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146 PREPARING FOR THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF TERRORISM Greco J. 2002. Agricultural Terrorism in the Midwest: Risks, Threats, and State Responses. A Report From the Agriculture Committee of the Midwestern Legislative Conference, The Coun- cil of State Governments. Lombard, IL: The Council of State Governments, Midwestern Office. Green BL. 1994. Psychosocial research in traumatic stress: an update. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7~3~: 341-62. Green BL, Lindy ID, Grace MC, Gleser GC, Leonard AC, Korol M, Winget C. 1990. Buffalo Creek survivors in the second decade: stability of stress symptoms. The American Jour- nal of Orthopsychiatry, 60~1~: 43-54. Haddon W Jr. 1972. A logical framework for categorizing highway safety phenomena and activity. The Journal of Trauma, 12~3~: 193-207. Haddon W Jr. 1980. Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Public Health Reports, 95~5~: 411-21. Harvey AG, Bryant RA. 1998. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttrau- matic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66~3~: 507-52. Heim C, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. 1997. Persistent changes in corticotropin- releasing factor systems due to early life stress: Relationship to the pathophysiology of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33~2~: 185-92. Heldring M. 2002. Mental Health and Primary Care in a Time of Terrorism. Presentation Given at the Institute of Medicine Workshop: "The Psychological Consequences of Terrorism and Systems for Response." October 7, 2002, Washington, DC. Herman D, Felton C, Susser E. 2002. Mental health needs in New York State following the September 11th attacks. Journal of Urban Health, 79~3~: 322-331. HHS (United States Department of Health and Human Services). 1999. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Men- tal Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Mental Health. HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2000. Healthy People 2010. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Online]. Available: http:// www.health.gov/healthypeople [accessed January 15, 2003]. HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2001a. Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Mental Health. HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2001b. An Overview of the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program. [Online]. Available: http: / /www. mentalhealth.org/cmhs/EmergencyServices/ccp_pgOl.asp [accessed January 10, 2003b]. HHS (United States Department of Health and Human Services). 2002. Communicating in a Crisis: Risk Communication Strategies for Public Officials. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. Hodgson R. Abbasi T. Clarkson J. 1996. Effective mental health promotion: A literature re- view. Health Education Journal, 55~1~: 55-74. Hoge CW, Orman DT, Robichaux RJ, Crandell EO, Patterson VJ, Engel CC, Ritchie EC, Milliken CS. 2002. Operation Solace: Overview of the mental health intervention fol- lowing the September 11,2001 Pentagon attack. Military Medicine, 167~9 (Supplement)~: 4447.

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The Oklahoma City bombing, intentional crashing of airliners on September 11, 2001, and anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001 have made Americans acutely aware of the impacts of terrorism. These events and continued threats of terrorism have raised questions about the impact on the psychological health of the nation and how well the public health infrastructure is able to meet the psychological needs that will likely result. Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism highlights some of the critical issues in responding to the psychological needs that result from terrorism and provides possible options for intervention. The committee offers an example for a public health strategy that may serve as a base from which plans to prevent and respond to the psychological consequences of a variety of terrorism events can be formulated. The report includes recommendations for the training and education of service providers, ensuring appropriate guidelines for the protection of service providers, and developing public health surveillance for preevent, event, and postevent factors related to psychological consequences.

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