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OCR for page 335
Index
A cognitive development, 179
community-based care, 17, 187, 188
Academic achievement costs of care, family expenditures,
see also Educational attainment 189-190
adolescents, 80, 180-181, 188, 189, 190, defined, 178
192-195, 197-198, 220, 224, delinquency, 80, 82, 117, 118, 180
225, 226, 266 depression, 181, 184
after-school programs, 128, 129-130 developmental factors, 16, 17, 65,
aspirations, 68, 76, 180 79-82, 98, 178-181, 197
child care homes, 122 employment of adolescents, 81, 180,
early childhood education, 176 187, 190-198
family income, 68, 74 family functioning, 16, 17, 65, 79-82,
maternal employment, 68, 88, 92, 127 98, 178, 180, 185, 187, 195-197
paternal involvement, 91 funding of programs for, 131, 188, 246,
self-care, 127, 266 273
welfare reform, 215, 220, 224, 225, 226 gender factors, 191, 198, 225
Adolescents health status, 17, 180, 181, 184, 192,
see also After-school programs 193, 217
academic achievement, 80, 180-181, 188, income, family, 195
189, 190, 192-195, 197-198, 220, maternal employment, 4, 79-82
224, 225, 226, 266 mothers, adolescent, 219-220, 222, 223
after-school programs, 7, 18, 128, 129- National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
130, 131, 132, 187, 189-190, (NLSY), 82, 83, 87, 122, 125,
247, 272-273 186, 190-191, 235, 237
alcohol/substance abuse, 180, 192 outcome assessments, 79-82, 188-189,
behavioral development, 80, 180, 181, 192-198, 263-264
184-185, 187, 188-189 parental employment, 65, 178-198
child care by, 81, 183-184 parenting of, 79-82, 98, 179, 181-198,
child care for, 1, 4, 7, 263-264 266
335
OCR for page 336
336 INDEX
peer influences, 129, 179, 183, 185, quality of child care, 56-63 (passim),
190, 192 110, 113-114
policy options, 7, 272-273 school-age children, child care, 47-50,
pregnancy, 181 125-133, 134-135
quality of care, 187-188, 263-264 self-care, 126, 181, 182
racial/ethnic factors, 191 Aid to Families with Dependent Children
research recommendations, 81-82, 277- (AFDC), 199-200, 203, 220, 221,
278 261
self-care, 48, 49-50, 88, 126-128, 135, see also Temporary Assistance for Needy
181-186, 266 Families
sexual activity, 179-180, 181 child care development block grant, 248,
social development, 17, 178-179, 180, 265
185, 189, 190, 192-193, 266 marital status, impacts on, 216
structured voluntary activities, 132-133, research methodology, 201-202, 216,
135, 187, 188 220, 221
substance abuse, 180, 192 single mothers, employment, 204, 206
welfare reform, 79-82, 219-220, 222, Alcohol abuse, 192
223-226 American Indians, 243, 245
AFDC, see Aid to Families with Dependent American Public Health Association,
Children 114-115
African Americans, see Black persons APECP, see Assessment Profile for Early
The After-School Corporation programs, Childhood Programs
130-131, 247 Armed forces, see Military personnel,
After-school programs, 2, 7, 18, 81, children of
125-126, 128-132, 135, 180, Arnett Scale, 101
186-190, 246-247, 263 Asians, 243, 245
academic achievement and, 128, Assessment Profile for Early Childhood
129-130 Programs (APECP), 147
behavioral development, 129-130, 131, Attachment Q-Set, 141
187 Attitudes and motivation
cost factors, 189-190, 247, 273 academic aspirations, 68, 76, 180
disabled persons, 128 caregiver satisfaction, 141, 145
faith-based, 7, 273 toward child care, 11
language development, 129 childrearing attitudes, 86-87, 92, 137
maternal parenting, 76, 77 employment aspirations, 69, 76, 193
process quality measures, 106, 130 father's parenting role, 90
research recommendations, 11, 189-190 gender role attitudes, 68
rural areas, 128, 246 maternal employment impacts, 68, 69,
structured voluntary activities, 132-133, 76, 87, 221
135, 187, 188 toward self-care, 126, 127
21st Century Community Learning welfare reform, 221
Centers (CCLC), 7, 128-129, toward work, 69, 221
131, 246, 273
Age factors
see also Adolescents; Developmental B
factors; Early childhood care/
education; Infants; Preschool Before-school programs, 106, 125
children; School-aged children Behavioral development, 115, 120-121,
163, 225
childbearing, 24
leave from work, policies, 230, 234 see also Social development
maternal employment, 26-27, 29-31 adolescent, 80, 180, 181, 184-185, 187,
188-189
OCR for page 337
INDEX 337
caregiver characteristics, 106, 111, 112, after-school programs, 130
113, 118 attitudes of, 141, 145
classroom, 76 committee study at hand, methodology,
delinquency, 80, 82, 117, 118, 180 2
family income, 74-75, 79, 86 developmental impacts, 108-110,
father's role, 89-90 114-115
Head Start, 117 education and training, 10, 57-59, 101,
maternal depression, 92 109, 110, 114, 133, 136-145,
mother/infant interaction, 86, 87 150-151, 256
parental absence, 16, 38, 127 group size (children), 56, 57, 58, 110,
parental intervention programs, 5, 79, 114, 121, 136-150 (passim),
95 162-163, 166-167, 170-171
self-care, 126-127, 183, 184-185 mentors, 187, 188
sexual activity, 179-180, 181 neighbors and friends, 42
substance abuse, 180, 192 process measures, 10, 101, 109-115
time spent in care, 124 qualifications, 6-7, 59, 101, 114-115,
Big Brothers Big Sisters, 187, 188 136-145, 150-151, 256
Black persons quality of, general, 4, 10, 12, 17,
adolescent employment, 191 108-110, 114-115, 130, 137-151
after-school programs, 129 ratio of caregivers to children, 10, 56,
child care arrangements, 43, 48 57, 58, 109, 115, 117, 121, 130,
child care expenditures, 51, 53 136-150 (passim), 162-171, 256
Head Start, 243 supply of, 54-56
infant development, 83 structural caregiver characteristics,
maternal psychological well-being, 92 general, 108-110, 114-115, 130,
parental discipline, 86-87 133
self-care, 126 table of research findings, 136-149
single mothers, 86-87, 206, 215 wages, 110, 144-145, 164
Title I preschool program, 245 Carolina Abecedarian Project, 117-118
Block grants, CCDF, see Child Care Development Fund
child care development, 247-252, 265, CC-HOME Scale, 107, 121, 150-151
272 CCLC, see 21st Century Community
Social Services Block Grant, 253 Learning Centers
vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, Census data
271-272 see also Current Population Survey
welfare reform, 200, 250-254, 265, 272 Study of Early Child Care vs, 100
Census of Services, 55
Center-based intervention programs,
C 116-122
see also Early Head Start; Head Start
CACFP, see Child and Adult Care Food process quality measures, 105-149
Program (passim)
Canada, welfare reform, 214-215
Center for the Child Care Workforce, 55-56
Caregiver Interaction Scale (CIS), 107, 137 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Caregivers, nonparental, 42-49 (passim), 181
56-60 (passim), 101, 102, 180,
CF, see Children's Foundation
260 Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, 131
see also Grandparents; Relatives, other Chicago Parent-Child Centers, 117
than parents; Teachers
Child and Adult Care Food Program
adolescent caregiver characteristics, 106, (CACFP), 254
111, 112, 113, 118
adolescents, care by, 81, 183-184
OCR for page 338
338 INDEX
Child care, general, 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, 12-13, maternal employment, use of, 43-44, 77
17-18, 42-64, 99-177 military personnel, children of, 256
see also Caregivers, nonparental; Child process quality measures, 105-135
care centers; Child care homes; (passim)
Community-based child care; quality assessment, general, 56-63
Early childhood care/education; (passim), 99-102, 103-104, 106
Family day care centers; racial/ethnic factors, 43-45, 48, 125
Home-based care; Leave policies; time spent in, 103-104
Quality of care; Relatives, other welfare reforms, 223, 226
than parents; Self-care Child Care Development Block Grant, 248
adolescents, 1, 4, 7, 263-264 Child Care Development Fund (CCDF),
arrangements, 47-50 (passim) 247-252
block grants for development, 247-252, Child care homes, 42, 107, 121-122
264-265, 272 see also Family day care centers
cognitive development, 1-2, 99, 102 academic achievement and, 122
committee policy options, 267-273 quality of care, 107, 109-110, 121-122,
developmental outcomes, 99-177 138-139, 144-145, 175-176
ecological systems theory, 102-103, welfare reforms, 223
183-184 Child Care Staffing Study, see National
expenditures on child care by families, Child Care Staffing Study
18, 42, 46, 50-54, 56, 63, Child Outcomes Study, 74, 87
189-190 Children's Foundation (CF), 55
family leave from work, 235, 236, CIS, see Caregiver Interaction Scale
257-258, 275-276 Cities, see Urban areas
historical perspectives, 1-2, 11, 23-24, Citizenship status, 44, 45, 48
40, 42-64 (passim), 99, 103 Cognitive development, 16
immigrants, 44, 45, 48, 129 see also Academic achievement;
income and, 2, 5, 47, 48-50, 53, 63, Language development
100, 107 adolescents, 179
international policy comparisons, caregiver characteristics, 108-109,
258-259 114-115
military personnel, children of, 256 child care, general, 1-2, 99, 102
parental time spent, 23-24, 31, 32-36 early child care, 99, 100-101, 105,
racial/ethnic factors, 43-45, 48 108-122 (passim)
regional factors, 44, 46, 48 Early Head Start, 120
supply, 54-56 family functioning and management, 76,
tax credits, 238-239, 240 78
vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, maternal employment, 1-2, 73, 76, 78,
271-272 83, 87, 125, 217
Child care centers, 42, 44, 45-46, 48-49, 77 process quality measures, 106, 108-109,
see also Family day care centers 111-112, 113, 125
after-school programs, 128 self-care, 127
caregiver/children ratios, 10, 56, 57, 58, tabulated research results, 150-151
109, 115, 117, 121, 130, welfare reform, 216, 217, 219, 222, 279
136-150 (passim), 162-171, 256 Community-based child care, 6-7, 18
center-based intervention programs, adolescents, general, 17, 187, 188
116-122, 176-177 after-school programs, 7, 18, 128, 187
developmental outcomes, 99, 102 self-care, 126, 127
ecological systems theory, 102, 183-184 Community Programs to Promote Youth
employment, 54-56, 57-59 Development, 17
group size, 56, 57, 58, 110, 114, 121, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 191
136-150 (passim) Cortisol, 124
OCR for page 339
INDEX 339
Cost and cost-benefit factors Department of Agriculture, 254
adolescents, expenditures on care, 51 Department of Defense, 256
child care policy options, 7, 8-9, 63-64, Department of Education
267-277 21st Century Community Learning
committee study methodology, 6 Centers (CCLC), 7, 128-129,
econometrics, 72, 110, 195, 209, 210, 131, 246, 273
216-217 Department of Health and Human Services
family expenditures on child care, 18, Centers for Disease Control and
42, 46, 50-54, 56, 63, 189-190 Prevention, 181
family leave, employer/public costs, child care block grants, 249, 251
274-275 Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84,
health care, 15 90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113,
welfare reform, family economics, 74, 123-125
75, 272 U.S. Child Care Workforce and
Cost, Quality, and Outcome Study (CQO), Caregiving Population, 55-56
59-61, 100-101, 112-113, 143 Department of Labor, 274
CPS, see Current Population Survey Dependent Care Assistance Program
CQO, see Cost, Quality, and Outcome (DCAP), 238
Study Depression
Cultural factors adolescents, 181, 184
see also Attitudes and motivation; children, 128, 133
International perspectives; Race/ maternal, 78-79, 84, 88, 91-93,
ethnicity 102-103, 113, 133, 214,
child care, low-income families, 77 219-220, 224
committee study methodology, 2, 13, 14 paternal, 102-103
faith-based after-school programs, 7, Developmental factors, 16, 99-177, 260,
273 263-264
welfare-to-work, 69, 221, 224, 225 see also Age factors; Attitudes and
Current Population Survey (CPS) motivation; Behavioral
adolescent employment, 191, 192 development; Cognitive
adolescent mothers, child abuse, 222 development; Educational
nonstandard work schedules, 36, 37, 39 attainment; Social development
adolescents, 16, 17, 65, 79-82, 98,
178-198, 264, 266
D after-school programs, 128-132
caregiver characteristics and outcomes,
David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 2
108-110, 114-115
DCAP, see Dependent Care Assistance child care centers, 99, 102
Program committee methodology, 2, 13
Definitional issues
discipline, 76
adolescence, 178 early child care, 99-135 (passim), 263
low-income, 97 ecological systems theory, 102, 183-184
process quality, 105-106
family functioning, 65, 67, 68-70,
research terms, 72 75-91, 100, 101, 108
self-care, 126 income, family, 74-75, 131, 151-155,
shift work schedules, 37
159, 163, 165, 217, 279-280
Delinquency, 80, 82, 117, 118, 180 infants, 82-84, 95-96, 113-114,
Demographic factors, see Educational 117-118, 120-124, 150-151
attainment; Income; Marital
maternal employment, 1-2, 67-98, 125,
status; Race/ethnicity; Regional 217, 231, 265
factors; Rural areas; quality of care, 2, 4, 56, 61-62, 64, 65,
Socioeconomic status; State-level
67, 99-102, 104, 105
factors; Urban areas
OCR for page 340
340 INDEX
self-care, 126-127, 183, 184-185 cognitive development, 99, 100-101,
socioeconomic status, general, 74, 131, 105, 108-122 (passim)
151-155, 159, 163, 165, 277 Cost, Quality, and Outcome Study
Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, (CQO), 59-61, 100-101,
90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113, 112-113, 143
123-125 developmental impacts, 99-135 (passim),
tabular results, 136-171 263
welfare reform, 216-226 Early Head Start, 4, 6, 120, 121, 244,
Diet, see Nutrition 268-269, 270
Disabled persons Family and Relative Care Study, 101
adolescent caregivers, 183-184 family functioning, 101-103, 113
after-school programs, 128 funding, 4, 6-7, 8-9, 247-252, 268-271
child care supply, 56 Head Start, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 55, 117, 118,
Education of the Handicapped Act, 245 119, 120, 223, 242-244,
Head Start, 243-244 268-269, 270
Individuals with Disabilities Act, 245 multiplicity of arrangements, 104
infants, public educational policies, 245 National Child Care Staffing Study, 59,
leave from work, temporary disabilities, 60, 101, 108, 110
2, 231, 262, 273-275 National Day Care Study, 101
Pregnancy Disability Act, 231 parental emotional impact, 102-103
special education, 118, 224 parent-focused programs, 116, 117-118,
welfare reform, 25, 118, 224 119-121
Diseases, disorders, and illness placement considerations, 104-105
see also Disabled persons; Health quality assessment, 2, 4, 6-7, 16-17, 57,
insurance; Health status 58, 100-101, 105-125, 263, 264,
children, leave policies, 15, 230 267-272
medical leave, 230, 231 self-care, 127
psychological, see Depression social development, 99, 105, 106, 109,
public education policy, 245 111, 112-113, 114, 120, 121,
welfare reform, 217, 218, 225 122
Divorced persons, 23, 28, 29 standards, 6-7, 101, 256
child care arrangements, 44, 48 Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84,
child care expenditures, 51 90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113,
nonstandard work schedules, 39 123-125
Dropouts, 180-181, 188, 189, 192-193, 224 tabular research results, 136-161
Drug abuse, see Substance abuse Three-State Study, 101
time spent in, by age, 25, 26
Early Childhood Environmental Rating
E Scale (ECERS), 59, 60, 101, 106,
109, 112, 119, 137-147,
Early Child Care Research Network, 61, 150-158, 162-167, 271, 272
106-107, 109, 114, 122, 256 Early Childhood Observation Instrument
Early childhood care/education, 2, 4, 6-9,
(ECOI), 141
11, 16-17, 25, 26, 56-60, 101, Early Head Start, 4, 6, 120, 121, 244,
116-119 268-269, 270
see also Caregivers, nonparental; Family
cost factors, 7, 8
day care centers; Preschool Earned income tax credit (EITC), 12, 18,
children; Teachers 73, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207-208,
academic achievement later, 176
212, 220, 239-240
childhood-to-adulthood studies, ECERS, see Early Childhood Environment
118-119, 176 Rating Scale
OCR for page 341
INDEX 341
ECOI, see Early Childhood Observation aspirations of children, 69, 76, 193
Instrument attitudes toward, general, 69, 221
Ecological systems theory, 102-103, 183-184 caregiver satisfaction, 141, 145
Econometrics, 72, 110, 195, 209, 210, child care centers, 54-56, 57-59
216-217 child care tax assistance, 238
Economic factors committee findings, 261-266
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; educational attainment, adolescent, 191
Funding; Income; Poverty; educational attainment, maternal, 1, 29,
Socioeconomic status; Tax 78, 95, 119, 120
policies; Welfare; Welfare reform hours of work, 15, 24, 29-31, 36-40, 44,
committee study methodology, 2 48, 49, 70, 83, 125
husband's earnings, wife's employment, job training, adolescents, 187, 188, 191,
29 194
maternal employment, family economics, shift work, 36, 37, 45, 48, 49, 52, 182
73-78 single mothers, 1, 3, 4, 23, 26-28, 31,
welfare-to-work, 209 40, 204-206, 210-212
economic cycles, 204, 208, 210, 212 temporary employment, 15
incentives, 70, 77, 78, 97, 98, 203, unemployment insurance as leave pay
214-215 substitute, 273, 274
wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41 welfare-to-work reforms, see Welfare
Education and training, professional reform
child care providers/teachers, 10, 57-59, work schedules, 15, 24, 36-40, 41, 45,
101, 109, 110, 114, 133, 56
136-145, 150-151, 162-164 Europe, 257-259
job training, adolescents, 187, 188, 191, family leave from work, 235, 236, 275
194 Extended Services School Initiative, 129-130
teachers, 10, 57-59, 101, 114, 162-163
Education of the Handicapped Act, 245
Educational attainment F
see also Academic achievement
Faith-based organizations, after-school
adolescents, 80, 180-181, 188, 189, 190
aspirations, 68, 76 programs, 7, 273
dropouts, 180-181, 188, 189, 192-193, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 2,
3, 9, 12, 17, 231, 232-235, 237,
224
hours of work, 29 261, 262, 276-277
leave from work, eligibility, 233, 234, Family and Relative Care Study, 101
Family day care centers
235, 237
maternal, 113 caregiver/children ratio, 56, 57, 58,
parental, general, 116, 119-121, 137, 136-149 (passim)
ecological systems theory, 102
222
welfare reform, 76, 119, 203 group sizes, 56, 57, 58, 114, 136-149
EITC, see Earned income tax credit (passim)
Head Start, 119
Elementary and Secondary Education Act,
245 licensing requirements, 54-55, 58, 101
Employment, general, 260, 280 process quality, 101, 106, 107, 136-149
(passim)
see also Household work; Income;
International perspectives; Leave quality assessment, 56-63 (passim), 103,
policies; Maternal employment; 121
supply, 54-56
Part-time employment; Wages
and salaries; Welfare reform use, demographics, 44, 45
adolescents, 81, 180, 187, 190-198 Family Day Care Rating Scale (FDCRS),
101, 106, 137, 150
OCR for page 342
342 INDEX
Family functioning and management, 18, Family Support Act, 199, 220
65, 67, 68-98, 260 Fathers
see also Depression; Home-based care; attitudes toward parenting, 90
Household work; Marital status behavioral development, 89-90
adolescents, 16, 17, 65, 79-82, 98, 178, child care, 70, 89-91
180, 185, 187, 195-197 educational, 90
childrearing attitudes, 86-87, 92, 137 quality assessment, 62, 90, 120,
cognitive stimulation, 76, 78 172-173
control and discipline, 76, 78, 81, time spent, 32, 34-36, 40, 41, 46
86-87, 92 depression, 102-103
developmental outcomes, 65, 67, 68-70, employment, 29, 41, 46, 89
75-91, 100, 101, 108 household work, time spent, 33, 40
early child care, 101-103, 113 single, 89
ecological systems theory, 102-103, wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41
183-184 FDCRS, see Family Day Care Rating Scale
emotional support, 76, 77-78, 102-103 Federal government, 6
gatekeeping, 76, 77 see also Legislation; Policy issues; State
maternal employment, 65, 67, 68-98 government; specific departments
adaptation to, 69, 93-94 and agencies
maternal psychological well-being, 70, devolution of responsibilities to states, 6,
71, 73, 75, 86, 87, 88, 91-93, 95, 11-12, 200, 202-203
96, 102-103, 113, 133, 214, 218, Fertility, 24
219-220, 224 family size, 73, 219, 222, 250
modeling, 76 welfare reform, 200, 215-216, 219, 222
National Day Care Study, 101 FMLA, see Family and Medical Leave Act
nonstandard work schedules, 36-40, 41, Food and nutrition, see Nutrition
70, 88-89, 97-98 Food stamps, 45, 49, 75, 220
routines and traditions, 76 Ford Foundation, 2
self-care, 126, 127, 181-185 Foreign countries, see Immigrants;
Study of Early Child Care, 100 International perspectives
welfare reforms, 69, 70, 71, 74-82 Foundation for Child Development, 2
(passim), 92-93, 95, 96-98, From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 17
217-219, 220, 221-222 Funding, 6, 259, 264
child abuse/domestic violence, see also Block grants; Cost and
222-223 cost-benefit factors; Welfare
wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41 adolescent programs, 131, 188, 246,
Family leave, see Leave policies 273
Family members, other than parents, see after-school programs, 131, 246-247,
Relatives, other than parents 273
Family size, 73, 219, 250 Child Care Development Fund, 247-252,
Family structure 264
see also Fathers; Grandparents; Marital committee study methodology, 2, 6
status; Maternal employment; early childhood education, 4, 6-7, 8-9,
Relatives, other than parents; 247-252, 268-271
Single mothers Military Child Care Act, 256
after-school programs, 129-130 public education, 241
child care expenditures, 51-52 state prekindergarten programs, 119,
outcome measures, 108, 162-171, 269, 270-271
174-175 Summer Food Service Program, 254
self-care, 126, 127 21st Century Community Learning
welfare reform, 217, 218-219, 221-222 Centers (CCLC), 131, 246, 273
OCR for page 343
INDEX 343
U.S. Child Care Workforce and Medicaid, 15, 75, 208
Caregiving Population, 55-56 Health status
vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, see also Disabled persons; Diseases,
271-272 disorders, and illness; Fertility;
Nutrition
adolescents, 17, 180, 181, 184, 192,
G 193, 217
child safety, 15-16, 38, 73, 248-249,
Gender factors 252, 266
see also Fathers; Fertility; Marital status;
costs of health care, 15
Maternal employment; Single nonstandard work schedules, 37-38, 40
mothers psychological, see Depression
adolescent academic achievement, 225
Title I preschool program, 245
adolescent employment, 191, 198 welfare reform, 224-225
after-school programs, 76, 130 Hispanics
attitudes toward gender roles, 68
adolescent employment, 191
corporate work place policies, access to, after-school programs, 129
230 child care arrangements, 43, 44, 48
household work time, 23-24, 32, 33, 38,
child care expenditures, 51, 53
39, 40 dropouts, 180-181
leave from work, policies, 230, 234 Head Start, 243
maternal psychological well-being, 70, 71,
infant development, 83
73, 75, 86, 87, 88, 91-93, 95, 96 self-care, 126, 182
maternity leave, 9, 83-84, 231-233, single mothers, 206
235-237, 274, 276
Title I preschool program, 245
parental child care, 32-36 Historical perspectives, 1-2, 3, 16, 23
parenting, 76-93 after-school programs, 128
paternity leave, 231, 232, 233, 236
child care, general, 1-2, 11, 23-24, 40,
General Accounting Office, 128-129 42-64 (passim), 99, 103
Government, see Federal government; childbearing age, 24
Legislation; Policy issues;
family expenditures, 50
Regulations; State government; leave from work, 229-240
Tax policies; Welfare; Welfare maternal employment, 1, 3, 11, 14, 23,
reform
24-32, 34-35, 40, 99, 204-206
Grandparents, 44, 47, 48-49, 62, 121, 122, nonstandard work schedules, 36
144-145, 173-174 parental, 32-36
ecological systems theory, 102
public policy, 5, 6, 11-12, 16-17, 266
education, 241-247
single parents, 1, 3, 4, 14, 23, 26-29, 31,
H
40-41, 204-206
Handicapped persons, see Disabled persons welfare reform, 2, 12, 199-201, 202,
Head Start, 4, 6, 16, 117, 118, 119, 120, 204-207, 209-226 (passim)
242-244, 268-269, 270 Home-based care, 23, 31, 42, 62, 77
see also Early Head Start see also Child care homes; Family day
cost factors, 7, 8 care centers; Family functioning
supply, 55 and management; Grandparents;
welfare reforms, 223 Relatives, other than parents;
Health insurance, 230 Self-care
disability, wage coverage, 2, 231, 262, grandparents, 44, 47, 48-49, 62, 102,
273-275 121, 122, 144-145, 173-174
low-wage/part-time employment, 15 parental time spent, 23-24, 31, 32-36
OCR for page 344
344 INDEX
process quality, 142-145, 148-149 structured voluntary activities, 132-133
Hours of work, 15, 24, 29-31, 36-40, 44, Study of Early Child Care, 100
48, 49, 70, 83, 125 welfare reform impacts, 203, 206-208,
see also Part-time work; Time factors 211, 212-215, 220, 221
adolescent employment, 81, 192-193, wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41
197-198 Individuals with Disabilities Act, 245
fathers, 90 Infant Health and Development Program,
infant development, 83 120
welfare beneficiaries, work Infant Toddler Environmental Rating Scale
requirements, 200, 203, 210, (ITERS), 59, 60, 61, 101, 106,
214-215 137-139, 143-147, 150-151, 154-
welfare leavers, 206-207, 211 157, 162-165
Household work Infants, 105
adolescents, 81, 193 see also Early Head Start
maternal time spent, 23-24, 32, 33, 38, birth weight, 120
39 caregiver characteristics, 113-114,
paternal time spent, 33, 40 150-151
developmental outcomes, 82-84, 95-96,
113-114, 117-118, 120-124, 150-
I 151
disabled, public educational policies, 245
Illness, see Diseases, disorders, and illness
father's parenting role, 90
Immigrants grandparental care, 122
see also Hispanics maternal employment, 24-25, 82-84,
adolescent employment, 192, 193
122, 231, 261
after-school programs, 129 parental leave, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18, 229-237,
child care arrangements, 44, 45, 48 261-262, 265-266, 279
welfare reforms, 200
quality of care, 57-61 (passim), 113-114,
Income, family, 5 117-118, 120-121, 123-124
see also Poverty; Socioeconomic status; single mothers, 205
Wages and salaries; Welfare;
welfare reforms, 83, 205
Welfare reform In-home care, see Home-based care
academic achievement, 68, 74 Inner-city environments, see Urban areas
adolescents, 195
Insurance, see Health insurance
behavioral development, 74-75, 79, 86 International perspectives
child care expenditures, 52, 53, 63 Canadian welfare reform, 214-215
child care quality, 100, 107
Europe, 235, 236, 257-259, 275-276
developmental outcomes, 74-75, 131, family leave from work, 235, 236,
151-155, 159, 163, 165, 217, 257-258, 275-276
279-280
immigrants, child care arrangement, 44,
earned income tax credit (EITC), 12, 18, 45, 48
73, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207-208, ITERS, see Infant Toddler Environmental
212, 220, 239-240
Rating Scale
husband's earnings, wife's employment,
29
leave from work, 7, 17, 230, 234, 273- J
276
maternal employment, 1, 4, 5, 29, Job training
48-50, 52, 53, 265 adolescents, 187, 188, 191, 194
school-age children, child care, 47, welfare reform, 74, 78, 95, 116, 119-
48-50, 52 121, 220, 248
self-care, 126, 127, 182 JOBS programs, 74, 78, 95, 248
OCR for page 345
INDEX 345
L (CQO), 59-61, 100-101,
112-113, 143
Language development, 106 National Education Longitudinal Survey
after-school programs, second-language (NELS), 187(n.3)
speakers, 129 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Carolina Abecedarian Project, 117 (NLSY), 82, 83, 87, 122, 125,
center-based care, 120, 122 186, 190-191, 235, 237
Early Head Start, 120 quality of care, general, 61, 64
process quality, 111-115 (passim), self-care, 183
150-151, 163 Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84,
Latchkey care, see Self-care 90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113,
Leave policies 123-125
age factors, 230, 234 Low-income families, see Poverty; Welfare;
disabilities, 2, 231, 262, 273-275 Welfare reform
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA),
2, 3, 9, 12, 17, 231, 232-235,
237, 261, 262, 276-277 M
income level and, 7, 17, 230, 234,
273-276 Marital status
medical leave, 230, 231, 237 see also Single mothers
parental leave, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18, 229-237, child care expenditures, 51, 53
261-262, 265-266, 279 child care use, 44, 47, 48
part-time employment, 231, 232, 233 corporate work place policies, access to,
time factors, 2, 9, 83-84, 230, 235-237, 230
276 divorced persons, 23, 28, 29, 39, 44, 48,
wages and salaries, 230, 232, 233, 51
235-237, 265-266 leave from work, policies, 234
Legislation never married mothers, 28, 29, 44, 48,
see also Policy issues; Regulations 51, 204, 234
after-school programs, 247 nonstandard work schedules, marital
Education of the Handicapped Act, 245 quality, 38, 39, 41
Elementary and Secondary Education parental child care, 32-36
Act, 245 welfare reform, 200, 205, 212, 215-216,
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 218-219
2, 3, 9, 12, 17, 231, 232-235, widowed persons, 28, 29, 235
237, 261, 262, 276-277 Maternal employment, 1, 2, 5, 18, 99
Family Support Act, 199, 220 academic achievement of children, 68,
Individuals with Disabilities Act, 245 88, 92, 127
Military Child Care Act, 256 adolescents, 4, 79-82
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts, age factors, 26-27, 29-31
240 attitudes and motivation, 68, 69, 76, 87,
Personal Responsibility and Work 221
Opportunities Act (PRWOA, child care, time spent, 32, 34-35
1996 Act), 2, 12, 64, 199, 200, child care arrangements, 43-45, 48
203, 216-217 child care center use, 43-44, 77
Pregnancy Disability Act, 231 child care expenditures, 50-54, 63
wages, 14 child development, 65, 67, 68, 74, 99
Younger Americans Act, 188 children's age, 1, 24-27, 29-30, 31,
Longitudinal studies 42-53 (passim), 67, 68, 88, 204,
child care, general, 103, 104 205, 212
childhood-to-adulthood studies, 118-119 cognitive development, 1-2, 73, 76, 78,
Cost, Quality, and Outcome Study 83, 87, 125, 217
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346 INDEX
committee findings, 261 N
developmental impacts, 1-2, 67-98, 125,
217, 231, 265 NAEYC, see National Association for the
earned income tax credit, 12, 18, 73, Education of Young Children
199 National Association for the Education of
economic factors, family, 73-78 Young Children (NAEYC), 271
child outcomes, 73-78 National Child Care Staffing Study, 59, 60,
educational attainment, 1, 29, 78, 95, 101, 108, 110
119, 120 National Child Care Survey (NCCS), 54-55,
expenditures on child care, 18, 42, 46, 104, 132
50-54, 56, 63 National Day Care Study, 101
family functioning, general, 65, 67, National Education Longitudinal Survey
68-98 (NELS), 187(n.3)
historical perspectives, 1, 3, 11, 14, 23, National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work
24-32, 34-35, 40, 99, 204-206 Strategies, 74, 87, 222-223
hours of work, 29-31, 70, 83, 88 National Head Start Impact Study, 6
household work, 32, 33, 38, 39 National Household Education Survey, 104
income, family, 1, 4, 5, 29, 48-50, 52, National Institute of Child Health and
53, 265 Human Development (NICHD)
infants, 24-25, 82-84, 122, 231, 261 Early Child Care Research Network, 61,
labor force participation, 1, 3, 11, 23, 106-107, 109, 114, 122, 256
25, 28, 42, 204, 205, 211-212, Observational Record of the Caregiving
216, 261 Environment, 61, 106-107,
part-time, 40-41, 96 108-109, 112, 113-114, 145,
poverty, general, 84-86, 199 150-151
preschool children, 42-46, 67, 205, 231 Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84,
psychological well-being of mother, 70, 90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113,
71, 73, 75, 86, 87, 88, 91-93, 95, 123-125
96 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
race/ethnicity, 1, 43-45, 48, 51, 83 (NLSY), 82, 83, 87, 122, 125,
school-aged children, child care, 47-50 186, 190-191, 235, 237
social development, 1-2, 68, 73, 231, National Survey of America's Families
265 (NSAF), 187
welfare reforms, 14, 38, 64, 65, 69, 199, Native Americans, see American Indians
200, 203 NCCS, see National Child Care Survey
welfare-to-work reimbursements/ NELS, see National Education Longitudinal
incentives, 77, 78, 97, 98, 203, Survey
214 NICHD, see National Institute of Child
Medicaid, 15, 75, 208 Health and Human Development
Men, see Fathers; Gender factors NLSY, see National Longitudinal Survey of
Mentors, 187, 188 Youth
MFIP, see Minnesota Family Investment NSAF, see National Survey of America's
Program Families
Military Child Care Act, 256 Nutrition
Military personnel, children of, 256 Child and Adult Care Food Program,
Minnesota Family Investment Program 254
(MFIP), 214, 218, 221, 222 food stamps, 45, 49, 75, 220
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity; specific Head Start, 254
groups Summer Food Service Program, 254-255
Title I preschool program, 245
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INDEX 347
O care by peers, 126, 183
social skills, 92, 102, 111, 112, 122,
Observational Record of the Caregiving 124, 129, 190
Environment (ORCE), 61, time spent with, 128
106-107, 108-109, 112, 113-114, Personal Responsibility and Work
145, 150-151 Opportunities Act (PRWOA), 2,
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts, 240 12, 199, 200, 203, 216-217
ORCE, see Observational Record of the see also Temporary Assistance for Needy
Caregiving Environment Families
Outcome assessments, 56, 64, 65, 265 Child Care Development Fund (CCDF),
see also Developmental factors 247-252
adolescents, 79-82, 188-189, 192-198, Policy issues, general, 3, 5-12, 63, 227-259,
263-264 272-273
early child care, 99, 102, 263-264 see also Federal government;
Head Start, 244 International perspectives;
process quality, 111-114 Legislation; Regulations;
welfare reform, 201-226 Standards; State government; Tax
The Overworked American, 31 policies; Welfare reform
access to corporate work place policies,
table, 230
P committee methodology, 2, 3, 12-13
Parental employment, 65, 178-198 committee recommendations, 7, 8-9,
Parental leave, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18, 229-237, 266-277
costs, 7, 8-9, 63-64, 267-277
261-262, 265-266, 279
to arrange child care, 211 Poverty, 10, 14-16
costs to employer/public, 274-275 see also Welfare; Welfare reform
adolescent employment, 191
maternity leave, 9, 83-84, 95-96,
231-233, 274, 275-276 after-school programs, 129, 131, 190,
parental leave accounts, 275 263
child care expenditures, 52, 53, 63
paternity leave, 231, 232, 233, 236
public policy, general, 6, 13, 18, 229, child development, 68, 70, 83, 84-85,
273-277 217
committee study methodology, 2, 14
Parent-focused programs, 116, 117-118,
119-121 early child care/education, 2, 16-17,
Parenting behavior, see Family functioning 102, 104, 107, 263
earned income tax credit (EITC), 12, 18,
and management
Part-time employment, 14-15 73, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207-208,
child care arrangements, 44, 45-46, 48, 212, 220, 239-240
family adaptation, 69
49
child care expenditures, 52, 53-54 infant development, 83
health insurance, 15 international policy comparisons,
257-259
leave policies, 231, 232, 233
maternal, 40-41, 94, 96 kindergarten/prekindergarten, 241-242,
temporary employment, 15 269, 270-271
maternal employment, 84-86, 199
welfare beneficiaries or leavers, 206-207,
214 nonstandard work schedules, 38
PCS, see Profile of Child Care Settings parental leave, 7, 17, 230, 234, 273-276
physical labor, 15
Peer influences
adolescents, 129, 179, 183, 185, 190, private sector employee policies, 3
192 quality of care, 2, 4, 101, 102, 104, 107,
129, 131, 172-177
after-school programs, 129
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348 INDEX
self-care, 127, 182 family day care centers, 101, 106, 107,
single mothers, 14, 199, 206, 207 136-149 (passim)
unskilled work, 14-15, 38 home-based care, 142-145, 148-149
Pregnancy Infant Toddler Environmental Rating
adolescents, 181 Scale (ITERS), 59, 60, 61, 101,
employment during, 24-25, 40 106
Head Start, 244 language development, 111-115
maternity leave, 83-84 (passim), 150-151, 163
mothers, 219-220, 222 measures, 70-71, 106-115, 136-177
Pregnancy Disability Act, 231 outcome assessments and, 111-114
sexual activity, 179-180, 181 School-Aged Environment Rating Scale,
Pregnancy Disability Act, 231 106
Preschool children socioeconomic status, 176-177
see also Child care centers; Early statistical analyses, 136-149
childhood care/education; Family structural caregiver characteristics,
day care centers; Infants general, 108-110, 114-115, 130,
adolescents, child care provided by, 81 133
arrangements for care, 42-47, 54-56, 57, table of research findings, 136-149
58 time factors, 25, 26, 32-36, 99, 103,
impacts, 105, 110, 113-114 120-121, 123-125
corporate work place policies, access to, Professional education, see Education and
230 training, professional
Cost, Quality, and Outcome Study Profile of Child Care Settings (PCS), 54, 57,
(CQO), 59-61, 100-101 277
disabled children, public education PRWOA, see Personal Responsibility and
policy, 245 Work Opportunities Act
expenditures for care, 50, 51, 56 Psychometrics, 105, 107, 111, 133
international policy comparisons, defined, 72
258-259
maternal employment, 42-46, 67, 205,
231 Q
National Child Care Staffing Study, 59,
60, 101, 108, 110 Quality of care, 2, 4, 5, 6-7, 56-63,
100-177, 263
providers of care, 54-56, 57-63, 101
public policy, 241-245 see also Outcome assessments; Process
quality of care, 57-63, 101, 108-125 quality; Regulations; Standards
adolescents, 187-188, 263-264
supply of care, general, 54-56
welfare reform, 219, 223, 245 after-school programs, 7, 130-132,
Private sector, 3 272-273
age factors, 56-63 (passim), 110,
see also Leave policies
Process quality, 56, 57, 105-115, 256 113-114
after-school programs, 106, 130 caregivers, nonparental
client group size (children), 56, 57,
before-school programs, 106
caregivers, nonparental, 10, 101, 58, 110, 114, 121, 136-150
109-115 (passim), 162-163, 166-167,
170-171
child-case centers, 105-135 (passim)
cognitive development, 106, 108-109, general, 4, 10, 12, 17, 108-110,
111-112, 113, 125 114-115, 130, 137-151
ratio of caregivers to children, 10, 56,
defined, 105-106
developmental factors, general, 70-71, 57, 58, 109, 115, 117, 121, 130,
106-115, 136-177 136-150 (passim), 162-171, 256
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INDEX 349
child care centers, 56-63 (passim), dropouts, 180-181
99-102, 103-104, 106 Head Start, 243
child care homes, 107, 109-110, immigrants, 44, 45, 48
121-122, 138-139, 144-145, leave from work, policies, 234
175-176 maternal employment, 1, 43-45, 48, 51,
Cost, Quality, and Outcome Study 83
(CQO), 59-61, 100-101 National Day Care Study, 101
developmental outcomes, 2, 4, 56, self-care, 126, 182
61-62, 64, 65, 67, 99-102, 104, structured voluntary activities, 132
105 Study of Early Child Care, 100, 113
early child care, 2, 4, 6-7, 16-17, 57, 58, Title I preschool program, 245
100-101, 105-125, 263, 264, Regional factors
267-272 see also Rural areas; State-level factors;
family day care centers, 56-63 (passim), Urban areas
103, 121 child care arrangements, 44, 46, 48
Head Start, 118, 119 Regulations
home-based care, 142-145, 148-149 see also Standards
preschool children, 57-63, 101, 108-125 child care, 255-256
public policy, general, 6, 16-17, day care center providers, licensing,
266-267, 272-273 54-55, 58, 101
research recommendations, 10, 277-278 military personnel, child care, 256
school-aged children, 125-133, 134-135 Relatives, other than parents, 1, 42-49
socioeconomic status, 1, 4, 6-7, 14, 74, (passim), 101, 102, 105, 180
131, 151-155, 159, 163, 165, see also Self-care
263 adolescent caregivers, 81, 183-184
state prekindergarten programs, 119, child care, general, 1, 42, 43, 121,
269, 270-271 144-145
Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, ecological systems theory, 102, 183-184
90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113, Religious influences, see Faith-based
123-125 organizations
tabular research results, 150-171 Research recommendations, 10, 277-280
Three-State Study, 101 adolescent development, 81-82, 277-278
vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, after-school programs, 11, 189-190
271-272 child care arrangements, 104, 277-278
welfare reforms, 223 time factors in child care, 124-125
Quantum Opportunities Program, 187-188 National Head Start Impact Study, 6
quality assessment, 64, 104, 124,
277-278
R relatives, nonparental, 122
terminology, 72
Race/ethnicity welfare reform, 201-202, 279-280
see also Black persons; Cultural factors; Rural areas
Hispanics; Immigrants
adolescents as caregivers, 183
adolescent employment, 191 after-school programs, 128, 246
after-school programs, 129 self-care, 126
American Indians, 243, 245
Asians, 243, 245
child care center arrangements, 43-45, S
48, 125
child care expenditures, 51, 53 Safety considerations, 15-16, 38, 73,
child development, 125, 223 248-249, 252, 266
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350 INDEX
School-aged children, 125-133, 134-135, Socioeconomic status, 277
220, 225 see also Educational attainment;
see also Adolescents; After-school Employment; Income; Poverty;
programs; Self-care; Structured Race/ethnicity; Socioeconomic
voluntary activities status
before-school programs, 106 after-school programs, 131, 189-190
child care, general, 47-50, 125-133, age factors, 151-155, 159, 163, 165,
134-135 172-177
family income and child care, 47, 48-50, child care arrangements, 44, 46, 48
52 developmental outcomes, 74, 131,
maternal employment, 47-50 151-155, 159, 163, 165, 277
public policy, 241-247 maternal employment, developmental
School-Aged Environment Rating Scale, 106 outcomes, 85, 86-89
Self-care, 48, 49-50, 88, 126-128, 135, quality of child care, 1, 4, 6-7, 14, 74,
181-186, 266 131, 151-155, 159, 163, 165,
academic achievement, 127, 266 263
age factors, 126, 181, 182 Social development, 16
attitudes toward, 126, 127 see also Attitudes and motivation;
behavioral development, 126-127, 183, Behavioral development;
184-185 Educational attainment; Language
cognitive development, 127 development; Peer influences
defined, 126 academic aspirations, 68
income, family, 126, 127, 182 adolescents, 17, 178-179, 180, 185, 189,
social development, 127, 185, 266 190, 192-194, 266
Self Sufficiency Project (SSP), Canada, after-school programs, 129
214-215 caregiver characteristics, 109, 114-115
Sexual activity, 179-180, 181 child care, 1-2, 99, 102
see also Pregnancy delinquency, 80, 82, 117, 118, 180
SFPS, see Summer Food Service Program early child care, 99, 105, 106, 109, 111,
Single mothers, 1, 3, 4, 14, 23, 26-29, 261 112-113, 114, 120, 121, 122
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Early Head Start, 120
Children; Divorced persons; gender role attitudes, 68
Widowed persons maternal employment, 1-2, 68, 73, 231,
black persons, 86-87, 206, 215 235
child care expenditures, 51, 53 self-care, 127, 185, 266
child care use, 44, 47 structured voluntary activities, 132-133
cohabiting partners, 28, 36 welfare reform, 216, 279-280
employment, general, 1, 3, 4, 23, 26-28, Social Services Block Grant (SSBG), 253
31, 40, 204-206, 210-212 Special education, 118, 224
family economic well-being, 75 Sports and athletics, 47, 125, 132, 133,
Hispanic, 206 135, 186, 187
historical perspectives, 1, 3, 4, 14, 23, SSBG, see Social Services Block Grant
26-29, 31, 40-41, 204-206 SSP, see Self Sufficiency Project
maternal psychological well-being, 92 Standards
never married, 28, 29, 44, 48, 51, 204 see also Regulations
poverty, 14, 199, 206, 207 American Public Health Association,
welfare reform, 75, 199-200, 204-206, 114-115
210-212, 213, 215-216, 219 caregiver/teacher qualifications, 6-7, 59,
SIPP, see Survey of Income and Program 101, 114-115, 136-145, 150-151,
Participation 256
Small businesses, leave policies, 231, 232 early childhood care, 6-7, 101, 256
OCR for page 351
INDEX 351
State government, 6 T
after-school programs, 247
child care development, 247-252, 255 TANF, see Temporary Assistance for Needy
employer family leave policies, 262, 275, Families
279 Tax policies, 12, 18, 73
federal devolution of responsibilities to child tax credits, 238-239, 240
states, 6, 11-12, 200, 202-203 earned income tax credit (EITC), 12, 18,
Head Start, 242-243 73, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207-208,
Medicaid, 15 212, 220, 239-240
prekindergarten programs, 119, 242, family leave wages, temporary disability
269, 270-271 insurance (TDI) taxes, 231, 262,
public education policy, 241-247 273-275
regulations, child care, 54-55, 58, 101, Teachers
255-256 early childhood, quality of, 10, 56-60
Social Services Block Grant, 253 (passim), 101, 107, 110, 112-113
21st Century Community Learning educational attainment, 10, 57-59, 101,
Centers (CCLC), 7, 128-129, 114, 162-163
131, 246, 273 qualifications, standards, 6-7, 101
vouchers, child care, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, wages, 110
268, 271-272 Teen Outreach Program, 187, 188
welfare reform, 200, 202-203, 208-209 Teenage Parent Demonstration, 222
evaluation research methodology, 202 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
family caps, 219, 222 (TANF), 12, 14, 79, 199-226,
State-level factors 250-254, 261, 264, 276
Cost, Quality, and Outcome Study see also Welfare reform
(CQO), 59-61, 100-101, key provisions, 200
112-113, 143 Temporary employment, 15
Family and Relative Care Study, 101 Three-State Study, 101, 110
Three-State Study, 101, 110 Time factors
Statistical analyses see also Leave policies; Longitudinal
econometrics, 72, 110, 195, 209, 210, studies
216-217 adolescent crime, time of day, 180
maternal employment and child adolescents, 81, 126-128 (passim), 181-
outcomes, 71 182, 192-193, 197-198
maternal leave and depression, 84, 93 after-school programs, 7, 125-126, 128,
structural caregiver characteristics and 129-130, 272-273
process quality, 136-149 child care, general, 99, 103, 134, 262,
unobserved factors, bias, 104 280
welfare reform, 201-202, 207, 208-209, child care centers, time spent in,
210-213, 216-217 103-104
Structured voluntary activities, 132-133, child care observation, 101-102, 105,
135, 187, 188 106
sports and athletics, 47, 125, 132, 133, early child care, 25, 26, 32-36, 99, 103,
135, 186, 187 120-121, 123-125
Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, 90, Early Head Start, 8, 270
100, 106-108, 112, 113, 123-125 Head Start, 6, 8, 265, 270
Substance abuse, 180, 192 hours of work, 15, 24, 29-31, 36-40, 44,
Suicide, adolescents, 181 48, 49, 70, 83, 125
Summer Food Service Program (SFPS), household work, 23-24, 32, 33, 38, 39,
254-255 40, 81, 193
Survey of Income and Program Participation infant development and care time,
(SIPP), 42-54, 181-182 120-121, 123-124
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352 INDEX
leave from work, 2, 9, 83-84, 230, V
235-237, 276
leisure time, 31 Vacation and holidays, 230
maternal parenting, 93-94 see also Leave policies
maternal wage penalty, experience/ Voluntary activities, see Structured
seniority, 31-32 voluntary activities
non-parental child care, general, 1, 2, Vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, 271-272
3-4, 10, 45, 46, 48, 67, 99
parental child care, 32-36, 221
peers, time spent with, 128 W
process quality, 25, 26, 32-36, 99, 103, Wages and salaries
120-121, 123-125
adolescent employment, future wages,
self-care, 126-128 (passim), 181-182 194
shift workers, 36, 37, 45, 48, 49, 52, caregiver, 110, 144-145, 164
182
earned income tax credit (EITC), 12, 18,
structured voluntary activities, 132-133 73, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207-208,
time diaries, 31, 32-36 212, 220, 239-240
welfare, benefit time limits, 199, 200,
health insurance, low-wage employment,
203, 209, 210-211, 214 15
work schedules, 15, 24, 36-40, 41, 45, husband's earnings, wife's employment,
56
29
Training, see Education and training, leave policies, 230, 232, 233, 235-237,
professional 265-266
Transportation costs, 15
low-income, 14-15
adolescents, 189-190 maternal penalty, 31-32
costs, welfare-to-work, 14, 203 minimum wage, 202
21st Century Community Learning Centers
teachers, 110
(CCLC), 7, 128-129, 131, 246, temporary disability insurance (TDI),
273 231, 262, 273-275
unemployment insurance as pay
U substitute, 273, 274
welfare reform and, 203, 206-208, 211
Unskilled workers, 14-15, 38 wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41
Urban areas Welfare
after-school programs, 128, 129 see also Aid to Families with Dependent
Chicago Parent-Child Centers, 117 Children; Early Head Start; Head
child care arrangements, general, 45, 49 Start; Poverty; Welfare reform
Family and Relative Care Study, 101 adolescent employment, 191
National Child Care Staffing Study, 59, Child and Adult Care Food Program,
60, 101, 108, 110 254
National Day Care Study, 101 child care arrangements of recipients,
self-care, 126 44, 48
shift work, 38 early childhood education as program
Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, participation, 118
90, 100, 106-108 Head Start, 254
welfare reform, impacts on children, historical perspectives, 2, 5, 12, 14,
219, 224 199-201
U.S. Child Care Workforce and Caregiving housing, 208, 220
Population, 55-56 Medicaid, 15, 75, 208
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INDEX 353
nutrition, food stamps, 45, 49, 75, 220 historical perspectives, 2, 12, 199-201,
part-time employment, 206-207, 202, 204-207, 209-226 (passim)
214 hours-of-work requirements, 200,
Summer Food Service Program, 254 214-215
Survey of Income and Program immigrants, 200
Participation (SIPP), 42-54, income family, impact on, 203, 206-208,
181-182 211, 212-215, 220, 221
Title I preschool program, 245 infants, 83, 205
Welfare reform, 9, 14, 38, 64, 65, 69, 70, job training, 116, 119-121, 220
71, 95, 96-97, 199-226 leaver studies, 202, 206, 209, 211-212,
see also Personal Responsibility and 213, 216-217
Work Opportunities Act; maternal employment, general, 14, 38,
Temporary Assistance for Needy 64, 65, 69, 199, 200, 203
Families maternal parenting, 76-80 (passim), 87
academic achievement, 215, 220, 224, marital status, impact on, 200, 205, 212,
225, 226 215-216, 218-219
adolescents, 79-82, 219-220, 222, National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work
223-226 Strategies, 74, 87, 222-223
attitudes toward, 221 parenting, adolescents, 79-82
block grants, 200, 250-254, 265, 272 part-time employment, 206-207, 214
Canada, work requirements, 214-215 research methodology, 201-202,
caseloads, 200, 202, 203, 204-206, 279-280
209-211 single mothers, 75, 199-200, 204-206,
child care centers, 223, 226 210-212, 213, 215-216, 219
child care costs/benefits, 200, 203, 207, social development, 216, 279-280
221-226, 272 state-level variations, 202-203
child care homes, 223 statistical analyses, 201-202, 207,
child well-being, 216-226 208-209, 210-213, 216-217
cognitive development of child, 216, time limits for benefits, 199, 200, 203,
217, 219, 222, 279 209, 210-211, 214, 215, 220,
disabled persons, 25, 118, 224 221
earned income tax credit (EITC), 12, 18, transportation assistance, 203
73, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207-208, urban areas, impacts on children, 219,
212, 220, 239-240 224
econometrics, 209, 210, 216-217 waiver programs, 74(n.2), 199, 200,
economic factors, general, 209 213-214
economic cycles, 204, 208, 210, 212 work incentives, financial, 200, 203,
incentives, 70, 77, 78, 97, 98, 203, 207, 210, 214-215, 219, 220,
214-215 221, 225
educational attainment, 76, 119, 203 work search requirements/benefits, 203,
exemptions, 200 209, 214-215, 218, 220, 221,
family economics, 74, 75, 272 222
family functioning, 69, 70, 71, 74-82 Who Cares for America's Children, 16, 99,
(passim), 92-93, 95, 96-98, 111
217-219, 220, 221-222 Widowed persons, 28, 29, 235
Family Support Act, 199, 220 child care arrangements, 44, 48
fertility, 200, 215-216, 219, 222 child care expenditures, 51
Head Start, 119 Wisconsin Family and Work Project, 102
health status of affected, general, Women, see Gender factors; Maternal
224-225 employment; Single mothers
OCR for page 354
354 INDEX
Work and Family: Policies for a Changing nonstandard, 24, 36-40, 41, 56, 70,
Work Force, 16 88-89, 128, 182
Work schedules, 15, 24, 36-40, 41, 45, 56 shift work, 36, 37, 45, 48, 49, 52,
see also Leave policies 182
child care arrangements, 44, 48, 49,
52, 53-54
child care expenditures, 52 Y
flextime, 230
leave policies, 2, 9, 83-84, 230, Young children, see also Early childhood
care/education; Preschool children
235-237
Younger Americans Act, 188
Youth, see Adolescents
Representative terms from entire chapter:
welfare reform
