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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam: Interim Findings and Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10687.
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Page 15
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam: Interim Findings and Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10687.
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Page 16

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

INTERIM FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 its recommendations, expressed the opinion that nongovernmental orga- nizations ought to oversee or conduct future studies "to satisfy the public's concern about impartiality and scientific credibility" (IOM, 1994; p. 724~. The present committee believes that this approach continues to be the best way to foster both high-quality research and wide acceptance of results. As noted above, the committee will produce a second, final report that will review the contractor's completed research effort; transmit their report and support materials to the VA; and offer any additional findings, conclusions, and recommendations that it deems appropriate. REFERENCES Dwernychuk LW, Cau HD, Hatfield CT, Boivin TG, Hung TM, Dung PT, Thai ND. 2002. Dioxin reservoirs in southern Viet Nam-a legacy of Agent Orange. Chemosphere 47~2~:117-137. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1997. Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam: Scientific Considerations Regarding a Request for Proposals for Re- search. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2003. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Washington, DC: The National Acad- emies Press. Kang HK, Dalager NA, Needham LL, Patterson DG, Matanoski GM, Kanchanaraksa S. Lees PSJ. 2001. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans health study: preliminary re- sults. Chemosphere 43:943-949. Lorber M. 2001. Indirect exposure assessment at the United States Environmental Protec- tion Agency. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 17~5-10~:145-156. Michalek JE, Pirkle JL, Needham LL, Patterson DG Jr, Caudill SP, Trip athi RC, Mocarelli P. 2002. Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Seveso adults and vet- erans of operation Ranch Hand. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epi- demiology 12~1~:44-53. Corrigendum in 12~2~:165. NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1974. The Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam. Part A-Summary and Conclusions. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2002. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); di- oxin, CAS No. 1746-01-6, in 10th Report on Carcinogens. National Toxicology Pro- gram, Research Triangle Park, NC, and Bethesda, MD. Schecter A, Dai LC, Papke O. Prange J. Constable JD, Matsuda M, Thao VD, Piskac AL. 2001. Recent dioxin contamination from Agent Orange in residents of a southern Viet- nam city. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43~5~:435-443. Stellman AB, Stellman JM, Stellman SD. 2002. Herbicide Exposure Assessment Vietnam. User's Manual. Foundation for Worker, Veteran, and Environmental Health, Inc., Brooklyn, NY. Stellman SD, Stellman JM, Weber T. Tomasallo C, Stellman AB, Christian R. 2003a. A geo- graphic information system for characterizing exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. Environmental Health Perspectives 111~3~:321-328. Stellman JM, Stellman SD, Christian R. Weber T. Tomasallo, C. 2003b. The extent and pat- terns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. Nature 422~6933~: 681-687.

16 EXPOSURE OF VETERANS TO AGENT ORANGE AND OTHER HERBICIDES Verger P. Cordier S. Thuy LTB, Bard D, Dai LC, Phiet PH, Gonnord M-F, Abenhaim L. 1994. Correlation between dioxin levels in adipose tissue and estimated exposure to Agent Orange in South Vietnamese Residents. Environmental Research 65:226-242. Young AL, Calcagni JA, Thalken CE, Tremblay JW. 1978. The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin. Brooks AFB, Texas: Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Lab. USAF OEHL-TR-78-92. 262 pp.

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From 1962 to 1971, US military forces sprayed more than 19 million gallons of herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that helped conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that enemy forces might depend on, and to clear tall grass and bushes from around the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Most large-scale spraying operations were conducted from airplanes and helicopters, but herbicides were also sprayed from boats and ground vehicles, and by soldiers wearing back-mounted equipment. After a scientific report concluded that a contaminant of one of the primary chemicals used in the herbicide called Agent Orange could cause birth defects in laboratory animals, US forces suspended use of the herbicide; they subsequently halted all herbicide spraying in Vietnam in 1971.

At the request of the Veteran's Administration, the Institute of Medicine established a committee to oversee the development and evaluation of models of herbicide exposure for use in studies of Vietnam veterans. That committee would develop and disseminate a request for proposals (RFP) consistent with the recommendations; evaluate the proposals received in response to the RFP and select one or more academic or other nongovernmental research groups to develop the exposure reconstruction model; provide scientific and administrative oversight of the work of the researchers; and evaluate the models developed by the researchers in a report to VA, which would be published for a broader audience. Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam is the IOM's report that evaluates models of herbicide reconstruction to develop and test models of herbicide exposure for use in studies of Vietnam veterans.

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