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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

Index

A

Add Health, see National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Additive, Common, Environment (ACE) models, 65-68, 340, 342-344

Adolescence and adolescents, 6, 210, 262, 313

see also Puberty

child care by, 209

energy needs, 305

evolutionary anthropology, 11, 268-269

family size and antisocial behavior, 19

fertility rates, 19

growth spurt, 11, 144, 261, 264-266, 267, 268, 296, 298, 300

rites of passage, 307

sexual behavior, 52, 118-119, 261-279 (passim)

surveys of, 6, 56, 346-347

Adoptee studies, viii, 6, 21, 28, 353

Adrenal gland, 11, 106, 115, 119, 303

male pubertal maturation, 119, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 273, 277, 278

stress, 123, 126, 128

Adrenarche, 119, 265, 266, 267, 271, 279, 301

Africa

AIDS, 20

baboon study, 8-9, 127, 141, 142, 143-164, 310

South Africa, 205, 333-328, 377

Age factors, 9, 10, 15

see also Adolescence and adolescents;

Growth;

Longevity;

Puberty

adoptee studies, parental age, 28

AIDS, 20

animal studies, 11-12, 140-164 (passim)

emotional development, 302, 306-307, 313-314

evolutionary anthropology, 10, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 180-182

fertility transition, 63-64

first attempt at pregnancy, age at, 57

first pregnancy, age at, 19, 34, 53, 64, 84, 171, 186, 204, 205, 262, 274

hormonal factors, 104, 116-120

life history theory, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 179, 180-182, 295, 305, 307

male pubertal maturation, 119, 262

marriage, age at, 192, 197, 203, 204

menopause, 104, 105, 119-120, 186-187, 296

polygyny, 189, 192

population growth, 9

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

puberty, age at, 21, 23, 119, 126, 153, 158, 262, 274

secondary sexual characteristics, 111-112, 117

senescence, 173-174

sexual behavior, general, 4, 19, 49, 52, 117, 119

Agriculture

evolutionary anthropology, 10, 171, 182, 185-186, 187-188, 192-198

horticulture, 10, 185-186, 187-188, 189, 206

AIDS, 20, 32, 314

Amino acids, 106, 108

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108

oxytocin (OT), 7, 94-95, 96, 99-100

Androgens, 111, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121

see also Testosterone

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 119, 261-273 (passim), 276, 277-279

Animal studies, 15, 140-169, 302

see also Baboons;

Macaques;

Primates, nonhuman

age factors, 11-12, 140-164 (passim)

evolutionary anthropology, 10, 11

see also Life history theory

hormonal factors, 114, 115, 123

longevity, 2, 8-9, 140, 145-146

male puberty, 261, 264-265, 279

male testes size, 260-261

mating patterns, 92, 93, 97, 155

neurology of pair bonding, 7, 92-93, 95, 96-99, 100

parental investment, 172, 178, 182

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 11, 29, 225-234, 240-241, 244, 251

stress, 126-127

Anorexia nervosa, 123-124

Anthropology, 2, 9-12, 13, 15, 170-223, 265, 289

see also Agriculture;

Life history theory;

Racial/ethnic factors;

Sociocultural factors

foraging and hunting, 170-171, 174, 179-188 (passim), 198, 199, 213, 305, 309, 334, 338

historical perspectives, 10, 142, 192-213

medical science, 175, 199, 207-208

mortality, 141-142, 173, 175, 176, 180-182, 183, 188, 193, 199, 204-205, 210, 297

baboons, 145-148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161

chimpanzees, 180, 181

infant mortality, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199

juvenile, 298, 299

sexual behavior, 195, 341

socioeconomic status, 199-202, 210, 212

Antisocial behavior, 313

family size and, 19

hormonal factors, 127, 302

neurochemistry of pair bonding, 98

twin studies, 26

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 95-96, 99

Assisted conception, 19, 31

fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108

Assortative mating, 26, 29

Attitudes and beliefs, vii, 1, 6, 48-49, 52, 348

see also Antisocial behavior, Behavioral genetics;

Decision making;

Depression;

Sociocultural factors

contraceptive use, 121

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 264, 269, 276

male pubertal maturation, 262

risk taking, 11, 15, 22, 34-35, 190, 268, 272-273

sexual behavior, 115-116, 252

twin studies, 23-24, 75

Autism, 18, 22, 100

AVP, see Arginine vasopressin

B

Baboons, 8-9, 127, 141, 142, 143-164, 310

Behavioral genetics, 1, 2, 4-6, 7, 15, 18-45, 46-57, 261-262, 339, 342-347

see also Genetic factors;

Molecular genetics;

Twin studies

autism, 19

courtship, 5, 240-241

employment, 31

ethical research, 4, 35-38, 39

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

family planning, 4, 19, 49

family size, 4, 19, 30, 59, 71-72, 80-81, 84

imprinting, 29, 241-244

models, 25, 46, 47, 49, 54-57, 64-84, 340, 342-347

multivariate analysis, 49, 64-68, 82

neural basis for pair bonding, 91-103

pair bonding, 4, 5, 7, 19-21, 26, 30, 34, 51, 52, 97-98

racial/ethnic factors, 19, 24, 32, 46-47

study at hand, methodology, 1, 2

Beliefs, see Attitudes and beliefs

Between Zeus and the Salmon, 2

Biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352

Birth control, see Contraception and contraceptives;

Family planning

Birth weight

baboon life histories, 144

twin studies, 22, 63

Body size/weight

see also Growth

life history theory, 141, 142, 144, 155-156, 162, 178, 305

energetics, 173, 175

testes size, 118, 227, 260-261, 265-266

Brain, see Neurology

Brazil, 12, 328-333, 377

Breast-feeding, see Lactation and breast-feeding

Bride wealth, 188-189, 190-192, 196, 206, 207

C

Capital, embodied, 10, 174-175, 180, 199-202, 208, 303-304

Cells and Surveys, 3, 6

Coevolution, 29, 304, 340

parental investment, 10, 175, 176-177

Red Queen process, 229-230

sexually antagonistic adaptation, 11, 29, 225-234, 240-241, 244, 251

diseases related to, 226, 231, 232, 233, 244-247, 250, 251

DNA, 234, 235, 242

monogamy, 226-227, 234-235, 250, 252

sociocultural factors, 236, 237

sperm and semen, 226, 227, 228, 233, 239, 244-247

Cognitive abilities, 52, 98, 99, 126, 262, 264, 269, 278

see also Educational attainment

intelligence, 52, 60, 269

language, 306, 309

life history theory, 290-291, 294, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 309

memory, 269, 270, 278, 303

Cohort studies, 52

education and fertility transition, 60-84

single-parent families, 203-204, 275-276

twins, 24-25, 55-56, 60-84, 342-347

Contraception and contraceptives, 1, 3, 7, 13, 29, 105, 120-121, 240, 348

see also Family formation;

Family planning;

Family size

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 106, 300

Cortisol, 261-262, 269-272 (passim), 275-278 (passim)

Courtship

behavioral genetics, 5, 240-241

bride wealth, 188-189, 190-191, 196, 206, 207

CRH, see Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Cultural factors, see Sociocultural factors;

Socioeconomic status

D

Death rates, see Mortality rates

Decision making, vii, 1, 13, 14, 15, 53, 208-212

see also Attitudes and beliefs;

Pair bonding

adolescent sexual behavior, 52, 272

child quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

gender factors, 345-346

hormonal factors, 104-105

life cycle, 53-54, 104-105

rational choice models, 12, 48, 322-338

risk taking, 11, 15, 22, 34-35, 190, 268, 272-273

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

unplanned fertility, vii

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 119, 261-273 (passim), 276, 277-279

depression, 264, 269

Demography, traditional, 12-14, 15, 16, 46, 47-48, 50, 55, 128-129, 339-353

see Age factors;

Educational attainment;

Epidemiology;

Genetic factors;

Marriage and marital status;

Mortality rates;

Sociocultural factors;

Socioeconomic status

Denmark, 53, 58, 60-84, 342-347

Depression, 314

adolescents, 6

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 264, 269

fertility and, 106

twin studies, 22, 27

Developing countries, vii, 12, 14, 200, 201, 205

ethical research, 37

hormonal studies, 113, 129

rational choice models, 322

socioeconomic status, 50

DHEA, see Dehydroepiandrosterone

Diet, see Nutrition and diet

Diseases and disorders, 314

see also Medical care services;

Mental illness

AIDS, 20, 32, 314

anorexia nervosa, 123-124

hormone-related, 117, 121, 122, 123-128

infertility, 1, 3, 32, 121-122, 126, 232, 302

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 232

fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108

lordosis, 117

menopause, related to, 120

nutritional, 123-125, 129

pregnancy complications, 27

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 226, 231, 232, 233, 244-247, 250, 251

sexually transmitted diseases, 20, 32, 244-247, 251, 314

twin studies, 27

Divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204

DNA, 50, 293, 347

pair bonding, 97-98

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 234, 235, 242

Dowries, see Bride wealth

Drugs

abuse, 96-97, 100-101, 314

antipsychotic, 18

dopamine system effects, 96, 100-101

fertility, 18, 19, 106, 108

hormonal therapies, 114, 115, 119, 120

oxytocin receptor blockers, 96-97

pair bonding and, 96-97, 100-101

stress-reducing, 126

E

Ecological factors, 8, 11, 13, 139, 170-223

hormonal mediation, 125, 129

life history theory, 142, 143, 150, 153, 155, 158, 161-162, 163, 164, 289, 297, 313

mating arrangements, 10, 91, 100

Economic factors, 1, 12, 13, 48

see also Developing countries;

Employment;

Parental investment;

Socioeconomic status

adolescent pregnancies, 52

capital, embodied, 10, 174-175, 180, 199-202, 208, 303-304

evolutionary anthropology, 170-223 (passim)

funding, ethical research, 37

models, 175-177, 186-187, 201-202

rational choice models, 12, 48, 322-338

social, general, 307-310

Education, 50, 309-310

investment, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

mass media, 209, 210

school experiences, 6, 209-210

Educational attainment, 12, 47, 50, 51, 53, 332-333

divorce, 203-204

evolutionary anthropology, 199, 200-204, 208

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

parental, 203-204, 325, 327

fertility transition, 58-84, 199, 200-203, 322, 325, 327, 328-333

quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

twin studies, 5, 23, 24-25, 26, 61-84, 345

Embodied capital, 10, 174-175, 180, 199-202, 208, 303-304

Emotional factors, 92, 99, 100-101, 105

life history theory, 302, 306-307, 313-314

Employment, 31, 52, 54, 198-199, 201

fertility transition, 61-65, 83, 323-324, 327-332

gender factors, 12, 50, 54, 61-65, 83, 199-200, 203, 204-205, 211-212, 323-324, 327-332, 350-351

twin studies, 61

Endocrinology, see Androgens;

Contraception and contraceptives;

Hormonal processes;

Steroids;

Testosterone

Energy, energetics, 289-321

see also Nutrition and diet

body growth, 266-267

lactation and breast-feeding, 181-182, 183, 185

life history theory and, 289, 292-297, 302-303, 305

parental investment, 8, 12, 50, 175-176, 181-187

pubertal maturation, 266-267, 268, 296, 298

stress, 8, 105, 111, 122, 123-125

Environmental factors, vii, 7, 29, 35, 48, 49, 53, 65-66, 170

see also Behavioral genetics;

Foraging and hunting;

Medical care services;

Nutrition and diet;

Sociocultural factors;

Stress

Additive, Common, Environment models, 65-68, 340

adoptee studies, 28

hormonal interactions, 111

hormones, exposure to, 120-122

life history theory, 176, 290, 310-314

menarche, 298

twin studies, 21-28, 65-66, 74, 75, 83-84

Epidemiology, 32, 122

Epigenesis, 50, 291, 304, 310-312

Estimation, 55

probit, 69-73, 80-81

Estradiol, 107, 108, 111, 112, 121, 122, 301

Estrogen, 94, 105, 108, 111-112, 113-116 (passim), 120

environmental exposure to, 121-122

pubertal activation, 111, 119, 263-264

Ethical issues, research, 3-4, 35-38, 39

Ethnic factors, see Racial/ethnic factors

Evolutionary factors, 8, 9, 11-12, 13, 28-30, 48-49, 57-58, 260, 289

see also Coevolution

anthropological considerations, 10, 11-12, 140-169, 170-223

age factors, 10, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 180-182

agriculture, 10, 171, 182, 185-186, 187-188, 192-198

gender factors, 9, 10, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 188-198, 208-209

immune system, 232, 244-247, 250, 251

life history theory, 161, 164, 170-223, 290-293, 297, 299, 311-312

medical science, 175, 199, 207-208

mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260

pair bonding, 93

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252

pubertal maturation in males, 260-261, 268, 277

quality vs. quantity, 333-335

rational choice models, 12, 48, 322-338

study at hand, methodology, 1

F

Family formation, 5, 11, 14, 15, 32, 314

see also Parenting, other

adoptee studies, viii, 6, 21, 28, 353

male pubertal maturation, 119, 262

quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

stress related to, 126

Family planning, 51

see also Contraception and contraceptives

assisted conception, 19, 31

fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108

genetic factors, 4, 19, 49

longitudinal studies, 15, 55

Family size, vii, 1, 19

see also Fertility transition

antisocial behavior and, 19

behavioral genetics, 4, 19, 30, 59, 71-72, 80-81, 84

body size and, 142

life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 157-158, 173, 201-202, 294

polygyny, harems, 194-195, 197

quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

racial/ethnic factors, 19, 208-209

Farming, see Agriculture;

Horticulturalism

Fecundity, 1, 3, 19, 32

see also Infertility

definitional issues, 20

female, 19, 20, 146-147, 198, 260

individual, 52

penetration of ovum, 111, 112

sperm counts, 19, 119, 122, 261

Females, see Gender factors

Fertility rates, 18-20, 32, 48-49

see also Fertility transition;

Infertility

adoptee studies, 28

baboon life histories, 143-161 (passim)

behavioral genetics, 18-45

evolutionary anthropology, 170-213 (passim)

fertility mediation, 104-139

life history theory, 143-161 (passim), 290-292

mentally ill persons, 18-19

quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

rational choice models, 322

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 11, 29, 224-252

socioeconomic status, 12-13, 58, 61, 322, 323-328

stress, impact on, 105, 122-128

twin studies, 21-28, 56(n.2), 62, 342-347, 353

Fertility transition, 12, 13, 14, 53, 58-60, 200, 207-208, 322, 350-352

age factors, 63-64

employment factors, 61-65, 83, 323-324, 327-332

gender factors, 58, 59, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79

medical care, 58-59

quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

socioeconomic status, 12-13, 58, 61, 322, 323-328

Fitness, 8, 10, 12

age-specific social support, 3

reproductive, 28

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 106-113 (passim), 120, 123, 124, 300

Food, see Nutrition and diet

Foraging and hunting, 10, 93, 350

evolutionary anthropology, 170-171, 174, 179-188 (passim), 198, 199, 213, 305, 309, 334, 338

life history theory, 143, 145, 150-162 (passim), 305

FSH, see Follicle-stimulating hormone

Funding, ethical research, 37

G

GABA, see Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 263, 265, 277-278

Gathering and hunting, see Foraging and hunting

Gender and Generation Programme (UN), 351

Gender factors, 32, 140, 197, 350-351

see also Hormonal processes;

Marriage and marital status;

Mating patterns;

Menstrual cycle, phases;

Pair bonding;

Parent-child bonding;

Pregnancy;

Secondary sexual characteristics;

Sexual behavior

animal studies, 9, 92-95, 97

life history theory, 145-147, 150-160 (passim)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

attitudes, vii

bride wealth, 188-192, 196, 206, 207

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252

diseases related to, 226, 231, 232, 233, 244-247, 250, 251

DNA, 234, 235, 242

decision making, 345-346

educational attainment, 25, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68-69, 78, 208, 211-212, 328-332

employment, 12, 50, 54, 61-65, 73, 83, 199-200, 203, 204-205, 211-212, 323-324, 327-332, 350-351

evolutionary anthropology, 9, 10, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 188-198, 208-209

female fecundity, 19, 20, 146-147, 198, 260

fertility transition, 58, 59, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79

imprinting, 29, 241-244

life history theory, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 305

male pubertal maturation, 260-288

menarche, 11, 49, 118, 124, 266, 298

baboon life histories, 144, 147, 153

menopause, 104, 105, 119-120, 186-187, 296

menstrual cycle, phases, 48, 109, 110, 111, 112-113

baboon life histories, 147

sexual desire and behavior, 115, 116, 236, 237-239

stress, 123-124

parental investment, 172-190 (passim), 195-196, 198, 208-209, 277

males, preference for, 261

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 224, 228-229, 239-240, 247-250

single-parent families, 203-204, 275-276

smoking, 25

socioeconomic status, 9

sperm counts, 19

twin studies, 25, 27, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79, 83, 344

Genetic factors, vii, 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 18-45, 339-353

see also Behavioral genetics;

Evolutionary factors;

Molecular genetics;

Twin studies

biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352

educational attainment, 5

epigenesis, 50, 291, 304, 310-312

ethical research, 4, 35-38, 39

imprinting, 29, 241-244

mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260

puberty, 118, 260-279 (passim)

study at hand, methodology, 1, 2

GnRH, see Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gonadarche, 264, 265, 266, 295

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 264, 265, 268, 300

stress, 123, 124

Growth, 171, 173

see also Body size/weight

energy requirements, 266-267

fetal, 29, 242

hair, 111, 118, 119

hormonal influences, 108, 300

imprinting, 242, 243, 244

infant, 9, 198

life history theory, 154, 155, 158, 293, 295, 296, 298-299, 301, 305, 314

neural control of, 106

pubertal, 11, 144, 261, 264-266, 267, 268, 296, 298, 300

stress, 249

H

Hair, 111, 117, 118, 119

Heritability, 4-5, 15, 22-25 (passim), 30, 31, 33, 34, 46-90, 164, 207, 209, 236, 274, 275, 343-344, 346

Hippocampus, 269, 270

Historical perspectives, vii, 2

ethical research, 36

evolutionary anthropology, 10, 142, 192-213

life history theory, 292, 303-304

rational choice models, 322, 334

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

HIV, see AIDS

Hormonal processes, vii, 1, 3, 7-8, 11, 13, 16, 51, 104-139

see also Androgens;

Contraception and contraceptives;

Steroids;

Testosterone

age factors, 104, 116-120

behavioral regulation, 35, 94-95, 98-99, 104, 105, 113-116

biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 106, 300

decision making, 104-105

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 119, 261-273 (passim), 276, 277-279

diseases related to, 117, 121, 122, 123-128

ecological factors, 125, 129

environmental exposure to, 120-122

estradiol, 107, 108, 111, 112, 121, 122, 301

estrogen, 94, 105, 108, 111-112, 113-116 (passim), 120

environmental, 121-122

pubertal activation, 119, 263-264

fertility, hormonal mediation, 104-139

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 106-113 (passim), 120, 123, 124, 300

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 264, 265, 268, 300

stress, 123, 124

growth, 108, 300

immune system, 127, 302

lactation, 105, 111-112, 125

life history theory and, 291, 298, 299-303

lutenizing hormone (LH), 106-113 (passim), 123, 238, 300

maternal nurturing, 94

oxytocin, 7, 94-95, 96, 99-100

pair bonding, 94-95, 98-99

pregnancy, 94, 105, 116-118

progesterone, 107, 108, 112, 114, 121

sexual behavior, 35, 94-95, 98-99, 104, 105, 113-119 (passim), 121, 261-279 (passim)

stress, impact on, 105, 122-128

therapeutic drugs, 114, 115, 119, 120

vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)

Horticulturalism, 10, 185-186, 187-188, 189, 206

Hunting, see Foraging and hunting

Hypothalamus, 94, 95, 106, 107, 112, 114, 116, 120, 300, 301, 303

puberty, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270

stress, 123, 125-128 (passim)

vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)

I

Immune system, 175, 264, 277, 300, 302

AIDS, 20, 32, 314

evolution of, 232, 244-247, 250, 251

hormonal mediation, 127, 302

mood, impacts on, 302

Imprinting, genetic, 29, 241-244

Income, wages, 50

Individual differences, 51

fecundity, 52

marriage choices, 51

Infant mortality, 20, 32, 58, 59, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199

Infertility, 1, 3, 32, 121-122, 126, 302

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 232

fertility drugs, 18, 19, 106, 108

mental illness and, 18, 32, 106, 108

Intelligence

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 269

family size and, 60

sexual behavior of teens, 52

Interdisciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches

International perspectives, 12

see also Anthropology;

Developing countries;

Racial/ethnic factors;

specific countries and world regions

AIDS, 20

family size, 19

Gender and Generation Programme (UN), 351

parental investment, 197(n.3)

pubertal timing, 274

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

L

Lactation and breast-feeding, 94, 125, 182, 198, 210

energy requirements, 181-182, 183, 185

hormones, 105, 111-112, 125

Language abilities, 306, 309

Legal issues, see Ethical issues, research

LH, see Lutenizing hormone

Life history theory, 11-12

age factors, 11-12, 140-169, 173-174, 179, 180-182, 295, 305, 307

animal studies, baboons, 140-169

body size/weight, 141, 142, 144, 155-156, 162, 178, 305

energetics, 173, 175

cognitive abilities, 290-291, 294, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 309

ecological factors, 142, 143, 150, 153, 155, 158, 161-162, 163, 164, 289, 297, 313

emotional factors, 302, 306-307, 313-314

energetics, 289, 292-297, 302-303, 305

environmental factors, 176, 290, 310-314

evolutionary biology and, 161, 164, 170-223, 290-293, 297, 299, 311-312

fertility rates, 143-161 (passim), 290-292

foraging and hunting, 143, 145, 150-162 (passim), 305

gender factors, 145-147, 150-160 (passim), 305

historical perspectives, 292, 303-304

hormonal processes, 291, 298, 299-303

longevity, 140, 145-146, 180, 190

mortality, 141-142, 173, 175, 176, 180-182, 183, 188, 193, 199, 204-205, 210, 297

baboons, 145-148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161

chimpanzees, 180, 181

infant mortality, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199

juvenile, 298, 299

neurology, 291, 300-303, 306

pregnancy, 173, 182, 298

sexual behavior, 147, 302

sociocultural factors, 187-213, 290-292, 294, 295, 300, 303-305, 313

baboons, 143, 144, 150, 156-161, 163

Longevity, 2

see also Mortality rates

animal studies, 2, 8-9, 140, 145-146

life history theory, 140, 145-146, 180, 190

pastoralism, 190

Longitudinal studies, 6, 14-15, 32, 55, 56, 346-347

see also Cohort studies

Lutenizing hormone (LH), 106-113 (passim), 123, 238, 300

M

Macaques, 94, 114, 115, 118, 261

Males, see Gender factors

Marriage and marital status, 10, 12, 49, 50, 52, 53, 195-196, 207, 209, 248

see also Divorce;

Pair bonding

behavioral genetics, 4, 5, 19-20, 34, 51, 52

bride wealth, 188-189, 190-191, 196, 206, 207

children born within/outside marriage, 19-20

divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204

educational attainment, 51

monogamy, 92, 93-95, 96, 97, 162, 183, 196

male testes size and, 260-261

sexually antagonistic adaptation, 226-227, 234-235, 250, 252

number of, 6

polyandry, 92, 162, 197-198, 227, 234-240

polygamy, 97, 250, 261

polygyny, 92, 95, 97, 183, 184, 187, 188-189, 190-193, 194, 197, 205, 206, 250-251, 252

Mathematical models, 64-74, 148, 231, 324-326

Mating, see Pair bonding

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

Mating patterns, 10, 11, 20, 21, 70, 171, 183-189, 206-211 (passim)

see also Marriage and marital status;

Pair bonding;

Sexual behavior

animal studies, 92, 93, 97, 155

assortive, 26, 29

baboon life histories, 147, 159

divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204

ecological factors, 10, 91, 100

life history theory, 147, 159, 310

monogamy, 92, 93-95, 96, 97, 162, 183, 196

male testes size and, 260-261

sexually antagonistic adaptation, 226-227, 234-235, 250, 252

parental investment and, 172-173, 184

polyandry, 92, 162, 197-198, 227, 234-240

polygamy, 97, 250, 261

polygyny, 92, 95, 97, 183, 184, 187, 188-189, 190-193, 194, 197, 205, 206, 250-251, 252

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 11, 29, 224-252

Maturation, pubertal, see Puberty

Medical care services

see also Drugs

evolutionary anthropology, 175, 199, 207-208

fertility transition, 58-59

Memory, 269, 270, 278, 303

Men, see Gender factors

Menarche, 11, 49, 118, 124, 266, 298

baboon life histories, 144, 147, 153

Menopause, 104, 105, 119-120, 186-187, 296

Menstrual cycle, phases, 48, 109, 110, 111, 112-113

baboon life histories, 147

sexual desire and behavior, 115, 116, 236, 237-239

stress, 123-124

Mental illness, 34, 314

see also Antisocial behavior;

Depression

infertility and, 18, 32, 106, 108

schizophrenia, 18, 22, 26, 28

twin studies, 26

Models and modeling

behavioral genetics, 25, 46, 47, 49, 54-57, 64-84, 340, 342-347

life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 143, 147-153, 156, 175-177, 201-202, 212-213, 289, 291, 296

male pubertal maturation, 261-262, 267, 271-273

mathematical, 64-74, 148, 231, 324-326

optimality, 186-187

parental investment in brain, 175-177, 201-202

rational choice/evolutionary biology, 12, 48, 322-338

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 228-233

twin studies, 25, 64-84, 342-347

Molecular genetics, 1, 4, 6, 15, 16, 34, 36, 46, 50

see also Behavioral genetics;

Genetic factors;

Proteins

biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352

DNA, 50, 293, 347

pair bonding, 97-98

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 234, 235, 242

mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260

puberty, 118, 260-279 (passim)

Moral issues, see Ethical issues

Mortality rates, 55

see also Longevity

AIDS, 20

education attainment and, 204-205

fertility transition, 58-59

infant mortality, 20, 32, 58, 59, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199

life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 141-142, 173, 175, 176, 180-182, 183, 188, 193, 199, 204-205, 210, 297

baboons, 145-148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161

chimpanzees, 180, 181

infant mortality, 148, 149, 150, 156, 160, 161, 199

juvenile, 298, 299

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 225, 236

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

Motivation, see Attitudes and beliefs

Multidisciplinary approaches, 8, 289, 348

consilience, 46-47

study at hand, viii, 1

Multivariate analysis, 49, 64-68, 82

Mutation, 7, 34, 58, 83, 98, 100, 231, 235, 260

N

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 6

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 56, 346-347

Neurology, 1, 7-8, 12, 14, 15-16, 57, 113-114, 116, 117, 125

see also Drugs;

Hypothalamus

biomarkers, 6, 14-15, 196, 238, 340, 346, 347, 348, 352

brain size, 10, 175, 176, 179, 184, 268, 295

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 263, 265, 277-278

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 123, 124, 264, 265, 268, 300

imaging techniques, 16

life history theory and, 291, 300-303, 306

menarche, 298

neurotransmitters, 94-97, 106-108;

see also specific neurotransmitters

oxytocin, 7, 94-95, 96

pair bonding, 7-8, 16, 91, 94-103

oxytocin, 7, 94-95, 96, 99

steroids, 94

vasopressin, 95-96, 97, 98, 99

parental investment, 174, 175-177, 201-202

pregnancy, brain alterations, 14, 117-118

puberty, 118, 263-264, 268-279

sexual behavior, 99-100

steroids, 112, 113-114

vasopressin, 95-96, 97, 98, 99

Nutrition and diet

see also Agriculture;

Horticulturalism;

Energy, energetics;

Foraging and hunting;

Pastoralism

anorexia nervosa, 123-124

baboon life histories, 144

environmental estrogens, 121-122

genetic influences and, 30

infertility and, 32

life history theory, 144, 305

parental investment, 144, 173, 174, 181-182, 183, 185-186

see also Lactation and breast-feeding

pastoralism, 171, 185-186, 189-192, 206-207

pubertal maturation, 276, 298-299

supplementation, 125, 153, 185, 190, 191, 290

undernutrition, 123-125, 129

O

Oxytocin (OT), 7, 94-95, 96, 99-100

P

Pair bonding, 7, 12, 16, 20, 49, 92-93, 95, 97, 348, 350

see also Mating patterns

anthropology, evolutionary, 10, 172-173, 178, 182-187, 212, 340

divorce, 20, 34, 126, 182-183, 203-204

drug use and, 96-97, 100-101

evolution and, 93

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252

genetic factors, 4, 5, 7, 19-21, 26, 30, 34, 51, 52

hormonal factors, 94-95, 98-99

longitudinal studies, 15

neural basis, 7-8, 16, 91, 94-103

oxytocin, 7, 94-95, 96, 99

steroids, 94

vasopressin, 95-96, 97, 98, 99

parental investment and, 172-173, 178, 182-183, 261

primate studies, 96, 126-127

sociocultural factors, 4, 7, 91, 92, 236, 237, 275-276

testosterone, 261

twin studies, 21, 26

Parental investment, 170-212 (passim), 224, 294, 322-333

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

animal studies, 172, 178, 182

brain, 174, 175-177, 201-202

bride wealth, 188-189, 190-192, 196, 206, 207

coevolution, 10, 175, 176-177

energy/energetics, 8, 12, 50, 175-176, 181-187

gender factors, 172-190 (passim), 195-196, 198, 208-209, 277

males, preference for, 261

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 224, 228-229, 239-240, 247-250

mating patterns, 172-173, 184

neural factors, 174, 175-177, 201-202

nutrition, 144, 173, 174, 181-182, 183, 185-186

pair bonding, 172-173, 178, 182-183, 261

quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

secondary sexual characteristics, 178

Parent-child bonding, 16, 349, 350

hormonal processes, 94

neurochemistry of, 99

twin studies, 22

Parenting, other

see also Parental investment

adoptee studies, 28

effort, 172, 211, 239, 249, 294

life history theory, 148, 290, 310

multiple social parents, 20, 205

provisioning, 10, 15, 73, 178-180, 183, 185, 211, 251, 261, 294, 295, 305, 313

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 247-250, 251

single-parent families, 203-204, 275-276

twin studies, 22

Pastoralism, 171, 185-186, 189-192, 206-207

Peer influences, 6, 56, 144, 147

Pituitary gland, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 112, 116, 120, 121, 125, 300, 301, 303

puberty, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 274

stress, impact on, 123, 125-128 (passim)

vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)

Placenta, 27, 29, 116-117, 232

Polychlorinated hydrobiphenyls, 121

Population growth, vii, 147-151, 207

see also Fertility rates;

Fertility transition

Pregnancy, 260, 341, 349-350

see also Contraception and contraceptives;

Family planning;

Placenta

adolescents, 52

age at first attempt at, 57

age at first pregnancy, 19, 34, 53, 64, 84, 171, 186, 204, 205, 262, 274

assisted conception, 19, 31

brain alterations, 14, 117-118

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 232

duration, 173

hormonal factors, 94, 105, 116-118

life history theory, 173, 182, 298

placenta, 27, 29, 116-117, 232

twin studies, complications, 27

Primates, nonhuman, 140-169

baboons, 8-9, 127, 141, 142, 143-164

estrogen and sexual behavior, 115

lactation and breast-feeding, 183

macaques, 94, 114, 115, 118, 261

male puberty, 261, 264-265, 279

pair bonding, 96, 126-127

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 230-231

stress, 126-127

testosterone and sexual behavior, 114

Probit estimation, 69-73, 80-81

Progesterone, 107, 108, 112, 114, 121

Proteins, 34, 50, 111, 113, 227, 244, 347, 352

estrogens in, 122

growth, 301

pair bonding, 97, 99

Psychological factors, 11, 52, 289-291

see also Antisocial behavior;

Attitudes and beliefs;

Behavioral genetics;

Depression;

Mental illness

emotional factors, 92, 99, 100-101, 105

life history theory, 302, 306-307, 313-314

stress, hormonal responses, 8, 105, 122-128, 129, 300, 301

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

Puberty, 49, 118-119, 260-288, 295

see also Adolescence and adolescents

adrenal gland, 119, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 273, 277, 278

adrenarche, 119, 265, 266, 267, 271, 279, 301

age at, 21, 23, 119, 126, 153, 158, 262, 274

energetics, 266-267, 268, 296, 298

estrogen, 111, 119, 263-264

evolutionary issues, 260-261, 268, 277

family formation and, 119, 262

gonadarche, 264, 265, 266, 295

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 116

growth spurt, 11, 144, 261, 264-266, 267, 268, 296, 298, 300

hypothalamus, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270

menarche, 11, 49, 118, 124, 266, 298

baboon life histories, 144, 147, 153

neural factors, 118, 263-264, 268-279

pituitary gland, 118, 264, 266, 267, 269, 274

primate studies, 261, 264-265, 279

racial/ethnic factors, 274

sociocultural factors, 275-276

stress, 122-124, 126, 276

testosterone, 117, 118-119, 261, 263-264, 266-267, 270-278 (passim)

twin studies, 23

Public health, see Medical care services

Q

Quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

R

Racial/ethnic factors, 32

behavioral genetics, 19, 24, 32, 46-47

family size, 19, 208-209

pregnancy, age at first, 205

pubertal timing, 274

twin studies, 24

Rational choice models, 12, 48, 322-338

Regression analysis, 55-56, 186, 187, 236-237

Risk taking, 11, 15, 22, 34-35, 190, 268, 272-273

S

Sampling

see also Cohort studies

adoptee studies, 28

hormonal effects on sexual behavior, 115-116

twin studies, 23-25, 27-28

Schizophrenia, 18, 22, 26, 28

School experiences, 6, 209-210

Secondary sexual characteristics, 111-112, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 268-269, 296, 301, 349

age factors, 111-112, 117

hair, 111, 117, 118, 119

parental investment and, 178

Sedentism, 187

Semen, see Sperm and semen

Sex differences, see Gender factors;

Hormonal processes;

Secondary sexual characteristics

Sexual behavior, 49, 92, 99-100, 340, 347-350

adolescents, 52, 118-119, 261-279 (passim)

age factors, general, 4, 19, 49, 52, 117, 119

attitudes and beliefs about, 115-116, 252

baboon life histories, 147

behavioral genetics, 18, 19, 33, 341

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 11, 29, 224-252 (passim)

contraception and contraceptives, 1, 3, 7, 13, 29, 105, 120-121, 240

desire and, 8, 13, 16, 49, 119, 209

drugs, effect on, 106, 108

economic theories, 48

evolutionary anthropology, 195, 341

hormonal influences, 35, 94-95, 98-99, 104, 105, 113-119 (passim), 121, 261-279 (passim)

life history theory, 147, 302

menstrual cycle, 115, 116, 236, 237-239

neurochemistry of, 99-100

parent-child bonding and, 16

promiscuity, 34

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

psychoactive drugs, impact on, 18

pubertal activation, 118-119

males, 261-279 (passim)

risk taking, 11, 15, 22, 34-35, 190, 268, 272-273

Sexually transmitted diseases, 20, 32, 244-247, 251, 314

Smoking

gender factors, 25

twin studies, 25

Sociocultural factors, 1, 3, 4, 11-12, 16, 18, 29-30

see also Anthropology;

Racial/ethnic factors;

Socioeconomic status

adolescents, 11

ethical research, 3-4, 35-38, 39

hormonal interactions, 111, 114

language abilities, 306, 309

life history theory/evolutionary anthropology, 187-213, 290-292, 294, 295, 300, 303-305, 313

baboons, 143, 144, 150, 156-161, 163

male pubertal maturation, 275-276

mental illness, 18

nutritional hormone content, 122

pair bonding, 4, 7, 91, 92, 236, 237, 275-276

peer influences, 6, 56, 144, 147

quality vs. quantity, 12-13, 14, 50, 147-148, 149, 150, 162, 172, 184, 201-202, 323-338

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 236, 237

twin studies, 5, 26, 55-56, 345

Socioeconomic status, vii, 3, 9, 12-13, 32, 50-51, 53, 54

see also Educational attainment;

Employment

evolutionary anthropology, 199-202, 210, 212

fertility transition, 12-13, 58, 61, 322, 323-328

menarche, age at, 298

stratification, 171, 193-198, 207, 304

twin studies, 61

South Africa, 205, 333-328, 377

Soya, 122

Sperm and semen

coevolution, sexually antagonistic, 226, 227, 228, 233, 239, 244-247

penetration of ovum, 111, 112

spermatogenesis, 108, 122, 261, 264

sperm counts, 19, 119, 122, 261

Statistical analyses

see also Cohort studies;

Estimation;

Sampling

behavioral genetics, general, 20, 49, 55-57, 64-84

epidemiological, 32, 122

estimation, 55, 69-73, 80-81

multivariate, 49, 64-68, 82

probit estimation, 69-73, 80-81

regression, 55-56, 186, 187, 236-237

socioeconomic parameters, 49, 55

Steroids, 94, 110, 111, 112, 117, 120-121, 301, 302

aging, 120

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 106, 300

cortisol, 261-262, 269-272 (passim), 275-278 (passim)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 106, 107, 108-109, 112, 113, 116-117, 118, 264, 265, 268, 300

stress, 123, 124

puberty, 118, 266, 278

sexual behavior, 113-115, 120-121

stress, 124, 301

testosterone, 35, 107, 111, 112, 114, 127, 301

pubertal activation, 117, 118-119, 261, 263-264, 266-267, 270-278 (passim)

Stratification, 171, 193-198, 207, 304

Stress

adrenal gland, 123, 126, 128

animal studies, 126-127

drugs to palliate, 126

energy requirements, 8, 105, 111, 122, 123-125

family formation, 126

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 123, 124

growth and, 249

hormonal influences, 105, 122-128

hypothalamus, 123, 125-128 (passim)

male-male competition, 269

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
×

menstrual cycle, 123-124

pituitary gland, 123, 125-128 (passim)

puberty, 122-124, 126, 276

T

Thalamus, 270

Testes, 106, 111, 264, 273, 277

see also Sperm and semen

gonadarche, 264, 265, 266, 295

size, 118, 227, 260-261, 265-266

Testosterone, 35, 107, 111, 112, 114, 127, 301

pair bonding, 261

pubertal activation, 117, 118-119, 261, 263-264, 266-267, 270-278 (passim)

Twin studies, viii, 5, 6, 21-28, 53-84, 342-347, 353

assumptions, 5, 21-23, 25, 26, 28, 54-56, 70, 344

attitude factors, 23-24, 75

birth weight, 22, 63

depression, 22, 27

educational attainment, 5, 23, 24-25, 26, 61-84, 345

employment, 61

environmental factors, 21-28, 65-66, 74, 75, 83-84

gender factors, 25, 27, 61-65, 68-69, 78, 79, 83, 344

pair bonding, 21, 26

sociocultural factors, 5, 26, 55-56, 345

socioeconomic status, 55

U

United Kingdom, 19

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 351

Urban areas, 198-199, 201, 205, 207, 314

V

Vasopressin, 7, 95-100 (passim)

W

Warfare, 188-191 (passim), 193, 195, 206, 207

Women, see Gender factors

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2003. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10654.
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Despite recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of human behavior, little of this work has penetrated into formal demography. Very few demographers worry about how biological processes might affect voluntary behavior choices that have demographic consequences even though behavioral geneticists have documented genetics effects on variables such as parenting and divorce. Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Demographic Perspective brings together leading researchers from a wide variety of disciplines to review the state of research in this emerging field and to identify promising research directions for the future.

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