Index
A
Add Health, see National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Additive, Common, Environment (ACE) models, 65-68, 340, 342-344
Adolescence and adolescents, 6, 210, 262, 313
see also Puberty
child care by, 209
energy needs, 305
evolutionary anthropology, 11, 268-269
family size and antisocial behavior, 19
fertility rates, 19
growth spurt, 11, 144, 261, 264-266, 267, 268, 296, 298, 300
rites of passage, 307
sexual behavior, 52, 118-119, 261-279 (passim)
Adoptee studies, viii, 6, 21, 28, 353
Adrenal gland, 11, 106, 115, 119, 303
male pubertal maturation, 119, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 273, 277, 278
Adrenarche, 119, 265, 266, 267, 271, 279, 301
Africa
AIDS, 20
baboon study, 8-9, 127, 141, 142, 143-164, 310
South Africa, 205, 333-328, 377
see also Adolescence and adolescents;
Growth;
Longevity;
Puberty
adoptee studies, parental age, 28
AIDS, 20
animal studies, 11-12, 140-164 (passim)
emotional development, 302, 306-307, 313-314
evolutionary anthropology, 10, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 180-182
fertility transition, 63-64
first attempt at pregnancy, age at, 57
first pregnancy, age at, 19, 34, 53, 64, 84, 171, 186, 204, 205, 262, 274
hormonal factors, 104, 116-120
life history theory, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 179, 180-182, 295, 305, 307
male pubertal maturation, 119, 262
marriage, age at, 192, 197, 203, 204
menopause, 104, 105, 119-120, 186-187, 296
population growth, 9
puberty, age at, 21, 23, 119, 126, 153, 158, 262, 274
secondary sexual characteristics, 111-112, 117
senescence, 173-174
sexual behavior, general, 4, 19, 49, 52, 117, 119
Agriculture
evolutionary anthropology, 10, 171, 182, 185-186, 187-188, 192-198
horticulture, 10, 185-186, 187-188, 189, 206
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108
oxytocin (OT), 7, 94-95, 96, 99-100
Androgens, 111, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121
see also Testosterone
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 119, 261-273 (passim), 276, 277-279
Animal studies, 15, 140-169, 302
see also Baboons;
Macaques;
Primates, nonhuman
age factors, 11-12, 140-164 (passim)
evolutionary anthropology, 10, 11
see also Life history theory
hormonal factors, 114, 115, 123
longevity, 2, 8-9, 140, 145-146
male puberty, 261, 264-265, 279
male testes size, 260-261
mating patterns, 92, 93, 97, 155
neurology of pair bonding, 7, 92-93, 95, 96-99, 100
parental investment, 172, 178, 182
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 11, 29, 225-234, 240-241, 244, 251
stress, 126-127
Anorexia nervosa, 123-124
Anthropology, 2, 9-12, 13, 15, 170-223, 265, 289
see also Agriculture;
Life history theory;
Racial/ethnic factors;
Sociocultural factors
foraging and hunting, 170-171, 174, 179-188 (passim), 198, 199, 213, 305, 309, 334, 338
historical perspectives, 10, 142, 192-213
medical science, 175, 199, 207-208
mortality, 141-142, 173, 175, 176, 180-182, 183, 188, 193, 199, 204-205, 210, 297
baboons, 145-148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161
infant mortality, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199
socioeconomic status, 199-202, 210, 212
Antisocial behavior, 313
family size and, 19
neurochemistry of pair bonding, 98
twin studies, 26
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 95-96, 99
fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108
Attitudes and beliefs, vii, 1, 6, 48-49, 52, 348
see also Antisocial behavior, Behavioral genetics;
Decision making;
Depression;
Sociocultural factors
contraceptive use, 121
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 264, 269, 276
male pubertal maturation, 262
risk taking, 11, 15, 22, 34-35, 190, 268, 272-273
AVP, see Arginine vasopressin
B
Baboons, 8-9, 127, 141, 142, 143-164, 310
Behavioral genetics, 1, 2, 4-6, 7, 15, 18-45, 46-57, 261-262, 339, 342-347
see also Genetic factors;
Molecular genetics;
Twin studies
autism, 19
employment, 31
family size, 4, 19, 30, 59, 71-72, 80-81, 84
models, 25, 46, 47, 49, 54-57, 64-84, 340, 342-347
multivariate analysis, 49, 64-68, 82
neural basis for pair bonding, 91-103
pair bonding, 4, 5, 7, 19-21, 26, 30, 34, 51, 52, 97-98
racial/ethnic factors, 19, 24, 32, 46-47
study at hand, methodology, 1, 2
Beliefs, see Attitudes and beliefs
Between Zeus and the Salmon, 2
Biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352
Birth control, see Contraception and contraceptives;
Family planning
Birth weight
baboon life histories, 144
Body size/weight
see also Growth
life history theory, 141, 142, 144, 155-156, 162, 178, 305
testes size, 118, 227, 260-261, 265-266
Brain, see Neurology
Breast-feeding, see Lactation and breast-feeding
Bride wealth, 188-189, 190-192, 196, 206, 207
C
Capital, embodied, 10, 174-175, 180, 199-202, 208, 303-304
parental investment, 10, 175, 176-177
Red Queen process, 229-230
sexually antagonistic adaptation, 11, 29, 225-234, 240-241, 244, 251
diseases related to, 226, 231, 232, 233, 244-247, 250, 251
monogamy, 226-227, 234-235, 250, 252
sociocultural factors, 236, 237
sperm and semen, 226, 227, 228, 233, 239, 244-247
Cognitive abilities, 52, 98, 99, 126, 262, 264, 269, 278
see also Educational attainment
life history theory, 290-291, 294, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 309
Cohort studies, 52
education and fertility transition, 60-84
single-parent families, 203-204, 275-276
twins, 24-25, 55-56, 60-84, 342-347
Contraception and contraceptives, 1, 3, 7, 13, 29, 105, 120-121, 240, 348
see also Family formation;
Family planning;
Family size
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 106, 300
Cortisol, 261-262, 269-272 (passim), 275-278 (passim)
Courtship
behavioral genetics, 5, 240-241
bride wealth, 188-189, 190-191, 196, 206, 207
CRH, see Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Cultural factors, see Sociocultural factors;
Socioeconomic status
D
Death rates, see Mortality rates
Decision making, vii, 1, 13, 14, 15, 53, 208-212
see also Attitudes and beliefs;
Pair bonding
adolescent sexual behavior, 52, 272
child quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
gender factors, 345-346
hormonal factors, 104-105
unplanned fertility, vii
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 119, 261-273 (passim), 276, 277-279
Demography, traditional, 12-14, 15, 16, 46, 47-48, 50, 55, 128-129, 339-353
see Age factors;
Educational attainment;
Epidemiology;
Genetic factors;
Marriage and marital status;
Mortality rates;
Sociocultural factors;
Socioeconomic status
Denmark, 53, 58, 60-84, 342-347
Depression, 314
adolescents, 6
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 264, 269
fertility and, 106
Developing countries, vii, 12, 14, 200, 201, 205
ethical research, 37
rational choice models, 322
socioeconomic status, 50
DHEA, see Dehydroepiandrosterone
Diet, see Nutrition and diet
Diseases and disorders, 314
see also Medical care services;
Mental illness
anorexia nervosa, 123-124
hormone-related, 117, 121, 122, 123-128
infertility, 1, 3, 32, 121-122, 126, 232, 302
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 232
fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108
lordosis, 117
menopause, related to, 120
pregnancy complications, 27
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 226, 231, 232, 233, 244-247, 250, 251
sexually transmitted diseases, 20, 32, 244-247, 251, 314
twin studies, 27
Divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204
pair bonding, 97-98
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 234, 235, 242
Dowries, see Bride wealth
Drugs
antipsychotic, 18
dopamine system effects, 96, 100-101
hormonal therapies, 114, 115, 119, 120
oxytocin receptor blockers, 96-97
pair bonding and, 96-97, 100-101
stress-reducing, 126
E
Ecological factors, 8, 11, 13, 139, 170-223
life history theory, 142, 143, 150, 153, 155, 158, 161-162, 163, 164, 289, 297, 313
mating arrangements, 10, 91, 100
Economic factors, 1, 12, 13, 48
see also Developing countries;
Employment;
Parental investment;
Socioeconomic status
adolescent pregnancies, 52
capital, embodied, 10, 174-175, 180, 199-202, 208, 303-304
evolutionary anthropology, 170-223 (passim)
funding, ethical research, 37
models, 175-177, 186-187, 201-202
rational choice models, 12, 48, 322-338
social, general, 307-310
investment, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
school experiences, 6, 209-210
Educational attainment, 12, 47, 50, 51, 53, 332-333
divorce, 203-204
fertility transition, 58-84, 199, 200-203, 322, 325, 327, 328-333
quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
twin studies, 5, 23, 24-25, 26, 61-84, 345
Embodied capital, 10, 174-175, 180, 199-202, 208, 303-304
Emotional factors, 92, 99, 100-101, 105
life history theory, 302, 306-307, 313-314
Employment, 31, 52, 54, 198-199, 201
fertility transition, 61-65, 83, 323-324, 327-332
gender factors, 12, 50, 54, 61-65, 83, 199-200, 203, 204-205, 211-212, 323-324, 327-332, 350-351
twin studies, 61
Endocrinology, see Androgens;
Contraception and contraceptives;
Hormonal processes;
Steroids;
Testosterone
Energy, energetics, 289-321
see also Nutrition and diet
body growth, 266-267
lactation and breast-feeding, 181-182, 183, 185
life history theory and, 289, 292-297, 302-303, 305
parental investment, 8, 12, 50, 175-176, 181-187
pubertal maturation, 266-267, 268, 296, 298
stress, 8, 105, 111, 122, 123-125
Environmental factors, vii, 7, 29, 35, 48, 49, 53, 65-66, 170
see also Behavioral genetics;
Foraging and hunting;
Medical care services;
Nutrition and diet;
Sociocultural factors;
Stress
Additive, Common, Environment models, 65-68, 340
adoptee studies, 28
hormonal interactions, 111
hormones, exposure to, 120-122
life history theory, 176, 290, 310-314
menarche, 298
twin studies, 21-28, 65-66, 74, 75, 83-84
Epigenesis, 50, 291, 304, 310-312
Estimation, 55
Estradiol, 107, 108, 111, 112, 121, 122, 301
Estrogen, 94, 105, 108, 111-112, 113-116 (passim), 120
environmental exposure to, 121-122
pubertal activation, 111, 119, 263-264
Ethical issues, research, 3-4, 35-38, 39
Ethnic factors, see Racial/ethnic factors
Evolutionary factors, 8, 9, 11-12, 13, 28-30, 48-49, 57-58, 260, 289
see also Coevolution
anthropological considerations, 10, 11-12, 140-169, 170-223
age factors, 10, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 180-182
agriculture, 10, 171, 182, 185-186, 187-188, 192-198
gender factors, 9, 10, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 188-198, 208-209
immune system, 232, 244-247, 250, 251
life history theory, 161, 164, 170-223, 290-293, 297, 299, 311-312
medical science, 175, 199, 207-208
mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260
pair bonding, 93
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252
pubertal maturation in males, 260-261, 268, 277
quality vs. quantity, 333-335
rational choice models, 12, 48, 322-338
study at hand, methodology, 1
F
Family formation, 5, 11, 14, 15, 32, 314
see also Parenting, other
adoptee studies, viii, 6, 21, 28, 353
male pubertal maturation, 119, 262
quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
stress related to, 126
Family planning, 51
see also Contraception and contraceptives
fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108
see also Fertility transition
antisocial behavior and, 19
behavioral genetics, 4, 19, 30, 59, 71-72, 80-81, 84
body size and, 142
life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 157-158, 173, 201-202, 294
polygyny, harems, 194-195, 197
quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
racial/ethnic factors, 19, 208-209
Farming, see Agriculture;
Horticulturalism
see also Infertility
definitional issues, 20
female, 19, 20, 146-147, 198, 260
individual, 52
sperm counts, 19, 119, 122, 261
Females, see Gender factors
Fertility rates, 18-20, 32, 48-49
see also Fertility transition;
Infertility
adoptee studies, 28
baboon life histories, 143-161 (passim)
behavioral genetics, 18-45
evolutionary anthropology, 170-213 (passim)
fertility mediation, 104-139
life history theory, 143-161 (passim), 290-292
mentally ill persons, 18-19
quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
rational choice models, 322
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 11, 29, 224-252
socioeconomic status, 12-13, 58, 61, 322, 323-328
stress, impact on, 105, 122-128
twin studies, 21-28, 56(n.2), 62, 342-347, 353
Fertility transition, 12, 13, 14, 53, 58-60, 200, 207-208, 322, 350-352
age factors, 63-64
employment factors, 61-65, 83, 323-324, 327-332
gender factors, 58, 59, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79
medical care, 58-59
quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
socioeconomic status, 12-13, 58, 61, 322, 323-328
age-specific social support, 3
reproductive, 28
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 106-113 (passim), 120, 123, 124, 300
Food, see Nutrition and diet
Foraging and hunting, 10, 93, 350
evolutionary anthropology, 170-171, 174, 179-188 (passim), 198, 199, 213, 305, 309, 334, 338
life history theory, 143, 145, 150-162 (passim), 305
FSH, see Follicle-stimulating hormone
Funding, ethical research, 37
G
GABA, see Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 263, 265, 277-278
Gathering and hunting, see Foraging and hunting
Gender and Generation Programme (UN), 351
Gender factors, 32, 140, 197, 350-351
see also Hormonal processes;
Marriage and marital status;
Mating patterns;
Menstrual cycle, phases;
Pair bonding;
Parent-child bonding;
Pregnancy;
Secondary sexual characteristics;
Sexual behavior
attitudes, vii
bride wealth, 188-192, 196, 206, 207
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252
diseases related to, 226, 231, 232, 233, 244-247, 250, 251
decision making, 345-346
educational attainment, 25, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68-69, 78, 208, 211-212, 328-332
employment, 12, 50, 54, 61-65, 73, 83, 199-200, 203, 204-205, 211-212, 323-324, 327-332, 350-351
evolutionary anthropology, 9, 10, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 188-198, 208-209
female fecundity, 19, 20, 146-147, 198, 260
fertility transition, 58, 59, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79
life history theory, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 305
male pubertal maturation, 260-288
menarche, 11, 49, 118, 124, 266, 298
baboon life histories, 144, 147, 153
menopause, 104, 105, 119-120, 186-187, 296
menstrual cycle, phases, 48, 109, 110, 111, 112-113
baboon life histories, 147
sexual desire and behavior, 115, 116, 236, 237-239
stress, 123-124
parental investment, 172-190 (passim), 195-196, 198, 208-209, 277
males, preference for, 261
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 224, 228-229, 239-240, 247-250
single-parent families, 203-204, 275-276
smoking, 25
socioeconomic status, 9
sperm counts, 19
twin studies, 25, 27, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79, 83, 344
Genetic factors, vii, 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 18-45, 339-353
see also Behavioral genetics;
Evolutionary factors;
Molecular genetics;
Twin studies
biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352
educational attainment, 5
epigenesis, 50, 291, 304, 310-312
ethical research, 4, 35-38, 39
mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260
puberty, 118, 260-279 (passim)
study at hand, methodology, 1, 2
GnRH, see Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadarche, 264, 265, 266, 295
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 264, 265, 268, 300
see also Body size/weight
energy requirements, 266-267
life history theory, 154, 155, 158, 293, 295, 296, 298-299, 301, 305, 314
neural control of, 106
pubertal, 11, 144, 261, 264-266, 267, 268, 296, 298, 300
stress, 249
H
Heritability, 4-5, 15, 22-25 (passim), 30, 31, 33, 34, 46-90, 164, 207, 209, 236, 274, 275, 343-344, 346
Historical perspectives, vii, 2
ethical research, 36
evolutionary anthropology, 10, 142, 192-213
HIV, see AIDS
Hormonal processes, vii, 1, 3, 7-8, 11, 13, 16, 51, 104-139
see also Androgens;
Contraception and contraceptives;
Steroids;
Testosterone
behavioral regulation, 35, 94-95, 98-99, 104, 105, 113-116
biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 106, 300
decision making, 104-105
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 119, 261-273 (passim), 276, 277-279
diseases related to, 117, 121, 122, 123-128
environmental exposure to, 120-122
estradiol, 107, 108, 111, 112, 121, 122, 301
estrogen, 94, 105, 108, 111-112, 113-116 (passim), 120
environmental, 121-122
pubertal activation, 119, 263-264
fertility, hormonal mediation, 104-139
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 106-113 (passim), 120, 123, 124, 300
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 264, 265, 268, 300
life history theory and, 291, 298, 299-303
lutenizing hormone (LH), 106-113 (passim), 123, 238, 300
maternal nurturing, 94
oxytocin, 7, 94-95, 96, 99-100
progesterone, 107, 108, 112, 114, 121
sexual behavior, 35, 94-95, 98-99, 104, 105, 113-119 (passim), 121, 261-279 (passim)
stress, impact on, 105, 122-128
therapeutic drugs, 114, 115, 119, 120
vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)
Horticulturalism, 10, 185-186, 187-188, 189, 206
Hunting, see Foraging and hunting
Hypothalamus, 94, 95, 106, 107, 112, 114, 116, 120, 300, 301, 303
puberty, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270
vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)
I
Immune system, 175, 264, 277, 300, 302
evolution of, 232, 244-247, 250, 251
mood, impacts on, 302
Imprinting, genetic, 29, 241-244
Income, wages, 50
Individual differences, 51
fecundity, 52
marriage choices, 51
Infant mortality, 20, 32, 58, 59, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199
Infertility, 1, 3, 32, 121-122, 126, 302
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 232
fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108
mental illness and, 18, 32, 106, 108
Intelligence
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 269
family size and, 60
sexual behavior of teens, 52
Interdisciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches
International perspectives, 12
see also Anthropology;
Developing countries;
Racial/ethnic factors;
specific countries and world regions
AIDS, 20
family size, 19
Gender and Generation Programme (UN), 351
parental investment, 197(n.3)
pubertal timing, 274
L
Lactation and breast-feeding, 94, 125, 182, 198, 210
energy requirements, 181-182, 183, 185
Legal issues, see Ethical issues, research
LH, see Lutenizing hormone
Life history theory, 11-12
age factors, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 179, 180-182, 295, 305, 307
animal studies, baboons, 140-169
body size/weight, 141, 142, 144, 155-156, 162, 178, 305
cognitive abilities, 290-291, 294, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 309
ecological factors, 142, 143, 150, 153, 155, 158, 161-162, 163, 164, 289, 297, 313
emotional factors, 302, 306-307, 313-314
energetics, 289, 292-297, 302-303, 305
environmental factors, 176, 290, 310-314
evolutionary biology and, 161, 164, 170-223, 290-293, 297, 299, 311-312
fertility rates, 143-161 (passim), 290-292
foraging and hunting, 143, 145, 150-162 (passim), 305
gender factors, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 305
historical perspectives, 292, 303-304
hormonal processes, 291, 298, 299-303
longevity, 140, 145-146, 180, 190
mortality, 141-142, 173, 175, 176, 180-182, 183, 188, 193, 199, 204-205, 210, 297
baboons, 145-148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161
infant mortality, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199
sociocultural factors, 187-213, 290-292, 294, 295, 300, 303-305, 313
baboons, 143, 144, 150, 156-161, 163
Longevity, 2
see also Mortality rates
animal studies, 2, 8-9, 140, 145-146
life history theory, 140, 145-146, 180, 190
pastoralism, 190
Longitudinal studies, 6, 14-15, 32, 55, 56, 346-347
see also Cohort studies
Lutenizing hormone (LH), 106-113 (passim), 123, 238, 300
M
Macaques, 94, 114, 115, 118, 261
Males, see Gender factors
Marriage and marital status, 10, 12, 49, 50, 52, 53, 195-196, 207, 209, 248
see also Divorce;
Pair bonding
behavioral genetics, 4, 5, 19-20, 34, 51, 52
bride wealth, 188-189, 190-191, 196, 206, 207
children born within/outside marriage, 19-20
divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204
educational attainment, 51
monogamy, 92, 93-95, 96, 97, 162, 183, 196
male testes size and, 260-261
sexually antagonistic adaptation, 226-227, 234-235, 250, 252
number of, 6
polyandry, 92, 162, 197-198, 227, 234-240
polygyny, 92, 95, 97, 183, 184, 187, 188-189, 190-193, 194, 197, 205, 206, 250-251, 252
Mathematical models, 64-74, 148, 231, 324-326
Mating, see Pair bonding
Mating patterns, 10, 11, 20, 21, 70, 171, 183-189, 206-211 (passim)
see also Marriage and marital status;
Pair bonding;
Sexual behavior
animal studies, 92, 93, 97, 155
baboon life histories, 147, 159
divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204
ecological factors, 10, 91, 100
life history theory, 147, 159, 310
monogamy, 92, 93-95, 96, 97, 162, 183, 196
male testes size and, 260-261
sexually antagonistic adaptation, 226-227, 234-235, 250, 252
parental investment and, 172-173, 184
polyandry, 92, 162, 197-198, 227, 234-240
polygyny, 92, 95, 97, 183, 184, 187, 188-189, 190-193, 194, 197, 205, 206, 250-251, 252
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 11, 29, 224-252
Maturation, pubertal, see Puberty
Medical care services
see also Drugs
evolutionary anthropology, 175, 199, 207-208
fertility transition, 58-59
Men, see Gender factors
Menarche, 11, 49, 118, 124, 266, 298
baboon life histories, 144, 147, 153
Menopause, 104, 105, 119-120, 186-187, 296
Menstrual cycle, phases, 48, 109, 110, 111, 112-113
baboon life histories, 147
sexual desire and behavior, 115, 116, 236, 237-239
stress, 123-124
see also Antisocial behavior;
Depression
infertility and, 18, 32, 106, 108
twin studies, 26
Models and modeling
behavioral genetics, 25, 46, 47, 49, 54-57, 64-84, 340, 342-347
life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 143, 147-153, 156, 175-177, 201-202, 212-213, 289, 291, 296
male pubertal maturation, 261-262, 267, 271-273
mathematical, 64-74, 148, 231, 324-326
optimality, 186-187
parental investment in brain, 175-177, 201-202
rational choice/evolutionary biology, 12, 48, 322-338
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 228-233
twin studies, 25, 64-84, 342-347
Molecular genetics, 1, 4, 6, 15, 16, 34, 36, 46, 50
see also Behavioral genetics;
Genetic factors;
Proteins
biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352
pair bonding, 97-98
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 234, 235, 242
mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260
puberty, 118, 260-279 (passim)
Moral issues, see Ethical issues
Mortality rates, 55
see also Longevity
AIDS, 20
education attainment and, 204-205
fertility transition, 58-59
infant mortality, 20, 32, 58, 59, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199
life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 141-142, 173, 175, 176, 180-182, 183, 188, 193, 199, 204-205, 210, 297
baboons, 145-148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161
Motivation, see Attitudes and beliefs
Multidisciplinary approaches, 8, 289, 348
consilience, 46-47
Multivariate analysis, 49, 64-68, 82
Mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260
N
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 6
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 56, 346-347
Neurology, 1, 7-8, 12, 14, 15-16, 57, 113-114, 116, 117, 125
see also Drugs;
Hypothalamus
biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352
brain size, 10, 175, 176, 179, 184, 268, 295
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 263, 265, 277-278
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 123, 124, 264, 265, 268, 300
imaging techniques, 16
life history theory and, 291, 300-303, 306
menarche, 298
neurotransmitters, 94-97, 106-108;
see also specific neurotransmitters
pair bonding, 7-8, 16, 91, 94-103
steroids, 94
vasopressin, 95-96, 97, 98, 99
parental investment, 174, 175-177, 201-202
pregnancy, brain alterations, 14, 117-118
puberty, 118, 263-264, 268-279
sexual behavior, 99-100
vasopressin, 95-96, 97, 98, 99
Nutrition and diet
see also Agriculture;
Horticulturalism;
Energy, energetics;
Foraging and hunting;
Pastoralism
anorexia nervosa, 123-124
baboon life histories, 144
environmental estrogens, 121-122
genetic influences and, 30
infertility and, 32
parental investment, 144, 173, 174, 181-182, 183, 185-186
see also Lactation and breast-feeding
pastoralism, 171, 185-186, 189-192, 206-207
pubertal maturation, 276, 298-299
supplementation, 125, 153, 185, 190, 191, 290
O
Oxytocin (OT), 7, 94-95, 96, 99-100
P
Pair bonding, 7, 12, 16, 20, 49, 92-93, 95, 97, 348, 350
see also Mating patterns
anthropology, evolutionary, 10, 172-173, 178, 182-187, 212, 340
divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204
evolution and, 93
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252
genetic factors, 4, 5, 7, 19-21, 26, 30, 34, 51, 52
hormonal factors, 94-95, 98-99
longitudinal studies, 15
neural basis, 7-8, 16, 91, 94-103
steroids, 94
vasopressin, 95-96, 97, 98, 99
parental investment and, 172-173, 178, 182-183, 261
sociocultural factors, 4, 7, 91, 92, 236, 237, 275-276
testosterone, 261
bride wealth, 188-189, 190-192, 196, 206, 207
energy/energetics, 8, 12, 50, 175-176, 181-187
gender factors, 172-190 (passim), 195-196, 198, 208-209, 277
males, preference for, 261
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 224, 228-229, 239-240, 247-250
neural factors, 174, 175-177, 201-202
nutrition, 144, 173, 174, 181-182, 183, 185-186
pair bonding, 172-173, 178, 182-183, 261
quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
secondary sexual characteristics, 178
Parent-child bonding, 16, 349, 350
hormonal processes, 94
neurochemistry of, 99
twin studies, 22
Parenting, other
see also Parental investment
adoptee studies, 28
effort, 172, 211, 239, 249, 294
life history theory, 148, 290, 310
multiple social parents, 20, 205
provisioning, 10, 15, 73, 178-180, 183, 185, 211, 251, 261, 294, 295, 305, 313
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 247-250, 251
single-parent families, 203-204, 275-276
twin studies, 22
Pastoralism, 171, 185-186, 189-192, 206-207
Peer influences, 6, 56, 144, 147
Pituitary gland, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 112, 116, 120, 121, 125, 300, 301, 303
puberty, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 274
stress, impact on, 123, 125-128 (passim)
vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)
Placenta, 27, 29, 116-117, 232
Polychlorinated hydrobiphenyls, 121
Population growth, vii, 147-151, 207
see also Fertility rates;
Fertility transition
see also Contraception and contraceptives;
Family planning;
Placenta
adolescents, 52
age at first attempt at, 57
age at first pregnancy, 19, 34, 53, 64, 84, 171, 186, 204, 205, 262, 274
brain alterations, 14, 117-118
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 232
duration, 173
hormonal factors, 94, 105, 116-118
life history theory, 173, 182, 298
placenta, 27, 29, 116-117, 232
twin studies, complications, 27
Primates, nonhuman, 140-169
baboons, 8-9, 127, 141, 142, 143-164
estrogen and sexual behavior, 115
lactation and breast-feeding, 183
macaques, 94, 114, 115, 118, 261
male puberty, 261, 264-265, 279
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 230-231
stress, 126-127
testosterone and sexual behavior, 114
Probit estimation, 69-73, 80-81
Progesterone, 107, 108, 112, 114, 121
Proteins, 34, 50, 111, 113, 227, 244, 347, 352
estrogens in, 122
growth, 301
Psychological factors, 11, 52, 289-291
see also Antisocial behavior;
Attitudes and beliefs;
Behavioral genetics;
Depression;
Mental illness
emotional factors, 92, 99, 100-101, 105
Puberty, 49, 118-119, 260-288, 295
see also Adolescence and adolescents
adrenal gland, 119, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 273, 277, 278
adrenarche, 119, 265, 266, 267, 271, 279, 301
age at, 21, 23, 119, 126, 153, 158, 262, 274
energetics, 266-267, 268, 296, 298
evolutionary issues, 260-261, 268, 277
family formation and, 119, 262
gonadarche, 264, 265, 266, 295
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 116
growth spurt, 11, 144, 261, 264-266, 267, 268, 296, 298, 300
hypothalamus, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270
menarche, 11, 49, 118, 124, 266, 298
baboon life histories, 144, 147, 153
neural factors, 118, 263-264, 268-279
pituitary gland, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 274
primate studies, 261, 264-265, 279
racial/ethnic factors, 274
sociocultural factors, 275-276
testosterone, 117, 118-119, 261, 263-264, 266-267, 270-278 (passim)
twin studies, 23
Public health, see Medical care services
Q
Quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
R
Racial/ethnic factors, 32
behavioral genetics, 19, 24, 32, 46-47
pregnancy, age at first, 205
pubertal timing, 274
twin studies, 24
Rational choice models, 12, 48, 322-338
Regression analysis, 55-56, 186, 187, 236-237
Risk taking, 11, 15, 22, 34-35, 190, 268, 272-273
S
Sampling
see also Cohort studies
adoptee studies, 28
hormonal effects on sexual behavior, 115-116
School experiences, 6, 209-210
Secondary sexual characteristics, 111-112, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 268-269, 296, 301, 349
parental investment and, 178
Sedentism, 187
Semen, see Sperm and semen
Sex differences, see Gender factors;
Hormonal processes;
Secondary sexual characteristics
Sexual behavior, 49, 92, 99-100, 340, 347-350
adolescents, 52, 118-119, 261-279 (passim)
age factors, general, 4, 19, 49, 52, 117, 119
attitudes and beliefs about, 115-116, 252
baboon life histories, 147
behavioral genetics, 18, 19, 33, 341
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252 (passim)
contraception and contraceptives, 1, 3, 7, 13, 29, 105, 120-121, 240
desire and, 8, 13, 16, 49, 119, 209
economic theories, 48
evolutionary anthropology, 195, 341
hormonal influences, 35, 94-95, 98-99, 104, 105, 113-119 (passim), 121, 261-279 (passim)
menstrual cycle, 115, 116, 236, 237-239
neurochemistry of, 99-100
parent-child bonding and, 16
promiscuity, 34
psychoactive drugs, impact on, 18
pubertal activation, 118-119
males, 261-279 (passim)
risk taking, 11, 15, 22, 34-35, 190, 268, 272-273
Sexually transmitted diseases, 20, 32, 244-247, 251, 314
Smoking
gender factors, 25
twin studies, 25
Sociocultural factors, 1, 3, 4, 11-12, 16, 18, 29-30
see also Anthropology;
Racial/ethnic factors;
Socioeconomic status
adolescents, 11
ethical research, 3-4, 35-38, 39
hormonal interactions, 111, 114
life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 187-213, 290-292, 294, 295, 300, 303-305, 313
baboons, 143, 144, 150, 156-161, 163
male pubertal maturation, 275-276
mental illness, 18
nutritional hormone content, 122
pair bonding, 4, 7, 91, 92, 236, 237, 275-276
peer influences, 6, 56, 144, 147
quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 236, 237
twin studies, 5, 26, 55-56, 345
Socioeconomic status, vii, 3, 9, 12-13, 32, 50-51, 53, 54
see also Educational attainment;
Employment
evolutionary anthropology, 199-202, 210, 212
fertility transition, 12-13, 58, 61, 322, 323-328
menarche, age at, 298
stratification, 171, 193-198, 207, 304
twin studies, 61
South Africa, 205, 333-328, 377
Soya, 122
Sperm and semen
coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 226, 227, 228, 233, 239, 244-247
spermatogenesis, 108, 122, 261, 264
sperm counts, 19, 119, 122, 261
Statistical analyses
see also Cohort studies;
Estimation;
Sampling
behavioral genetics, general, 20, 49, 55-57, 64-84
probit estimation, 69-73, 80-81
regression, 55-56, 186, 187, 236-237
socioeconomic parameters, 49, 55
Steroids, 94, 110, 111, 112, 117, 120-121, 301, 302
aging, 120
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 106, 300
cortisol, 261-262, 269-272 (passim), 275-278 (passim)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 264, 265, 268, 300
sexual behavior, 113-115, 120-121
testosterone, 35, 107, 111, 112, 114, 127, 301
pubertal activation, 117, 118-119, 261, 263-264, 266-267, 270-278 (passim)
Stratification, 171, 193-198, 207, 304
Stress
animal studies, 126-127
drugs to palliate, 126
energy requirements, 8, 105, 111, 122, 123-125
family formation, 126
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 123, 124
growth and, 249
hormonal influences, 105, 122-128
hypothalamus, 123, 125-128 (passim)
male-male competition, 269
menstrual cycle, 123-124
pituitary gland, 123, 125-128 (passim)
T
Thalamus, 270
Testes, 106, 111, 264, 273, 277
see also Sperm and semen
gonadarche, 264, 265, 266, 295
size, 118, 227, 260-261, 265-266
Testosterone, 35, 107, 111, 112, 114, 127, 301
pair bonding, 261
pubertal activation, 117, 118-119, 261, 263-264, 266-267, 270-278 (passim)
Twin studies, viii, 5, 6, 21-28, 53-84, 342-347, 353
assumptions, 5, 21-23, 25, 26, 28, 54-56, 70, 344
educational attainment, 5, 23, 24-25, 26, 61-84, 345
employment, 61
environmental factors, 21-28, 65-66, 74, 75, 83-84
gender factors, 25, 27, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79, 83, 344
sociocultural factors, 5, 26, 55-56, 345
socioeconomic status, 55
U
United Kingdom, 19
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 351
Urban areas, 198-199, 201, 205, 207, 314
V
Vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)
W
Warfare, 188-191 (passim), 193, 195, 206, 207
Women, see Gender factors