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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program

Board on Army Science and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-01-C-008 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm.A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts and Dr. Wm.A.Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM

JOHN B.CARBERRY, Chair,

E.I.duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware

JOHN C.ALLEN,

Battelle Memorial Institute, Washington, D.C.

RICHARD J.AYEN,

Waste Management, Inc. (retired), Wakefield, Rhode Island

ROBERT A.BEAUDET,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles

LISA M.BENDIXEN,

Arthur D.Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

JOAN B.BERKOWITZ,

Farkas Berkowitz and Company, Washington, D.C.

JUDITH A.BRADBURY,

Battelle Patuxent River, California, Maryland

A.STAN DAVIS, consultant,

Greer, South Carolina

MARTIN C.EDELSON,

Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa

SIDNEY J.GREEN,

TerraTek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah

PAUL F.KAVANAUGH, consultant,

Fairfax, Virginia

TODD A.KIMMELL,

Argonne National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

DOUGLAS M.MEDVILLE,

MITRE (retired), Reston, Virginia

WINIFRED G.PALMER, consultant,

Frederick, Maryland

GEORGE W.PARSHALL,

E.I.duPont de Nemours and Company (retired), Wilmington, Delaware

JAMES P.PASTORICK,

GEOPHEX UXO, Alexandria, Virginia

R.PETER STICKLES, consultant,

Concord, Massachusetts

WILLIAM J.WALSH,

Pepper Hamilton LLP, Washington, D.C.

RONALD L.WOODFIN,

Sandia National Laboratories (retired), Albuquerque, New Mexico

Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison

HENRY J.HATCH,

U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia

Staff

NANCY T.SCHULTE, Study Director (from July 2001)

MICHAEL A.CLARKE, Acting Study Director (to July 2001)

DELPHINE D.GLAZE, Administrative Assistant

JAMES KILLIAN, Staff Officer

WILLIAM E.CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator

GREG EYRING, Consultant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

WILLIAM H.FORSTER, Chair,

Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland

JOHN E.MILLER, Vice Chair,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

ROBERT L.CATTOI,

Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas

RICHARD A.CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

GILBERT F.DECKER,

Walt Disney Imagineering (retired), Glendale, California

PATRICK F.FLYNN,

Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana

HENRY J.HATCH,

U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia

EDWARD J.HAUG,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

GERALD J.IAFRATE,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh

MIRIAM E.JOHN,

California Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore

DONALD R.KEITH,

Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

CLARENCE W.KITCHENS,

IIT Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia

KATHRYN V.LOGAN,

Georgia Institute of Technology (professor emerita), Roswell

JOHN W.LYONS,

U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Ellicott City, Maryland

JOHN H.MOXLEY,

Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

STEWART D.PERSONICK,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

MILLARD F.ROSE,

Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama

GEORGE T.SINGLEY III,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

CLARENCE G.THORNTON,

Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey

JOHN D.VENABLES,

Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland

JOSEPH J.VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida

Staff

BRUCE A.BRAUN, Director

MICHAEL A.CLARKE, Associate Director

WILLIAM E.CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

GWEN ROBY, Administrative Assistant

DEANNA P.SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant

DANIEL E.J.TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

Preface

The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program (see Appendix A for biographies of committee members) was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct studies on technical aspects of the U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. During its first year, the committee evaluated the Army’s plans to dispose of chemical agent identification sets (CAIS)—test kits used for soldier training (NRC, 1999d). During the second year, the committee recommended nonincineration technologies that might be used for the posttreatment of neutralization wastes from Army nonstockpile materiel disposal systems. For this third year, the Army asked the committee to supplement its report on neutralent wastes to include wastes produced by the Army’s newest mobile system, the explosive destruction system (EDS) (NRC, 2001a). In addition, in a report to be published in the spring of 2002, the committee is assessing the operational concepts for mobile and semipermanent facilities being developed by the product manager.

At its meetings, the committee was given a number of briefings (see Appendix B) and held subsequent deliberations. The committee is grateful to the many individuals, particularly Lt. Col. Christopher Ross, Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, and his staff, who provided technical information and insights during these briefings. This information provided a sound foundation for the committee’s deliberations.

This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC’s Board on Army Science and Technology. The committee acknowledges the continued superb support of the director, Bruce A.Braun, associate director Michael A. Clarke, NRC staff, committee members, the study director, support staff, and the publication staff, who all worked diligently on a demanding schedule to produce this report. In addition, I would like to particularly recognize the extra leadership and effort by committee member Douglas Medville in the preparation of this specific report.

John B.Carberry, Chair

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and the draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

Joseph Bozelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology,

Elisabeth M.Drake, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Gene Dyer, consultant,

Gary Lage, ToxiLogics, Inc.,

Alvin Mushkatel, Arizona State University,

Carmo Pereira, DuPont Engineering,

William R.Rhyne, consultant,

Chandra M.Roy, ABS Consulting, and

William Tumas, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by John Bailar. Appointed by the NRC’s Report Review Committee, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

Tables and Figure

TABLES

ES-1

 

EDS-1 Liquid Waste Streams Considered in this Study,

 

2

2–1

 

Composition of Mustard (HD) Neutralent Derived from Treatment with 90 Percent MEA,

 

13

2–2

 

Composition of Sarin (GB) Neutralent Derived from Treatment with 45 Percent MEA in Water,

 

14

2–3

 

Composition of Phosgene (CG) Neutralent Derived from Aqueous Caustic Treatment,

 

15

2–4

 

EDS Treatment Solutions and Liquid Waste Handling,

 

16

2–5

 

Summary of Liquid Wastes from EDS Tests to Date,

 

17

3–1

 

NSCMP Technology Test Program Status,

 

23

3–2

 

Summary of Alternative Technology Evaluations,

 

28

C-1

 

Composition of Liquid Waste Streams from the EDS Treatment of Sarin (GB) Bomblets at RMA,

 

50

D-1

 

Toxicity Characteristics of Energetic Compounds,

 

53

F-1

 

System for Accessing Chemical Munitions,

 

58

FIGURE

1–1

 

Diagram of the EDS-1 vessel on its trailer,

 

9

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
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This page in the original is blank.
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

Acronyms and Abbreviations


ACWA

Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (Program)

ATAP

Alternative Technology Approach Program


BAA

broad agency announcement


CAIS

chemical agent identification sets

CAMDS

chemical agent munitions disposal system

CDU

capacitor discharge unit

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

CFR

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations

CG

phosgene

CSC

conical shaped charge

CSDP

Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

CWA

Clean Water Act

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention

CWM

chemical warfare materiel


DA

diphenylchloroarsine

DM

adamsite

DOT

U.S. Department of Transportation

DPG

Dugway Proving Ground


EBW

exploding bridge-wire

EDS

explosive destruction system

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency


FOTW

federally owned treatment works

FSS

fragment suppression system


GA

tabun (nerve agent)

GB

sarin (nerve agent)

GPCR

gas-phase chemical reduction


H

sulfur mustard

HD

sulfur mustard (distilled)

HL

mustard-lewisite mixture

HN-1, H-3

nitrogen mustard

HT

mustard agent T mixture


L

lewisite

LDR

land disposal restrictions

LSC

linear shaped charge


MEA

monoethanolamine

MEK

methyl ethyl ketone

MMD

munitions management device


NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NPL

national priorities list

NRC

National Research Council

NSCMP

Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Product

NSCWCC

Non-Stockpile Chemical Weapons Citizens Coalition

NSCWM

Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel


O/SS

oxidant/solvent system


PCB

polychlorinated biphenyl

PD

Porton Down (United Kingdom)

PINS

portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy

PMCD

Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization

PMNSCM

Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel

POP

persistent organic pollutants

POTW

publicly owned treatment works

ppb

parts per billion (μg/L)

ppm

parts per million (mg/L)


RAP

regulatory approval/permitting

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RD&D

research, development, and demonstration

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
×

RDX

cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine

RMA

Rocky Mountain Arsenal

RRS

rapid response system


SCWO

supercritical water oxidation

SET

solvated-electron technology

SVOC

semivolatile organic compound


TCLP

toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

TNT

trinitrotoluene

TSDF

treatment, storage, and disposal facility


UXO

unexploded ordnance


VOC

volatile organic compound

VX

a nerve agent


WAO

wet-air oxidation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10646.
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Chemical warfare materiel (CWM) encompasses diverse items that were used during 60 years of efforts by the United States to develop a capability for conducting chemical warfare. Non-Stockpile CWM (NSCWM) is materiel not included in the current U.S. inventory of chemical munitions and includes buried materiel, recovered materiel, components of binary chemical weapons, former production facilities, and miscellaneous materiel. Because NSCWM is stored or buried at many locations, the Army is developing transportable treatment systems that can be moved from site to site as needed. Originally, the Army planned to develop three transportable treatment systems for nonstockpile chemical materiel: the rapid response system (RRS), the munitions management device (MMD), and the explosive destruction system (EDS).

This report supplements an earlier report that evaluated eight alternative technologies for destruction of the liquid waste streams from two of the U.S. Army's transportable treatment systems for nonstockpile chemical materiel: the RRS and the MMD. This report evaluates the same technologies for the destruction of liquid waste streams produced by the EDS and discusses the regulatory approval issues and obstacles for the combined use of the EDS and the alternative technologies that treat the EDS secondary waste streams. Although it focuses on the destruction of EDS neutralent, it also takes into consideration the ability of posttreatment technologies to process the more dilute water rinses that are used in the EDS following treatment with a reagent.

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