CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Support for this study was provided by the National Research Council, the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AT-01-EE41424, BES DE-FG-02-00ER15040, and DE-AT01-03ER15386), the National Science Foundation (CTS-9908440), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD MDA972-01-M-0001), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R82823301), the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. (SG00-093), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NA1341-01-2-1070 and 43NANB010995), the National Institutes of Health (NCI-N01-OD-4-2139 and NIGMS-N01-OD-4-2139), and the chemical industry.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organization or agencies that provide support for the project.
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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING
KLAVS F. JENSEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Co-chair
CHARLES KRESGE,
Dow Chemical Company,
Co-chair
TOBIN J. MARKS,
Northwestern University
JULIA M. PHILLIPS,
Sandia National Laboratories
ELSA REICHMANIS,
Lucent Technologies
DAVID A. TIRRELL,
California Institute of Technology
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACKIW, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
ERIC L. SHIPP, Postdoctoral Associate
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
COMMITTEE ON CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
RONALD BRESLOW,
Columbia University,
Co-chair
MATTHEW V. TIRRELL,
University of California, Santa Barbara,
Co-chair
MARK A. BARTEAU,
University of Delaware
JACQUELINE K. BARTON,
California Institute of Technology
CAROLYN R. BERTOZZI,
University of California at Berkeley
ROBERT A. BROWN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ALICE P. GAST,1
Stanford University
IGNACIO E. GROSSMANN,
Carnegie Mellon University
JAMES M. MEYER,2
DuPont Company
ROYCE W. MURRAY,
University of North Carolina,t Chapel Hill
PAUL J. REIDER,
Amgen, Inc.
WILLIAM R. ROUSH,
University of Michigan
MICHAEL L. SHULER,
Cornell University
JEFFREY J. SIIROLA,
Eastman Chemical Company
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES,
Harvard University
PETER G. WOLYNES,
University of California, San Diego
RICHARD N. ZARE,
Stanford University
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACKIW, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
ERIC L. SHIPP, Postdoctoral Associate
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
KENNETH RAYMOND,
University of California, Berkeley,
Co-chair
ALICE P. GAST,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Co-chair
ARTHUR I. BIENENSTOCK,
Stanford University
A. WELFORD CASTLEMAN, JR.,
Pennsylvania State University
THOMAS M. CONNELLY, JR.,
DuPont Company
JOSEPH M. DESIMONE,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University
CATHERINE FENSELAU,
University of Maryland
JON FRANKLIN,
University of Maryland
RICHARD M. GROSS,
Dow Chemical Company
NANCY B. JACKSON,
Sandia National Laboratories
SANGTAE KIM,
Eli Lilly and Company
WILLIAM KLEMPERER,
Harvard University
THOMAS J. MEYER,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
PAUL J. REIDER,
Amgen, Inc.
LYNN F. SCHNEEMEYER,
Bell Laboratories
JEFFREY J. SIIROLA,
Eastman Chemical Company
ARNOLD F. STANCELL,
Georgia Institute of Technology
ROBERT M. SUSSMAN,
Latham & Watkins
JOHN C. TULLY,
Yale University
CHI-HUEY WONG,
Scripps Research Institute
STEVEN W. YATES,
University of Kentucky
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACKIW, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
ERIC L. SHIPP, Postdoctoral Associate
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
Preface
The Workshop on Materials and Manufacturing was held on June 13-15, 2001, in Washington, D.C. This workshop was the first in a series of six workshops that will make up the study Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. The task for each of the workshops is defined as follows:
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Discovery: Identify major discoveries or advances in the chemical sciences during the last several decades.
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Interfaces: Identify the major discoveries and challenges at the interfaces between chemistry/chemical engineering and such areas as biology, environmental science, materials science, medicine, and physics.
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Challenges: Identify the grand challenges that exist in the chemical sciences.
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Infrastructure: Identify the issues and opportunities that exist in the chemical sciences to improve the infrastructure for research and education, and demonstrate the value of these activities to society.
The Workshop on Materials and Manufacturing brought together a diverse group of participants (Appendix D) from the chemical sciences who were briefed on a variety of issues related to the impact of and challenges for the chemical sciences as they relate to materials science and technology. These presentations served as a starting point for discussions and comments by the participants. The workshop participants were then divided into small groups who went into breakout sessions to develop these discussions further. Each group provided this feedback to the workshop as a whole.
This report is intended to reflect the concepts discussed and opinions ex
pressed at the Workshop on Materials and Manufacturing. The report is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of all of the potential challenges that exist for the chemical sciences in the areas of materials science and technology. The organizing committee has used this input from workshop participants as a basis for the findings expressed in this report. However, sole responsibility for these findings rests with the organizing committee.
This study was conducted under the auspices of the National Research Council’s Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, with assistance provided by its staff. The committee acknowledges this support.
Klavs Jensen and Charlie Kresge, Co-chairs, Organizing Committee for the Workshop on Materials and Manufacturing
Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
Robert Cava, Princeton University
Edwin Chandross, Bell Laboratories
Toby Chapman, University of Pittsburgh
Frank E. Karasz, University of Massachusetts
Lydia Sohn, Princeton University
Jack Solomon, Praxair Inc.
Joseph Wirth, GE Chemicals (retired)
Gregg A. Zank, Dow Corning Corporation
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. David C. Bonner, Cabot Corporation. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making cer