National Academies Press: OpenBook

Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century (2003)

Chapter: Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
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E Reports from the Breakout Session Groups

A key component of the Workshop on Materials and Manufacturing was the breakout sessions that allowed for individual input by workshop participants on questions and issues brought up during the presentations and discussions. Each color-coded breakout group (red, yellow, green, and blue) was assigned the same set of questions as the basis for its discussions. The answers to these questions became the basis for the data generated in the breakout sessions. After generating a large amount of suggestions and comments, the breakout groups attempted to organize and consolidate this information, sometimes voting to determine which topics the group decided were most important. After each breakout session, each group reported the results of its discussion to the entire workshop.

The committee has attempted in this report to integrate the information gathered in the breakout sessions and to use it as the basis for the findings contained herein.

SESSION 1:CONTEXT AND OVERVIEW

No Breakout Session was held.

SESSION 2:DISCOVERY

Breakout questions: What major discoveries or advances related to materials have been made in the chemical sciences during the last several decades? What is the length of time for them to show impact? What are the societal benefits of research in the chemical sciences? What are the intangible benefits, for example, in health and quality of life? What problems exist in the chemical sciences? Has

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

there been a real or sustained decline in research investment in either the public or the private sector? Has there been a shift in offshore investment?

Red Breakout Group

• Communications and information technologies are based on chemical processes or reactions and materials (microelectronics, photonics):

Optical fibers and materials, LiNbO3, erbium-doped amplifiers

Optoelectronic polymers

Compound Semiconductors

Magnetic materials

Photoresists

High critical temperature (Tc) semiconductors

Chemical vapor deposition, etch processes

Ultrapure materials

• Engineering materials for advanced performance have been impacted by chemical processes and syntheses:

Composites

Paintings, coatings, and adhesives

Teflon, polyolefins

Silicones

Block copolymers

Living polymerization products and methods

Metal complexes for polymerization

Fibers—clothing

• Advances in processing technologies have led to new materials and formulations:

Combinatorial materials discovery

Supercritical processing

Cryogenic processing

Genetic engineering

• Electrochemical processes and devices underlie advances in energy and power systems:

Electrochemical materials

Batteries

Fuel cells

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

• New materials and fabrication proceses have enabled new sensors and technologies for rapid analyses.

Yellow Breakout Group
Polymers
  • Conductive polymers (no commercial impact yet: products are being developed)

  • The discovery of plastic and crystalline materials that have promising transistor properties will likely impact future electronics (1972: conducting organic crystals; 1997: conducting polymers; 1990-ish: transistor sexithiophene)

  • The discovery of light-emitting diode (LED) properties in conjugated polymers and organic molecules will probably impact new low-cost electronics (~1972: conducting organic crystals; ~1977: conducting polymers; ~1990 polymer LEDs)

  • Semiconducting polymers: show promise for printable plastic electronics (not yet commercial)

  • Chemically modified conductive polymers, optimized as gas sensors (impact: still small, prototype and R&D stage)

  • Chemically processible conjugated polymers for semiconducting properties (“discovered”: 1991; impact: poised 2001-2002; “commercial”: 2002-2003; ~+13 years)

Catalysis
  • Mesoscopic materials (e.g., the mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41) discovered by Mobil in the early 1990s, many microporous materials developed over the last decade

  • Zeolites have had an important impact on the chemical industry, and they hold significance as hosts for growth of opticoelectronic materials—zeolite catalysts in petroleum processing

  • Nanostructured catalysis (e.g., zeolites, pillared clays, monodispersed metal particles [impact: zeolites for cracking of oil]), discovery: ~1970s, technical implementation: ~10 years (new fluidized-bed reactor technology

  • Metallocenes give better control of polyolefins and higher productivities.

  • In 1986, industrial chemists were almost mocking the oligomerizing olefin catalysts being developed, now we have new plants based on these metallocence catalysts.

  • The catalytic converter has had a major impact on the quality of life.

  • Supported gold catalysis for low-temperature oxidation of CO was discovered in approximately 1930 but its relevance was not appreciated. It was

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

picked up by the Haruta group in the 1980s-early 1990s. The technical impact on a commercial scale was seen in the 1990s.

Biomedical Applications
  • Advances in chiral synthesis allow manufacture of entantiopure pharmaceuticals with reduced side effects.

  • Drug exploration using combinatorial synthesis

  • Encapsulation has allowed controlled release for drug delivery systems.

  • Biodegradable materials as drug delivery devices (1997)

  • Polymers for biomedical applications (drug delivery, tissue engineering)

  • Tissue engineering—the combination of engineering, polymer chemistry, and medicine—has rapidly advanced from a pure scientific curiosity to the market and may replace tissue, skin, etc. New synthetic methods in polymer chemistry have led to a huge array of new materials (cross-coupling radical control).

Instrumentation
  • Scanning probe microscopy has enabled understanding of interfacial phenomena.

  • Scanning tunneling microscopy was discovered in ~1984 and showed impact in the 1990s (~10-15 year time line).

  • The inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy has become a pervasive analytical tool with broad impact.

  • Giant magnetic resistance (GMR) for spin-sensitive memory (information techonology) was discovered in ~1990 (?) and implemented in ~3-4 years, with impact around 1995.

  • Materials processing: molecular beam epitexy (diode lasers)

Electronics
  • Photonic band gap materials for photonics. Not yet commercialized due to no processing methods

  • Photoresist-enabled integrated circuit and computer technology.

  • Chemically amplified photoresists, discovered in 1979, had commercial implementation in the 1990s. It is fundamentally important for the large-scale manufacturing of microelectronic devices with smaller feature sizes (continuation of Moore’s law).

  • The concept of “chemically amplified resists” was developed in ~1980 and first implemented ~1990. It was accepted in general manufacturing around 1995.

  • Low-K dielectric materials were identified as a need in the 1990s and

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

were implemented in 2001-2002. These were required for the continuation of Moore’s law.

  • Soft lithography—imprinting: early 1990s; commercial implementation: 2002 (?); cheap way to make integrated circuits

Combinatorial Chemistry
  • Combinatorial chemistry has revolutionized drug discovery and catalyst development.

  • Combinatorial chemistry has revolutionized drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry.

Macromolecules
  • Buckyballs—quantum dots and wires

  • Carbon nanotubes—no commercialization because no cost effective processing

  • Dendrimers—discovered in 1985, commercialization in 2000; synthetic globular macromolecule as a scaffold-template for sensors (Army), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents, porous structures

Computational/Modeling
  • Density functional theory (DFT) allows understanding of reactivity at the atomic level, for complex systems; this was previously limited by computer power and accuracy.

  • Computational capability and software have enabled molecular design in organic synthesis.

  • Molecular modeling over the last decade enables materials characterization and understanding of materials growth mechanisms previously limited by lack of reliable intermolecular potentials and computer power.

Superconductors/Telecommunications
  • High-Tc superconductors, discovered mid-1980s; no impact yet

  • High-Tc superconductors in communication shielding; benefits: cell phones

  • High-purity optical fibers (erbium-doped optical fibers)

  • “Sol-gel” processing for telecommunication-optical fiber applications; initial research ~1985 (?); implementation: ~2000

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Other
  • Manhattan Project—the basic chemistry of plutonium (redox, separation, materials, etc.) enabled the nuclear age.

  • Self-assembly materials (surfactants, block polymers, etc.)

  • Synergistic properties of multiple components of material system (i.e., composites)

  • Supercritical CO2 processing; discovered in the 1980s; facilitates the synthesis of fluoropolymers (2000).

Green Breakout Group

• Low volatility organics and adhesives

Volatile organic compounds and water-based

1950-1960s: emulsion polymerization

Particle engineering

Coatings, surface treatments

Weatherability

Paints

Reflective powder paints

Adhesives

• Inorganic electronic materials

Zone refining-1950s; semiconductors

Hydrothermal synthesis—1950s and 1960s

Picoelectric

Thermoelectric materials

SiO2 dielectrics

Optoelectronics

Other inorganic electronic materials and applications

Self-assembly processing

Microcontact printing for use in lab on a chip

Self-assembled monolayers: microcontact printing

Spatially addressable synthesis has spawned Symyx, Affymax, Affymetrics

Copper processing techniques for ICs (deposition, patterning, etching); impact: late 1990s

Porous silicon nanocrystalline behavior; research 1990s

Metelorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) processes for materials—GaAs, InP

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Sol-gel glass research: early 1980s; commercialization: late 1990s (~15 years)

Nanocrystalline TiO2 —sunscreen

GMR read heads for high-density data storage; impact: 2000

Gallium nitride epitaxy-ready on sapphire for blue lasers; commercialization: ~ 10 years (~2000)

Semiconductor lasers wide-band gap

High-quality low-loss silica optical-fiber manufacturing; impact: telecommunications

Thermoelectrics: refrigerants, energy for space probes, portable coolers

• Active organic materials

Liquid crystals: 1800s

Conducting polymers 1970s

Organic semiconductors—transistors

Low LED displays: 1990s +

Other active organic materials and applications

Liquid-crystal polymers (e.g., zylon); impact: late 1990s

Polymer LEDs for displays; impact: today

Organic LEDs; commercialization: ~2000; impact: lower cost, better visual display

• Reinforced composites

Fiber-reinforced composites; basic work on carbon and composite fibers

• Electrochemical devices

ferrocenes

lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries; impact: 1990s

• Homo- and heterogeneous catalysis

Organometallic chemistry-1950s

1950s—mesoporous materials (e.g., MCMs)

Catalytic converter

Other catalysts

Metallocene catalysts, ~1990

Living polymerization has been used to make block copolymers and other materials previously inaccessible:

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Glycopolymers

Peptide polymers

Site-selective porous inorganics (zeolites) for control of catalytic activity; impact: petroleum and plastics industry

Organometallic chemistry, 1950s: first homogeneous catalysis; 1950s-1970s: catalysis with asymmetric induction-chiral drugs

Well-defined homogeneous living polymerization catalysis: ring opening metathesis polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

Catalysis for olefin polymerization at low pressure; Ziegler-Natta: 1950s, single-site metallocene: 1990s; designer polyolefins—better garbage bags and car bumpers, etc.—could replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in many areas

• Thin films and coatings

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

1950s Diamond-like carbon thin films

1970s Chemical vapor deposition widespread (thin films, coatings, coatings for memory)

Plasma chemical vapor deposition

Combustion chemical vapor deposition

1980s Wear resistance

1990s Heat dissipation (thin films, coatings)

Other Thin Films and Coatings

CVD diamond

1970s—Russia, Japan

1990s—Impact

CVD coatings

Magnetic disk/tribology

Diamond-like carbon coatings for low friction

Diamond-like films; impact: coating of tools, thermal management

• High critical temperature superconductors

1911 Low temperature superconductors – magnets 1960s

1986-1988 High critical temperature cuprate superconductors

Processing

Volume, scaling

1990s Filters: niche power applications

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

2000s Transformers

• Other breakthroughs or advances

Scaffolds for tissue engineering

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Utility as refrigerants

Demonstrate that chemists response to environmental challenge

Substitutes for Freon (new chlorofluorocarbons)

Refrigeration, air conditioning, cleaning solvents

Benefit: efficiency of Freon without the environmental impact

Advanced positive photoresist (I-line, deep ultraviolet, etc.)

Photolithography (chip production)

~1980 for fundamental work

~1990 for I-line use

1995 for deep ultraviolet

Benefit: computing

Power and computer-active memory increases that have enabled powerful personal computers and servers, liquid crystal displays

Quasi-crystalline metal films (hard, corrosion-resistant coatings); impact: late 1990s

Advanced ion-exchange resins

Original work 1950s, but improvements continue today

Benefits: cheap clean water, water pure enough for semiconductor manufacture

Longer-lived boilers, catalysts

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and related molecular biology techniques have been used to engineer organisms to overproduce commodity polymers (polyhydroxylalkanoates) as well as produce highly organized peptide materials.

Catalytic converters for autos, 1970s; impact: cleaner air

Single-walled nanotube

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Blue Breakout Group

• Analytic techniques—enablers for miniaturization

Instrumentation

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Synchrotron

Spot profile analysis (SPA), atomic force microscopy (AFM)—1980 to now

Emissions control—also relied on new chemical understanding of the impact of emissions on air quality, etc.

• Materials

Intrinsically conducting polymers: around 1971

Nylon—invented: 1933; commercialized: 1939; impact: 1944

Teflon—invented: 1938; impact: 1945

Electrochromic materials: late 1970s

Polyethylene, high-density polyethylene

Thermoplastics— Lexan, etc.: about 20 years from innovation to profitability

Alloy development—shape memory, superalloys

Photographic film; phosphors; organic light-emitting polymers

Catalysts—homo, hetero, zeolites, organic templates

Block copolymers

Quantum materials: quantum dots, buckyballs

Composites

• Processing and synthesis

Sol-gel processing

Semiconductor metallization—electrochemical processing

Petroleum refining, catalytic cracking

Direct process for synthetic rubber; silicone polymerization

Synthesis of inorganic solids (mesoporous oxides, zeolites)

Hydrothermal solid-state synthesis

Ziegler-Natta catalysts

Single-site catalysis

Living polymerization

Total synthesis

Combinatorial approaches

Self-assembly

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Purification of (elemental) silicon: led to silicon-based electronics

Photolithography; first mention: 1880s, with chromate; 1960s, practical for microelectronics

Controlled morphology

SESSION 3:INTERFACES

Breakout questions: What are the major discoveries and challenges related to materials at the interfaces between chemistry or chemical engineering and areas such as biology, environmental science, materials science, medicine, and physics? How broad is the scope of the chemical sciences in this area? How has research in the chemical sciences been influenced by advances in other areas, such as biology, materials, and physics?

Red Group

• Chemistry Biology, Medicine

Met:

Implantable devices

Implantable power

Separation technologies

Commodity production of biocatalysts, monomers, polymers

To meet:

Devices for functional metabolism

In situ drug production

Artificial organs (lungs, skin, ligaments, etc.)

Nanocellular systems

Human integrated computing

• Chemistry Materials Science

Need:

Ultrahard materials

Cementitious materials (not CO2 producing)

High temperature materials for power and propulsion

Multifunction materials

Construction

Energy production

Technology to reduce corrosion losses

• Chemistry Physics

To Meet:

Quantum computing

Magnetic computing

Photonic computing

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Self-organization of structures

Biomolecular structure organization

Yellow Group

• Multifunctional materials

Self-reporting materials

Smart materials and learning materials

Self-healing materials

Interdisciplinary materials

Multicomponent compounds with properties of ceramics and plastics

• Environment

Low volatile organic compound materials and coating

Solvent-free catalysis—green catalysis

Membranes—water purification

Disassemble or disable and recycle materials

Self-cleaning materials

Green chemistry for materials synthesis

Link behavior of biocatalysts and inorganic catalysts

New catalysts for a cleaner environment

Environmentally friendly materials

• Health

Medical and environmental diagnostics

Materials for improved human performance

Biocompatible materials

Materials for human-computer interface

Artificial organs

Tissue engineering and adding biological functions to materials

• Supporting technologies

Controlled architecture of multicomponent materials

Harnessing biological systems to prepare nonnatural materials

Chain folding of polymers

Prediction of materials properties from structure

Better multiscale modeling

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

• Other suggestions

Photovoltaics

Better portable power

Understanding mobility of charge carriers

Advanced chemical power sources

Fuel processors for fuel cells

Nanomagnetic materials

All-optical network

Materials for computing

Corrosion-resistant structural materials

Macroglobal-scale issues

Replacements for metals—high-performance materials, microfluidics

Report to Plenary Session

• Why invest in materials?

• Materials that improve health

Tissue engineering

Biosensors

Biofunctional materials

Living materials

• Materials that improve environment

Disassemble (e.g., tires)

Permanence (e.g., concrete)

• Materials that perform multiple functions

Failure reporting and triggered healing

Biosensing—responses

• Barriers – areas of science and technology that if addressed would enable the above

Interfacial science

Multiscale modeling and prediction of structure and architecture

Controlled synthesis of predictable structured materials (e.g., photonics)

Incorporating the power of biology, biosynthesis of materials, and synthesis of biomaterials

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Green Group
  • Medicine and health—biocompatible materials (implants, dental, neuroprosthesis, synthetic muscles); sensors, diagnostics (instrumentation, contrast agents)

  • Structural materials—alloys-metallurgy, housing, roads, coatings, concrete and asphalt, composites, polymers-rubber, corrosion inhibition, amorphous materials, sealant, composites, recycled materials, transparent materials, insulation, functional materials, self-repairing and diagnosing materials, amorphous materials, fasteners

  • Art and literature—e-paper, inks/paints, conservation, paper science, coatings, archival media, entertainment, displays

  • Agriculture and food services—delivery, packaging, sensors, animal health diagnostics, bioengineered materials, processing or separations, soils, refrigeration

  • Space and national security—lightweight materials, sensors, high-temperature materials, multifunctional materials, reliability and robustness, electronic materials, armor, advanced textiles, coatings, energetic materials

  • Textiles—synthetic fibers, waste reduction, dyes, fibers or plastics, coatings (multifunctional), composites, Gortex, synthetic elastomers, superabsorbents (diapers), velcro and fasteners, processing

  • Personal hygiene—shampoos and conditioners, soaps and detergents, hair sprays, sunscreen, diapers, cosmetics, tooth brushes and toothpaste, colorants

  • IT and communication—optical fibers and coatings, optoelectronics, microelectronics, displays, RF and microwave, portable communications, storage, hard copy and printing, packaging, processing, personal electronics, reduced waste stream in processing, amorphous materials

  • Environment—PVC pipe, water purifications, catalytic converters, waste treatment, sensors, fuel cells and photovoltaics, coatings, green processing and green materials, nuclear waste separation and containment

  • Transportation—tires, roads, lightweight materials, coatings, corrosion-resistant or reflective paints, ceramics, strength-temperature-wear, sensors, fuels

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Blue Group

• Biology-Medicine

Biomedical engineering

Tissue engineering

Bone scaffolding

Biomimetics

Protein engineering

Biofabrication

Biosensors

Medical diagnostics

Medical imaging

Rapid DNA screening

Microfluidics

Solid-phase synthesis

Templating

Genomics

Genetically modified organisms

• Physics

Liquid crystals

Surface chemistry (monolayers)

Spin glasses

Electron-phonon coupling

• Materials

Ceramics

Magnetic materials

High-temperature materials

Semiconductors

Conducting polymers

High-temperature superconductors

Microphotonics

High temperature sensors

Imaging

Quantum devices

Nonlinear optics

Data and storage

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Theory and modeling

How broad is the scope of the chemical sciences in this area? The nature of the interaction is driven by the nature of the problem.

  • Superparamagnetic effect: higher storage density

  • Molecular electronics: new modes of logic

  • Materials design from first principles and modeling

  • Biological sensing detection: advanced imaging

  • Complex synthesis (many different scales): protein templates

  • Advanced micro- and nanofabrication

  • Crystal growth and engineering

  • Combinatorial synthesis

  • Protein folding

  • Self-assembly

How has research in the chemical sciences been influences by advances in other areas? Dynamics of processes:

  • Selective catalyst design

  • “Impossible” materials

  • Global climate change

  • Energy of recapture

  • Advanced battery and fuel cells (alternative energy)

  • Emergence

  • Transport phenomena

  • Funding

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

SESSION 4:CHALLENGES

Breakout questions: What are the materials-related grand challenges in the chemical sciences and engineering? How will advances at the interfaces create new challenges in the core sciences?

Red Group

• Understanding and manipulating chemistry at interfaces

Solid-solid

Solid-liquid

Functional integration of linking cells and biomolecules to materials

• Sustainable routes to materials

Energy efficiency

Materials efficiency (e.g. recycle—whole polymers or component monomers)

No toxics

No emissions or greenhouse gases

Also: maximization of limited resources; molecular recycling

• Materials by design

Process control and property prediction across 18 orders of magnitude in length and time

Also: modeling to design; structure and property process control at molecular level

• Materials for energy generation, storage, and conservation

Hydrogen, solar, photovoltaics

Improved handling of materials for nuclear fuel-power cycle

• Diagnostic tools for intelligent processing: instrumentation for real-time, atomic-level resolution, high-sensitivity, high-chemical-specificity, nondestructive analysis

• Infrastructure issues—education funding, interfaces within chemistry departments, communicating between disciplines

• Also: large parallel synthetic matrix experiments

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Yellow Group
Grand Challenges

• Address:

Water

Energy

Food

Air

(Must be revolutionary)

  1. Use chemistry to decouple environmental impact from a worldwide standard of living.

    • Alleviate diminishing resources.

    • Remediate existing environmental problems.

    • Find replacements for strategic materials.

    • Decentralize the power supply.

  1. Apply chemistry to harness the power of biology for materials science.

  2. Spatial and temporal control of chemistry

    • Self-assemble on a macroscale

    • Build a multifunction sensor in a single step.

Dot Votes for Challenges

Pill to stop AIDS (7 votes)

Miniaturization of medical sensor systems (5 votes)

High-performance materials—easy to process (4 votes)

Self-scaling materials (bio-inspired vs. biomimetic) (4 votes)

Safe storage of H2 (4 votes)

Make materials disassembly friendly (3 votes)

Optical computing, photonic circuits (2 votes)

Room-temperature fixation of N2—100 percent selective catalysts (2 votes)

Scaling (understanding, manufacture) (2 votes)

Chemistry-materials alleviation of diminishing resources

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Green Group

What are the materials-related grand challenges in the chemical sciences and engineering? How will advances at the interfaces create new challenges in the core sciences?

Three Challenges

1. Putting it together (and processing)

• Arrangement at the atomic and other length scales

• Control (kinetic versus thermodynamic)

Weak bonding

Assembly (directed, templated, mechanical)

• Hierarchical construction with feedback

Bioinspired

Catalysis

2. Analysis

• Understanding what we make

Structure (over all length scales)

Function (over all length scales)

• Defects and impurities

• High resolution 3-dimensional element-specific mapping

Nondestructive, real time

Noncrystalline, multiple length scales

3. What to make

Modeling

Application Driven

Capital

Structure (length scales)

Theory

• Accurate a priori design of materials and a road map of how to make them

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Blue Group

Seamless manipulation of matter and information from molecular to macrosize scales: (1) interconnects (2) synthesis (3) dynamics:

• Interconnections at all length scales

Understanding and modeling transitions between nano- and microscales

Nano- or micro fabrications in all dimensions

Photonic materials

Transition from electronics to photonics

• Control matter at all scales

Harness capabilities and power of nature

Self-assembly and crystallization

Understanding nonequilibrium steps and structures

Understanding all steps in self-assembly

Understanding protein folding

• Materials that enable unlimited clean energy

High-capacity reversible energy storage

Alternative energy sources—unlimited

New recyclable and biodegradable materials

• Restoration and enhancement of function of living materials

Nanostructures and bioapplications

Expression of human genome

Restoration of lost organ function

Human computer interface

• What are the challenges for the next few decades?

Particle science and engineering

Understanding complexity

Understanding scale-up

Investigation of larger-scale, more realistic systems

Influence of fields

Detecting hydrogen in metals (local analysis)

Effects of “impurities” in alloys and metals

Understanding scattering effects

Accelerated testing methods

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Visualizing nanoscale interactions

Miniaturization

Developing principles and theory for aggregation (self-assembly) of materials

Broadened parallel investigations

Increased computational power and tools

• Other answers that were not completely related:

Redefining the scientific method

Student education

New instrumentation: development and access

SESSION 5:INFRASTRUCTURE

Breakout questions: What are the materials-related issues in the chemical sciences, and what opportunities and needs result for integrating research and teaching, broadening the participation of underrepresented groups, improving the infrastructure for research and education, and demonstrating the value of these activities to society? What returns can be expected on investment in chemical sciences? How does the investment correlate with scientific and economic progress? What feedback exists between chemical industry and university research in the chemical sciences? What are the effects of university research on industrial competitiveness, maintaining a technical work force, and developing new industrial growth (e.g., in polymers, materials, or biotechnology)? Are there examples of lost opportunities in the chemical sciences that can be attributed to failure to invest in research?

NOTE: There was no Blue Group for the last Breakout Session.

Red Group

What parts of the infrastructure ARE working well?

  • Industrial/academic/national lab internships

  • Major instrumentation laboratories

  • Quality of the graduate students and their love of science

  • Steps toward interdisciplinary research

  • Research centers (where they exist)

  • Startups or options for graduate students

  • Technology transfer (at large universities)

  • Motivation and incentives

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
  • National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant Opportunity for Academic Liaison with Industry (GOALI)-type programs

What parts of the infrastructure are NOT working well?

  • Support for research centers

  • NSF funding for university research

  • Servicing of funding

  • Lack of long term research funding (>5 years)

  • Outreach

  • Science education structure (K-12)

What payoffs are expected from having a healthy infrastructure?

  • Laypersons’ better understanding of science and technology

  • Improved quality of life

  • Science education feeds a logically thinking workforce

  • Feed the competitive engine

  • Development of new areas of research, new fields

  • Defense

Yellow Group
Infrastructure elements
  • Instrumentation—maintenance funding, extent of utilization, staffing issues (considered service jobs), poor support for “medium” size

  • Buildings—age of manufacturing plants, decaying infrastructure

  • Academic department and tenure structure

  • Legal system—intellectual property limitations, intellectual property benefits

  • People—right number, right skills, chores of professional staff, refocusing of chemistry undergrads from chemistry

  • R&D funding system

Good and bad

• People

Good: Industry is getting the people it needs; universities are sustaining themselves

Bad: Shortage of number of people in some areas

Unnecessary and trivial responsibilities for professionals

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Changing goals of students

Lack of training in some areas

• Instrumentation and faculty issues

Good: Centers pool resources and enable larger investment; research centers foster collaboration, provide bridge between disciplines

Bad:

Funding for maintenance and staffing

Underutilization

Support for “medium” size

• Payoff of (good) infrastructure

Greater range of possible research

Greater amount of research possible in given time

Shorter time from idea to product

Shorter time to degree

Green Group

What works (numbers refer to votes)

Center grants (7)

Major user facilities (7)

Graduate fellowship programs (6)

Private donations to universities (6)

Number and quality of graduate students and graduates (4)

Funding for single principal investigators (PIs) and departmental instrumentation (4)

Junior faculty awards (4)

Single PI system (2)

Postdoctoral fellowships

Connectivity

Database access

Research parks (industry-university)

Startups are generating jobs

Peer review system

Multiple funding sources

Problems

Timeline for funding too long; funding cycle too short (8)

Capitization (7)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×

Education—K-12 and undergraduate (6)

Too few U.S. students (5)

Traditional academic department structure (5)

Top universities—diversity of faculty and graduate students and mentoring (5)

Grants not able to support enough personnel (2)

Too few graduate fellowships (2)

Major user facilities—need to inform prospective users and make user friendly (1)

Not enough support for centers (1)

Globalization of R&D and manufacturing

Lack of databases (e.g., thermodynamics and kinetics)

Entrepreneurial initiative

Intellectual property—university-industry interface

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 63
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 64
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 65
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 66
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 67
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 68
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 69
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 70
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 71
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 72
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 73
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 74
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 75
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 76
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 77
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 78
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 79
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 80
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 81
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 82
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 83
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 84
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 85
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Reports from the Breakout Session Groups." National Research Council. 2003. Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10694.
×
Page 86
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The report assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with materials science and identifies challenges for research. Recent advances are blurring the distinction between chemistry and materials science and are enabling the creation of new materials that, to date, have only been predicted by theory. These advances include a greater ability to construct materials from molecular components, to design materials for a desired function, to understand molecular "self-assembly, and to improve processes by which the material is "engineered" into the final product.

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