reaction rates, absorption cross sections, scattering cross sections, and other parameters that are important to studies of the martian surface and atmosphere and understanding of processes in them.¹⁵

COMPLEX stresses that continued support of these and other areas of Earth-based research is essential to a balanced program of Mars research (see Chapter 12 in this report).

1. M.S. Hanner, K.J. Meech, E. Barker, M.J.S. Belton, R. Binzel, and J. Spencer, The Future Role of the IRTF—Reportto NASA from the NASA IRTF/Keck Management Operations Working Group, 1998.

2. See, for example, D.R. Klassen, J.F. Bell III, R.R. Howell, P.E. Johnson, W. Golisch, C.D. Kaminski, and D. Griep, “Infrared Spectral Imaging of Martian Clouds and Ices,”Icarus138: 36–48, 1999.

3. E.S. Barker, “Martian Atmospheric Water Vapor Observations: 1972–74 Apparition,”Icarus28: 247–268, 1976.

4. B. Rizk, R.M. Haberle, D.M. Hunten, and J.B. Pollack, “Meridional Transport and Water-Reservoirs in Southern Mars During 1988–1989,”Icarus118: 39–50, 1995.

5. A.L. Sprague, D.M. Hunten, R.E. Hill, L.R. Doose, and B. Rizk, “Martian Atmospheric Water Abundances: 1996– 1999,”Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society32: 1093, 2000.

6. C.B. Farmer, D.W. Davies, A.L. Holland, D.D. La Porte, and P.E. Doms, “Mars: Water Vapor Observations from the Viking Orbiters,”Journal of Geophysical Research82: 4225–4248, 1977.

7. B.M. Jakosky, and C.B. Farmer, “The Seasonal and Global Behavior of Water Vapor in the Mars Atmosphere: Complete Global Results of the Viking Atmospheric Water Detector Experiment,”Journal of Geophysical Research 87: 2999–3019, 1982.

8. D.V. Titov, W.J. Markiewicz, N. Thomas, H.U. Keller, R.M. Sablotny, M.G. Tomasko, M.T. Lemmon, and P.H. Smith, “Measurements of the Atmospheric Water Vapor on Mars by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder,”Journal ofGeophysical Research104: 9019–9026, 1999.

9. See, for example, D.M. Hunten, R.O. Pepin, and T.C. Owen,“Elemental Fractionation Patterns in Planetary Atmo-spheres,” in Meteorites and the Early Solar System, J. Kerridge and M.S. Matthews (eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988, pp. 565–591.

10. See, for example, R.H. Haberle, “Early Mars Climate Models,”Journal of Geophysical Research103: 28467–28480, 1998; and S.W. Bougher, S. Engel, R.G. Roble, and B. Foster,“Comparative Planet Thermospheres: 3. Solar Cycle Variation of Global Structure and Winds at Solstices,”Journal of Geophysical Research105: 17669–17692, 2000.

11. See, for example, G. Spada, and L. Alfonsi,“Obliquity Variations Due to Climate Friction on Mars: Darwin Versus Layered Models,”Journal of Geophysical Research103: 28599–28606, 1998; and B.G. Bills, “Obliquity-Oblateness Feedback on Mars,”Journal of Geophysical Research104: 30773–30798, 1999.

12. See, for example, C.L. Johnson, S.C. Solomon, J.W. Head, R.J. Phillips, D.E. Smith, and M.T. Zuber,“Lithospheric Loading by the Northern Polar Cap on Mars,”Icarus144: 313–328, 2000; K.F. Sprenke and L.L. Baker,“Magnetiza-tion, Paleomagnetic Poles, and Polar Wander on Mars,”Icarus147: 26–34, 2000; and P. Defraigne, V. Dehant, and T. Van Hoolst, “Steady-State Convection in Mars’ Mantle,”Planetary and Space Science49: 501–509, 2001.

13. R.C. Wiens, R.H. Becker, and R.O. Pepin,“The Case for Martian Origin of the Shergottites: II. Trapped and Indig-enous Gas Components in EETA 79001 Glass,”Earth and Planetary Science Letters77: 149–158, 1986.

14. H.Y. McSween, “What We Have Learned About Mars from SNC Meteorites,”Meteoritics29: 757–779, 1994.

15. See, for example, D. Kella, P.J. Johnson, H.B. Pedersen, L. Vejby-Christensen, and L.H. Andersen,“The Source of Green Light Emission Determined from a Heavy-Ion Storage Ring Experiment,”Science276: 1530–1533, 1997; and E.S. Hwang, R.A. Bergman, R.A. Copeland, and T.G. Slanger,“Temperature Dependence of the Collisional Removal of O₂ (b¹?_g⁺, ? = 1 and 2) at 110–260 K, and Atmospheric Applications,”Journal of Chemical Physics110: 18–24, 1999.

Front Matter (R1-R12)

Executive Summary (1-4)

1. Introduction (5-8)

2. Interior and Crustal Structure and Activity (9-17)

3. Geochemistry and Petrology (18-25)

4. Stratigraphy and Chronology (26-33)

5. Surface Processes and Geomorphology (34-47)

6. Ground Ice, Groundwater, and Hydrology (48-53)

7. Life, Fossils, and Reduced Carbon (54-63)

8. Lower Atmosphere and Meteorology (64-70)

9. Climate Change (71-76)

10. Upper Atmosphere, Ionosphere, and Solar Wind Interactions (77-82)

11. Rationale for Sample Return (83-88)

12. Assessment of the Mars Exploration Program (89-104)

13. Conclusions (105-106)

Appendix A: The NASA Mars Exploration Program (107-117)

Appendix B: Compilation of Recommendations Concerning Mars Exploration Made by COMPLEX and Other Advisory Groups (118-130)

Appendix C: Acronyms (131-132)