single molecule, an astonishing change of more than 20 orders of magnitude. We conclude that the area of analysis and structure determination presents important and exciting needs and opportunities, challenges such as detecting toxic or explosive materials in the environment, detecting land mines, and making chemical manufacturing processes more efficient and environmentally friendly via real time control.

Chapter 6 deals with computation and theory, from the most fundamental aspects to the role that this subject plays in manufacturing. The computer revolution has made it possible to approach a number of important goals: predicting the properties of unknown substances, predicting the pathways of chemical and physical processes, and designing optimal processes for manufacturing useful substances. However, these goals have not yet been fully achieved. When they have been, and the challenges in this field are met, we can expect to be able to create and manufacture new substances that have drastically shortened development times, thus bypassing substantial amounts of empirical experimental work and optimally meeting our needs in areas such as medicine and advanced materials. We conclude that this area of research has tremendous promise and importance, and that the opportunities should be pursued vigorously.

Chapter 7 describes the interface of chemistry with biology and medicine, ranging from the basic understanding of the molecular processes of biology, through the contributions of chemistry in modern agriculture, to the important role that medicinal chemistry plays in our health. Much, indeed most, of the progress in modern biology has relied on discovering the chemistry that underlies biological phenomena. Among the myriad examples are discovery of the molecular structure of DNA and sequencing the human genome. However, we still face enormous tasks in our efforts to fully understand the chemistry of biological processes. Modern medicinal chemists have invented, and chemical engineers have learned how to manufacture, the medicines that have let us conquer many diseases, but there is still much to do. New technologies such as microarrays for gene sorting are driving biochemical sciences, while others such as engineering of tissue regeneration are arising from advances at the biochemical frontier. We conclude that this area is extremely important in both the opportunities for fundamental discovery and the challenges and opportunities for curing human diseases.

Chapter 8 deals with the design and manufacture of materials, an area in which chemistry and chemical engineering play the central role; there is considerable overlap with the field of materials science, which is built on chemistry, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and physics. We are familiar with such advances as modern plastics, paints, fabrics, and electronic materials, but great opportunities and challenges for the future still remain. As one example, materials with useful superconducting properties will have a huge impact on our lives if they can be developed in a way that permits practical transmission of large electrical currents over long distances without resistive loss. We conclude that the opportunities for the invention and production of novel materials with excit-