syndromes and, 330–331

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 290–296

nonmelanoma skin cancers and, 230

ovarian cancer and, 240

pancreatic cancer and, 206–207

prostate cancer and, 246

rectal cancer and, 203

stomach cancer and, 194–195

uterine cancer and, 241

Motor neuron disease. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), 514–516

Multiple exposures, and chemical interactions, 13–14

Multiple myeloma, 132

and acetone, 306

and benzene, 305

and insecticide exposure, 132–134

and isopropyl alcohol, 306

and methylene chloride, 306

and mixtures of organic solvents, 306–307

and solvent exposure, 301–307

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 306

and toluene, 306

and trichloroethylene, 304–305

Multiple sclerosis, 429–434

Mustard agents, 1, 10

Mutagenicity

from carbamates, 54

from lindane, 65

from organophosphorous compounds, 48

from pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 61

Myelodysplastic syndromes, 326

and benzene, 330

and mixtures of organic solvents, 330–331

and solvent exposure, 327–331

N

Nasal cancers, 101

and insecticide exposure, 101–102

and solvent exposure, 179–180

Naval Reservists Study, of Gulf War veterans, 548–549

NB. See Neurobehavioral effects

Nerve agents and precursor compounds, 1, 10

sarin, 1, 10

tabun, 1, 10

Neural-tube defects (NTDs) and other CNS anomalies, 470–471, 474

Neurobehavioral (NB) effects, 377–388

“chronic multisymptom illness,” 383–384

electroencephalography, 580

OP insecticides and, 388–403

with past history of OP poisoning, 390

without past history of OP poisoning, 394–397

posturography, 580

and solvent exposure, 405–406

solvents and, 403–411

in studies of Gulf War veterans, 378–383

symptoms related to dizziness and balance, 387–388

symptoms related to memory and concentration, 384–387

tests for, 576–577, 579

Neuroblastoma, 336–337

Neurologic deficits, organophosphorous-induced delayed, 46

Neurologic diseases, 411–421

Alzheimer’s disease, 420–421

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 418–419

insecticides and, 411–421

Parkinson’s disease, 412–418

solvents and, 421–439

Neurologic Dysfunction Study, of Gulf War veterans, 548–549

Neurologic effects, 350–449

insecticides and neurologic diseases, 411–421

insecticides and peripheral neuropathy, 356–370

neurobehavioral effects, 377–388

OP insecticides and neurobehavioral effects, 388–403

short-term vs long-term effects of organophosphorous compounds, 352–353

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

solvents and neurobehavioral effects, 403–411

solvents and neurologic diseases, 421–439

solvents and peripheral neuropathy, 371–377

solvents and sensory effects, 439–441

Neurologic examination, 574–579

of neurobehavioral effects, 576–577

of peripheral neuropathy, 574–576

of sensory effects, 578–579

Neuropathy, organophosphorous-induced delayed, 45–46

Neurotoxic effects

of carbamates, 53–54

of DEET, 68–69

of lindane, 65

of organophosphorous compounds, 46–47

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 60

Nitric acid, red fuming, 1, 10

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 123–124, 282

and benzene, 291–292

and insecticide exposure, 123–130

and mixtures of organic solvents, 294–296

and phenol, 293

and solvent exposure, 283–296

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 293

and toluene, 292–293

and trichloroethylene, 290–291

and xylene, 292–293

Nonmelanoma skin cancers, 112–113

and insecticide exposure, 113–114

and mixtures of organic solvents, 230

and phenol, 229

and solvent exposure, 226–230

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 229

and trichloroethylene, 229

NTDs. See Neural-tube defects

O

Oil-fire byproducts, 1, 10

Olfactory function, 441

Online databases, 565–568

OP. See Organophosphorous compounds

OP insecticides and neurobehavioral effects, 388–403

with a history of past OP poisoning, 389–393

without a history of past OP poisoning, 393–403

OP insecticides and peripheral neuropathy, 362–370

OP poisoning

neurobehavioral effects with past history of, 390

neurobehavioral effects without past history of, 394–397

Oral cancers, 101

and insecticide exposure, 101–102

and solvent exposure, 179–181

Oral clefts, 475–476

Oregon and Washington Veterans Study, of Gulf War veterans, 543–544

Organic solvents. See Solvents

Organophosphorous (OP) compounds, 1, 10, 39–50

acute human exposures, 43–46

and bronchospasm, 49

carcinogenicity, 47–48

chemical structures of, 41

chemistry of, 40

chlorpyrifos, 1, 10

and dermatitis, 49

developmental effects, 48–49

diazinon, 1, 10

dichlorvos, 1, 10

experimental data on, 46–49

genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility, 42

genotoxicity, 48

and hypersensitivities, 49

immunotoxic effects, 49

interactions with other agents, 50

malathion, 1, 10

mechanism of action, 43

mutagenicity, 48

neurotoxic effects, 46–47

and peripheral neuropathy, 365–367

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

reproductive effects, 48–49

short-term vs long-term effects of, 352–353

toxicokinetics, 40–41

used in Gulf War, 41

Ovarian cancer, 114

and methylene chloride, 240

and mixtures of organic solvents, 240

and solvent exposure, 240–241

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 240

and trichloroethylene, 240

P

Pancreatic cancer, 102

and benzene, 206

and insecticide exposure, 103–105

and methylene chloride, 206

and mixtures of organic solvents, 206–207

and phenol, 206

and solvent exposure, 203–207

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 205

and toluene, 206

and trichloroethylene, 205

and xylene, 206

Parental exposure, and pregnancy, 464

Parkinson’s disease (PD), 412–418, 421–424

Particles, environmental, 1, 10

Paternal exposure

and congenital malformations, 473, 477

and pregnancy, 463–464, 467–469

PB. See Pyridostigmine bromide

PD. See Parkinson’s disease

Pennsylvania and Hawaii Veterans Study, 548

Peripheral neuropathy

electromyograms, 575–576

insecticides and, 356–370

neurologic examination of, 574–576

and organophosphorous insecticide exposures, 365–367

solvents and, 371–377

vibrotactile threshold, 576

Permethrins, 1, 10

chemical structure of, 58

interactions with DEET, 69

Pesticides

carbamate, 1, 10

chlorinated-hydrocarbons, 1, 10

organophosphorous, 1, 10

Petroleum distillates, toxicology of, 94–95

Phenobarbital, interactions with carbamates, 56

Phenol

adult leukemia and, 317

brain and CNS tumors and, 280

colon cancer and, 199

esophageal cancer and, 191

hepatobiliary cancers and, 213

Hodgkin’s disease and, 300

lung cancer and, 222

melanoma skin cancers and, 229

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 293

nonmelanoma skin cancers and, 229

pancreatic cancer and, 206

rectal cancer and, 203

stomach cancer and, 194

d-Phenothrin, chemical structure of, 58

Piperonyl butoxide, interactions with pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 62

PL 105–277 and PL 105–368, agents listed in, 1–2, 10–11

Pollutants, environmental, 1, 10

Population-based studies, of Gulf War veterans, 537–550

Posturography, 580

Preconception effects, 450–461

infertility, 453–455, 458–461

sperm and semen characteristics, 451–453, 455–458

Preconception end points, 450–461

Precursor compounds, to nerve agents, 1, 10

Pregnancy effects, 461–469

maternal exposure, 462–463, 465–466

parental exposure, 464

paternal exposure, 463–464, 467–469

Pregnancy outcomes, 462–469

Propylene glycol, chemical structure of, 91

Prostate cancer, 117

and benzene, 245–246

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

and insecticide exposure, 118–120

and methylene chloride, 246

and mixtures of organic solvents, 246

and solvent exposure, 241–246

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 245

and toluene, 245

and trichloroethylene, 244–245

and xylene, 245

Proxpur, 1, 10

Pseudocholinesterase, interactions with organophosphorous compounds, 50

Psychological interactions, research recommendations from Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 564

Pyrethrin I, chemical structure of, 58

Pyrethrins, 1, 10

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 57–63

acute human exposures, 59–60

blood glucose concentrations, 62

carcinogenicity, 60–61

chemical structures of, 58

chemistry of, 57–58

developmental effects, 61

experimental data on, 60–62

genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility, 58

genotoxicity, 61

hepatotoxic effects, 62

immunotoxic effects, 61–62

interactions with other agents, 62–63, 69

mechanism of action, 58–59

mutagenicity, 61

neurotoxic effects, 60

reproductive effects, 61

thyroid weight, 62

toxicokinetics, 58

Pyridostigmine bromide (PB), 1, 10

research recommendations from Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 564

R

Radiation sources, 2, 10

depleted uranium, 2, 10

microwave radiation, 2, 10

radiofrequency radiation, 2, 10

uranium, 2, 10

Radiofrequency radiation, 2, 10

Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome, 498

Rectal or colorectal cancer, 102

and acetone, 203

and benzene, 202

and insecticides exposure, 103, 105

and methylene chloride, 203

and mixtures of organic solvents, 203

and phenol, 203

and solvent exposure, 200–203

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 202

and toluene, 203

and trichloroethylene, 202

and xylene, 203

Red fuming nitric acid, 1, 10

Registry programs for Gulf War veterans, 534–536

demographic characteristics of US Gulf War troops, 534

most frequent symptoms and diagnoses of participants in VA registry, 535

Renal effects, 504–508

Reproductive effects, 450–483

of carbamates, 54–55

congenital malformations, 469–477

of DEET, 69

of lindane, 66

of organophosphorous compounds, 48–49

preconception, 450–461

during pregnancy, 461–469

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 61

Research recommendations from Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 564

biological, chemical, and psychological interactions, 564

depleted uranium, 564

pyridostigmine bromide, 564

sarin, 564

vaccines, 564

Respiratory effects, 494–498

Rheumatic diseases, systemic, 519–520

Rheumatoid arthritis, 520

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

Rodenticides (bait), 1, 10

S

Sand microparticles, 1, 10

Sandfly fever, 2, 11

Sarin, 1, 10

research recommendations from Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 564

Scleroderma, 517–520

Sec-butyl acetate, chemical structure of, 93

Selection bias, 27

Self-reported exposures, in the VA Study, 543

Semen parameters, 451–453, 455–458

and carbaryl, 455

Sensory effects

audiometry, 578

color vision testing, 578

neurologic examination of, 578–579

solvents and, 439–441

Serum complement-fixing activity changes, of carbamates, 55

Shigellosis, 2, 11

Skin cancer, 112

and insecticide exposure, 113–114

and solvent exposure, 226–230

Soft tissue sarcoma, 111

and insecticide exposure, 111–112

and solvent exposure, 225

Solvent exposure, 160–173

Alzheimer’s disease and, 435–437

bladder cancer and, 248–251

brain and CNS cancers and, 272–274

breast cancer and, 230–232

cancers from, 156–349

childhood cancer and, 331–334

gastrointestinal tract tumors and, 185–187

Hodgkin’s disease and, 297–298

kidney cancer and, 260–264

leukemia and, 308–312

liver cancer and, 207–208

lung cancer and, 215

melanoma skin cancers and, 226–227

multiple myeloma and, 301–302

multiple sclerosis and, 431–432

myelodysplastic syndromes and, 327–329

neurobehavioral effects and, 405–406

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 283–287

oral, nasal, and laryngeal cancer and, 180

peripheral neuropathy and, 372–374

prostate cancer and, 241–242

Solvent interactions, 84

Solvent toxicity, 83–84

Solvent toxicokinetics, 83

Solvent toxicology, 82–97

alcohols, 89–90

aromatic hydrocarbons, 84–85

esters, 93–94

glycol ethers, 92–93

glycols, 90–92

halogenated hydrocarbons, 85–89

ketones, 94

petroleum distillates, 94–95

Solvents, 1, 10

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and, 425–427

aplastic anemia and, 489–491

and color discrimination, 439–440

end-stage renal disease and, 508

genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility, 84

glomerulonephritis and, 508

and hearing loss, 440–441

information about, 83–84

and neurobehavioral effects, 403–411

and olfactory function, 441

and peripheral neuropathy, 371–377

and sensory effects, 439–441

sent to the Gulf War, 13, 571

time-to-pregnancy effects and, 461

See also Mixtures of organic solvents;

individual solvents

Solvents and neurologic diseases, 421–439

Alzheimer’s disease, 434–439

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 424–429

multiple sclerosis, 429–434

Parkinson’s disease, 421–424

Sperm parameters, 451–453, 455–458

and carbaryl, 455

Stomach cancer, 102

and benzene, 193

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

and insecticide exposure, 103

and methylene chloride, 194

and mixtures of organic solvents, 194–195

and phenol, 194

and solvent exposure, 191–195

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 193

and toluene, 194

and trichloroethylene, 193

and xylene, 194

Stress-related disorders, 553–554

Structures of molecules. See Chemical structures

Study designs, epidemiologic, 21–24

Susceptibility, genetic polymorphisms and, 84

Synthetic chemical compounds, 1, 10

hydrazine, 1, 10

mustard agents, 1, 10

red fuming nitric acid, 1, 10

solvents, 1, 10

volatile organic compounds, 1, 10

Systemic rheumatic diseases, 517–520

other rheumatologic diseases, 518–519

rheumatoid arthritis, 520

scleroderma, 517–520

undifferentiated connective-tissue disorder, 520

T

Tabun, 1, 10

Tagamet®. See Cimetidine

Tert-butyl acetate, chemical structure of, 93

Testicular cancer, 117

and insecticide exposure, 118–120

Tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 86

adult leukemia and, 317

bladder cancer and, 255

brain and CNS tumors and, 278–279

breast cancer and, 235

cervical cancer and, 239

colon cancer and, 198

esophageal cancer and, 190

hepatobiliary cancers and, 212

Hodgkin’s disease and, 300

kidney cancer and, 268–269

lung cancer and, 220

melanoma skin cancers and, 228

multiple myeloma and, 306

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 293

nonmelanoma skin cancers and, 229

ovarian cancer and, 240

pancreatic cancer and, 205

prostate cancer and, 245

rectal cancer and, 202

stomach cancer and, 193

uterine cancer and, 241

Thyroid weight, of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 62

Time-to-pregnancy effects

and benzene, 461

and ethylene glycol ethers, 461

and insecticide exposure, 455

and solvents, 461

Toluene

adult leukemia and, 317

bladder cancer and, 256–257

brain and CNS tumors and, 280

chemical structure of, 85

colon cancer and, 199

esophageal cancer and, 190

hepatobiliary cancers and, 213

Hodgkin’s disease and, 300

kidney cancer and, 270

lung cancer and, 222

multiple myeloma and, 306

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 292–293

pancreatic cancer and, 206

prostate cancer and, 245

rectal cancer and, 203

stomach cancer and, 194

Toxicity

and carcinogenicity, 100–101

and determination of carcinogenicity, 157–159

Toxicokinetics

of carbamates, 51–52

of DEET, 67

of lindane, 64

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
×

of organophosphorous compounds, 40–41

of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 58

of solvents, 83

Toxicology

of insecticides, 39–81

of solvents, 82–97

Toxoid vaccines, 2, 11

Trichloroethylene, 86–87

adult leukemia and, 316

bladder cancer and, 254

bone cancer and, 225

brain and CNS tumors and, 277–278

breast cancer and, 234

cervical cancer and, 239

colon cancer and, 197–198

esophageal cancer and, 189

hairy cell leukemia and, 326

hepatobiliary cancers and, 211–212

Hodgkin’s disease and, 299

kidney cancer and, 267–268

lung cancer and, 219–220

melanoma skin cancers and, 228

multiple myeloma and, 304–305

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 290–291

nonmelanoma skin cancers and, 229

ovarian cancer and, 240

pancreatic cancer and, 205

prostate cancer and, 244–245

rectal cancer and, 202

stomach cancer and, 193

uterine cancer and, 241

U

Undifferentiated connective-tissue disorder, 520

University of London Study, of Gulf War veterans, 544–546

University of Manchester Study, of Gulf War veterans, 546–547

Unmeasured confounding in cohort studies, 28–29

Uranium, 2, 10

depleted, 2, 10

Urologic cancers, 117–118

and insecticide exposure, 118–120

and solvent exposure, 241–272

Uterine cancer, 114–115

and methylene chloride, 241

and mixtures of organic solvents, 241

and solvent exposure, 240–241

and tetrachloroethylene and dry-cleaning solvents, 241

and trichloroethylene, 241

V

VA registry, 535

VA Study, of Gulf War veterans, 541–543

Vaccines

live, “attenuated,” and toxoid, 2, 11

research recommendations from Gulf War and Health, Volume 1, 564

Validity of findings, 25–33

assessing the effect of bias, 26–27

assessing the effect of chance, 26

confounding, 28–30

exposure assessment, 30–32

health outcome assessment, 32–33

information bias, 27–28

latency period and fatality rate, 33

selection bias, 27

Vibrotactile threshold, 576

Visual deficits, organophosphorous-induced delayed, 46

Volatile organic compounds, 1, 10

W

War experience, 14–15

X

Xylene

bladder cancer and, 257

brain and CNS tumors and, 280

colon cancer and, 199

esophageal cancer and, 190

Hodgkin’s disease and, 300

kidney cancer and, 270

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, 292–293

pancreatic cancer and, 206

prostate cancer and, 245

rectal cancer and, 203

stomach cancer and, 194

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Gulf War and Health: Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10628.
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Gulf War and Health, Volume 2, is the second in a series of congressionally-mandated studies by the Institute of Medicine that provides a comprehensive assessment of the available scientific literature on potential health effects of exposure to certain biological, chemical, and environmental agents associated with the Gulf War. In this second study, the committee evaluated the published, peer-reviewed literature on exposure to insecticides and solvents thought to have been present during the 1990-1991 war.

Because little information exists on actual exposure levels – a critical factor when assessing health effects – the committee could not draw specific conclusions about the health problems of Gulf War veterans. However, the study found some evidence, although usually limited, to link specific long-term health outcomes with exposure to certain insecticides and solvents.

The next phase of the series will examine the literature on potential health effects associated with exposure to selected environmental pollutants and particulates, such as oil-well fires and jet fuels.

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