National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

The Measure of STAR

Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program

Committee to Review EPA’s Research Grants Program

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was supported by Contract 68-C-01-119 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-08938-7 (Book)

International Standard Book Number 0-309-51674-9 (PDF)

Additional copies of this report are available from:
The National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

COMMITTEE TO REVIEW EPA’S RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAM

Members

HAROLD A. MOONEY (Chair),

Stanford University, Stanford, CA

RAYMOND C. LOEHR (Vice Chair),

University of Texas, Austin

ANDERS W. ANDREN,

University of Wisconsin, Madison

EDWIN H. CLARK, II,

Clean Sites, Inc., Washington, DC

COSTEL D. DENSON,

University of Delaware, Newark

JOHN C. ELSTON,

Spring Lake Heights, NJ, retired from New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection

CAROL J. HENRY,

American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA

MARTHA A. KREBS,

Science Strategies, Los Angeles, CA

RICHARD F. LEE,

Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, GA

GERALD VAN BELLE,

University of Washington, Seattle

TERRY F. YOUNG,

Environmental Defense, Oakland, CA

LAUREN A. ZEISE,

California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland

Staff

EILEEN N. ABT, Project Director

ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Program Director for Risk Analysis

NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Senior Editor

KELLY CLARK, Assistant Editor

JENNIFER E. SAUNDERS, Research Assistant

MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Research Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Senior Project Assistant

Sponsor

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY1

Members

GORDON ORIANS (Chair),

University of Washington, Seattle

JOHN DOULL (Vice Chair),

University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City

DAVID ALLEN,

University of Texas, Austin

THOMAS BURKE,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

JUDITH C. CHOW,

Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV

CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD,

Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, CA

WILLIAM H. GLAZE,

Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton

SHERRI W. GOODMAN,

Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, VA

DANIEL S. GREENBAUM,

Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA

ROGENE HENDERSON,

Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM

CAROL HENRY,

American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA

ROBERT HUGGETT,

Michigan State University, East Lansing

BARRY L. JOHNSON

Emory University, Atlanta, GA

JAMES H. JOHNSON,

Howard University, Washington, DC

JAMES A. MACMAHON,

Utah State University, Logan

PATRICK V. O’BRIEN,

Chevron Research and Technology, Richmond, CA

DOROTHY E. PATTON,

International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC

ANN POWERS,

Pace University School of Law, White Plains, NY

LOUISE M. RYAN,

Harvard University, Boston, MA

JONATHAN M. SAMET,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

KIRK SMITH,

University of California, Berkeley

LISA SPEER,

Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, NY

G. DAVID TILMAN,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul

CHRIS G. WHIPPLE,

Environ Incorporated, Emeryville, CA

LAUREN A. ZEISE,

California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland

Senior Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

KULBIR BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology

ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Program Director for Risk Analysis

K. JOHN HOLMES, Senior Staff Officer

SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Staff Officer

SUZANNE VAN DRUNICK, Senior Staff Officer

EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Staff Officer

ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Staff Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Managing Editor

1  

This study was planned, overseen, and supported by the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Development (2003)

Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations (2002)

Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices (2002)

Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone’s Northern Range (2002)

The Airliner Cabin Environment and Health of Passengers and Crew (2002)

Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001)

Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs (2001)

Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act (2001)

A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments (2001)

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (3 volumes, 2000-2003)

Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (2000)

Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000)

Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000)

Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions (2000)

Waste Incineration and Public Health (1999)

Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (4 volumes, 1998-2003)

Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline (1999)

Arsenic in Drinking Water (1999)

The National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)

Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)

Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)

Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)

Biologic Markers (5 volumes, 1989-1995)

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 volumes, 1994-1995)

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)

Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)

Science and the National Parks (1992)

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)

Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from The National Academies Press

(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313

www.nap.edu

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

Preface

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a mission agency established in 1970 to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment. EPA’s regulatory and decision-making role requires that the agency have access to the best available science that is relevant to its mission. In an effort to improve the scientific foundation of its decision-making process, the agency established the Science To Achieve Results (STAR) research grants program in 1995.

The STAR program is a competitive, peer-reviewed, extramural research grants program created to encourage interagency collaboration and to increase EPA’s access to the nation’s best scientists and engineers in academic and nonprofit research institutions. The program supports research in a variety of fields relevant to EPA’s mission, ranging from human health protection to environmental preservation. It is designed to maximize the independence of the researchers supported and to provide an equal opportunity for all researchers to qualify for support.

In 2000, EPA asked the National Research Council to conduct an independent assessment of the STAR program. In response, the Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA’s Research Grants Program. In this report, the committee analyzes information provided by EPA, STAR grant recipients and fellows, and other sources to assess the program’s scientific merit, effect on the agency’s policies and decisions, and overall relevance to EPA’s mission. In addition, the committee compares some of the procedural aspects of the STAR program with those of basic and applied research grant programs of other agencies. Finally, the committee recom

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

mends ways to enhance the program and improve data collection for future program evaluations.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following people for their review of this report: William Glaze, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Bernard D. Goldstein, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Mark A. Harwell, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida; George Lucier (retired), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Perry L. McCarty, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Paul G. Risser, The Oklahoma State System of Higher Education, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Joan B. Rose, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Jane Warren, Health Effects Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Bailus Walker, Jr., Howard University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. Appointed by the Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of the report rests entirely with the committee and the institution.

The committee gratefully acknowledges the following people for making presentations to it: Peter Preuss, Paul Gilman, Timothy Oppelt, John Bachmann, Patricia Bradley, Elizabeth Bryan, William Farland, and James Hanlon, EPA; Robert Huggett, Michigan State University; John Wanska, General Accounting Office; Jerry Elwood, Department of Energy; Peter Johnson, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Claudia Thompson, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Susan Cozzens, Ann Bostrom, and Alan Porter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Penny Firth, National Science Foundation; and Nils Newman, IISCO. The committee also wishes to thank the following, who provided further background information:

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

Theodore Just, Jack Puzak, Jeffrey Harris, Manju Gupta, Terry Simpson, Matthew Clark, Gina Perovich, Shirley Hamilton, and James Gentry, EPA; Claudia Magdalena Abendroth, Office of Management and Budget; Jeanne Powell, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Julia Melkers, University of Chicago; Christopher Allen, University of Vermont; Robert Selden, Air Force Scientific Advisory Board; Leslie Peasant, Air Force Office of Scientific Research; James Coleman, Nevada National Science Foundation; and Deborah Stine and Scott Weidman, National Research Council. In addition, the committee gives special thanks to the EPA project officers in three research programs—Endocrine Disruptors, Elaine Francis and David Reese; Particulate Matter, Gail Robarge and Stacey Katz; and Ecological Indicators, Barbara Levinson—who were available to discuss their programs in detail. We are also grateful to the many National Center for Environmental Research (NCER) staff who invested extensive time and effort in responding to all the committee’s requests for information. Finally, we appreciate the contributions of the numerous EPA STAR grantees and fellowship recipients who provided input on the program.

The committee is grateful for the assistance of the Research Council staff in preparing this report: Eileen Abt, project director; James Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Roberta Wedge, program director for risk analysis; Jennifer Saunders and Mirsada Karalic-Loncarevic, research assistants; Ruth E. Crossgrove, managing editor; Norman Grossblatt, senior editor; Kelly Clark, assistant editor; Lucy Fusco and Bryan Shipley, senior project assistants; and Robert Policelli and Tamara Dawson, project assistants.

Finally, I thank the members of the committee for their dedicated efforts throughout the development of this report.

Harold Mooney

Chair, Committee to Review EPA’s Research Grants Program

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×

The Measure of STAR

Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10701.
×
Page R16
Next: Summary »
The Measure of STAR: Review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Research Grants Program Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $59.00 Buy Ebook | $47.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The report favorably reviews the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's competitive research grants program, finding that it has yielded significant new findings and knowledge critical for EPA's decision-making process. Established in 1995, the grants program was designed to enable the nation's best scientists and engineers to explore new ways to safeguard the environment and protect public health. The program awards about $100 million a year in grants and fellowships to independent investigators, multidisciplinary teams, and graduate students at universities and nonprofit institutions.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!