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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. 56-DKNA-1-95107 and 56-DGNA-1-00001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This paper is funded “in part” by a contract from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
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COMMITTEE ON EXPLORATION OF THE SEAS
JOHN ORCUTT (Chair),
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
SHIRLEY A. POMPONI (Vice-Chair),
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida
TUNDI AGARDY,
Sound Seas, Bethesda, Maryland
GEORGE F. BASS,
Texas A&M University, College Station
EARL H. DOYLE,
Shell Oil (ret.), Sugar Land, Texas
TERRY GARCIA,
National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
BRUCE GILMAN,
Sonsub Inc. (ret.), Houston, Texas
SUSAN HUMPHRIS,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
ISAO KOIKE,
University of Tokyo, Japan
RICHARD LUTZ,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
MARCIA MCNUTT,
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California
JOHN NORTON MOORE,
University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville
WALTER PITMAN III,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York
JÖRN THIEDE,
Foundation for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
VICTOR M. VICENTE-VIDAL LORANDI,
Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Morelos, Mexico
Staff
JENNIFER MERRILL, Program Officer
MORGAN GOPNIK, Director
JODI BACHIM, Senior Project Assistant
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
NANCY RABALAIS (Chair),
Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin
ARTHUR BAGGEROER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JAMES COLEMAN,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
LARRY CROWDER,
Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina
RICHARD B. DERISO,
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California
EARL DOYLE,
Shell Oil (ret.), Sugar Land, Texas
ROBERT DUCE,
Texas A&M University, College Station
WAYNE R. GEYER,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
MIRIAM KASTNER,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
RALPH S. LEWIS,
Connecticut Geological Survey, Hartford
JULIAN P. MCCREARY, JR.,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
JACQUELINE MICHEL,
Research Planning, Inc., Columbus, South Carolina
SCOTT NIXON,
University of Rhode Island, Narragansett
JON G. SUTINEN,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston
NANCY TARGETT,
University of Delaware, Lewes
Staff
MORGAN GOPNIK, Director
SUSAN ROBERTS, Senior Program Officer
DAN WALKER, Senior Program Officer
JOANNE BINTZ, Program Officer
JENNIFER MERRILL, Program Officer
TERRY SCHAEFER, Program Officer
ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer
JOHN DANDELSKI, Research Associate
SHIREL SMITH, Administrative Associate
JODI BACHIM, Senior Project Assistant
NANCY CAPUTO, Senior Project Assistant
DENISE GREENE, Senior Project Assistant
SARAH CAPOTE, Project Assistant
BYRON MASON, Project Assistant
JULIE PULLEY, Project Assistant
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the three workshops held as part of this study. The Committee would first like to acknowledge the efforts of those who gave presentations at the meetings: Joe Baker, Patricio Bernal, Steven Bohlen, Bryndis Brandsdottir, Harry Breidahl, Mario Caceres, Tommy Dickey, Rene Drucker-Colin, Sylvia Earle, Paul Egerton, John Field, Montserrat Gorina-Ysern, J. Frederick Grassle, Jeremy Green, James Greenwood, Stephen Hammond, Su Jilan, Robert Knox, Suzanne Lacasse, Larry Mayer, Craig McLean, Michael Meredith, Jean-Francois Minster, Alain Morash, Rob Murdoch, Nii Odunton, Annelies Pierrot-Bults, Fangli Qiao, Muthukamatchi Ravindran, Shubha Sathyendranath, Sergey Shapovalov, Sunil Murlidhar Shastri, Victor Smetacek, Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Tamaki Ura, and James Yoder. These talks helped set the stage for fruitful discussions in the closed sessions that followed. Edward Urban, Jr., Elizabeth Gross, and Maria Hood were a great assistance to the committee and staff in planning the International Global Ocean Exploration Workshop. The Committee is also grateful to Margot Bohan who provided important material for this report.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in their review of this report:
VERA ALEXANDER, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
FRANCIS A. DAHLEN, JR., Princeton University, New Jersey
RUSS DAVIS, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
SCOTT DONEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
SYLVIA EARLE, Deep Ocean Exploration and Research, Inc., Oakland, California
ROGER LUKAS, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
STEPHEN OLSEN, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett
KARL TUREKIAN, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
DONALD WALSH, International Maritime, Inc., Myrtle Point, Oregon
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by William Fenical, appointed by the Divison on Earth and Life Studies, and Carl Wunsch, appointed by the Report Review Committee, who were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.