NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-01-C-008 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm.A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM
JOHN B.CARBERRY, Chair,
E.I.duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
JOHN C.ALLEN,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Washington, D.C.
RICHARD J.AYEN,
Waste Management, Inc. (retired), Wakefield, Rhode Island
ROBERT A.BEAUDET,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
LISA M.BENDIXEN,
Arthur D.Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
JOAN B.BERKOWITZ,
Farkas Berkowitz and Company, Washington, D.C.
JUDITH A.BRADBURY,
Battelle Patuxent River, California, Maryland
A.STAN DAVIS, consultant,
Greer, South Carolina
MARTIN C.EDELSON,
Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa
SIDNEY J.GREEN,
TerraTek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah
PAUL F.KAVANAUGH, consultant,
Fairfax, Virginia
TODD A.KIMMELL,
Argonne National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
DOUGLAS M.MEDVILLE,
MITRE (retired), Reston, Virginia
WINIFRED G.PALMER, consultant,
Frederick, Maryland
GEORGE W.PARSHALL,
E.I.duPont de Nemours and Company (retired), Wilmington, Delaware
JAMES P.PASTORICK,
GEOPHEX UXO, Alexandria, Virginia
R.PETER STICKLES, consultant,
Concord, Massachusetts
WILLIAM J.WALSH,
Pepper Hamilton LLP, Washington, D.C.
RONALD L.WOODFIN,
Sandia National Laboratories (retired), Albuquerque, New Mexico
Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison
HENRY J.HATCH,
U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia
Staff
NANCY T.SCHULTE, Study Director (from July 2001)
MICHAEL A.CLARKE, Acting Study Director (to July 2001)
DELPHINE D.GLAZE, Administrative Assistant
JAMES KILLIAN, Staff Officer
WILLIAM E.CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator
GREG EYRING, Consultant
BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WILLIAM H.FORSTER, Chair,
Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
JOHN E.MILLER, Vice Chair,
Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia
ROBERT L.CATTOI,
Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas
RICHARD A.CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia
GILBERT F.DECKER,
Walt Disney Imagineering (retired), Glendale, California
PATRICK F.FLYNN,
Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana
HENRY J.HATCH,
U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia
EDWARD J.HAUG,
University of Iowa, Iowa City
GERALD J.IAFRATE,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
MIRIAM E.JOHN,
California Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore
DONALD R.KEITH,
Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia
CLARENCE W.KITCHENS,
IIT Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia
KATHRYN V.LOGAN,
Georgia Institute of Technology (professor emerita), Roswell
JOHN W.LYONS,
U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Ellicott City, Maryland
JOHN H.MOXLEY,
Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California
STEWART D.PERSONICK,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MILLARD F.ROSE,
Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama
GEORGE T.SINGLEY III,
Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia
CLARENCE G.THORNTON,
Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey
JOHN D.VENABLES,
Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland
JOSEPH J.VERVIER,
ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida
Staff
BRUCE A.BRAUN, Director
MICHAEL A.CLARKE, Associate Director
WILLIAM E.CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator
CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate
GWEN ROBY, Administrative Assistant
DEANNA P.SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant
DANIEL E.J.TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate
Preface
The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program (see Appendix A for biographies of committee members) was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct studies on technical aspects of the U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. During its first year, the committee evaluated the Army’s plans to dispose of chemical agent identification sets (CAIS)—test kits used for soldier training (NRC, 1999d). During the second year, the committee recommended nonincineration technologies that might be used for the posttreatment of neutralization wastes from Army nonstockpile materiel disposal systems. For this third year, the Army asked the committee to supplement its report on neutralent wastes to include wastes produced by the Army’s newest mobile system, the explosive destruction system (EDS) (NRC, 2001a). In addition, in a report to be published in the spring of 2002, the committee is assessing the operational concepts for mobile and semipermanent facilities being developed by the product manager.
At its meetings, the committee was given a number of briefings (see Appendix B) and held subsequent deliberations. The committee is grateful to the many individuals, particularly Lt. Col. Christopher Ross, Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, and his staff, who provided technical information and insights during these briefings. This information provided a sound foundation for the committee’s deliberations.
This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC’s Board on Army Science and Technology. The committee acknowledges the continued superb support of the director, Bruce A.Braun, associate director Michael A. Clarke, NRC staff, committee members, the study director, support staff, and the publication staff, who all worked diligently on a demanding schedule to produce this report. In addition, I would like to particularly recognize the extra leadership and effort by committee member Douglas Medville in the preparation of this specific report.
John B.Carberry, Chair
Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and the draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
Joseph Bozelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology,
Elisabeth M.Drake, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Gene Dyer, consultant,
Gary Lage, ToxiLogics, Inc.,
Alvin Mushkatel, Arizona State University,
Carmo Pereira, DuPont Engineering,
William R.Rhyne, consultant,
Chandra M.Roy, ABS Consulting, and
William Tumas, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by John Bailar. Appointed by the NRC’s Report Review Committee, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Contents
Tables and Figure
TABLES
ES-1 |
EDS-1 Liquid Waste Streams Considered in this Study, |
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2–1 |
Composition of Mustard (HD) Neutralent Derived from Treatment with 90 Percent MEA, |
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2–2 |
Composition of Sarin (GB) Neutralent Derived from Treatment with 45 Percent MEA in Water, |
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2–3 |
Composition of Phosgene (CG) Neutralent Derived from Aqueous Caustic Treatment, |
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2–4 |
EDS Treatment Solutions and Liquid Waste Handling, |
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2–5 |
Summary of Liquid Wastes from EDS Tests to Date, |
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3–1 |
NSCMP Technology Test Program Status, |
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3–2 |
Summary of Alternative Technology Evaluations, |
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C-1 |
Composition of Liquid Waste Streams from the EDS Treatment of Sarin (GB) Bomblets at RMA, |
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D-1 |
Toxicity Characteristics of Energetic Compounds, |
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F-1 |
System for Accessing Chemical Munitions, |
FIGURE
1–1 |
Diagram of the EDS-1 vessel on its trailer, |
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACWA
Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (Program)
ATAP
Alternative Technology Approach Program
BAA
broad agency announcement
CAIS
chemical agent identification sets
CAMDS
chemical agent munitions disposal system
CDU
capacitor discharge unit
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
CFR
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations
CG
phosgene
CSC
conical shaped charge
CSDP
Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program
CWA
Clean Water Act
CWC
Chemical Weapons Convention
CWM
chemical warfare materiel
DA
diphenylchloroarsine
DM
adamsite
DOT
U.S. Department of Transportation
DPG
Dugway Proving Ground
EBW
exploding bridge-wire
EDS
explosive destruction system
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FOTW
federally owned treatment works
FSS
fragment suppression system
GA
tabun (nerve agent)
GB
sarin (nerve agent)
GPCR
gas-phase chemical reduction
H
sulfur mustard
HD
sulfur mustard (distilled)
HL
mustard-lewisite mixture
HN-1, H-3
nitrogen mustard
HT
mustard agent T mixture
L
lewisite
LDR
land disposal restrictions
LSC
linear shaped charge
MEA
monoethanolamine
MEK
methyl ethyl ketone
MMD
munitions management device
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NPL
national priorities list
NRC
National Research Council
NSCMP
Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Product
NSCWCC
Non-Stockpile Chemical Weapons Citizens Coalition
NSCWM
Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel
O/SS
oxidant/solvent system
PCB
polychlorinated biphenyl
PD
Porton Down (United Kingdom)
PINS
portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy
PMCD
Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization
PMNSCM
Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel
POP
persistent organic pollutants
POTW
publicly owned treatment works
ppb
parts per billion (μg/L)
ppm
parts per million (mg/L)
RAP
regulatory approval/permitting
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RD&D
research, development, and demonstration
RDX
cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine
RMA
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
RRS
rapid response system
SCWO
supercritical water oxidation
SET
solvated-electron technology
SVOC
semivolatile organic compound
TCLP
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
TNT
trinitrotoluene
TSDF
treatment, storage, and disposal facility
UXO
unexploded ordnance
VOC
volatile organic compound
VX
a nerve agent
WAO
wet-air oxidation