Index
A
Accreditation of facilities
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC), 9-10
Addictive agents, 109, 114-116, 124
body weight, 115
Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, 8
Aggression, 145-157
behavioral screening tests, 134, 135
behavioral stressors, 143, 144
disease models, 96
genetically modified animals, 66, 132, 133
pain and distress, 16, 17, 125, 174
pharmacological interventions, 146
predation, 18, 127, 143, 145-147
protocol development, 23
sleep loss, 121
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS), 8
pain, protocols, 18
American College of Veterinary Behaviorists, 24
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 24
Analgesics
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 43-44, 108
disease models, 96
nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), 22, 43
opioid drugs, 20, 22, 43, 103, 104, 106
perinatal studies, 102, 103, 104-106, 108
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88-91 (passim)
preemptive analgesia, 42, 43, 89
regulatory oversight, 11, 17, 43-44
surgery, 11, 17, 20, 35, 42-44, 75, 104
Anatomic studies, 71-73
imaging techniques, 83
Anesthesia, 100-101
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 43-44
balanced anesthesia regimen, 42. 43. 104
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), 71-72
hypothermia, 105-106
inhalation anesthetics, 42, 104, 105, 106, 108
injectable anesthetics, 42, 106
lesions, 98
local anesthesia, 22, 43, 96, 98
multiple major survival surgeries, 32
neurophysiologic recording, 75
perinatal studies, 102, 103, 104-106, 108
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88-91 (passim)
regulatory oversight, 11, 17, 43-44
surgery, 11, 17, 32, 37, 41, 42-44, 45, 46, 75, 104
U.S. Government Principles, 42
vocalizations, 106
Animal Care Policies (APHIS/AC Policies), 7-8, 10-11, 17-18
food regulation, 52
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 92
Animal husbandry, see Husbandry and nursing care
Animal and Plant health Inspection Service, 7
see also Animal Care Policies (APHIS/ AC Policies), 7-8, 10-11, 17-18
Animal Welfare Act, enforcement, 7
Animal Care Panel, 8
Animal Welfare Act (AWA), viii, 3, 7-11 (passim), 17-18, 39, 41
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs)
anesthetics and analgesics, 43-44
euthanasia, 26-27
fetal surgery, 107-108
food regulation, 52
oversight agencies, general, 7, 8, 9, 12
pain and distress, 17
physical restraint, 49
professional training, 30
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 92
social disruption, 145
surgery, 37-45 (passim), 107-108
behavioral screening of genetically modified animals, 135-136
housing of multiple species, 36-37
physical restraint, 48
Appetitive stimuli, 123-125, 130, 138
animal care and use concerns, 126-128
protocols, 126
reasons for, 125-126
terminology, 123-125
Aseptic techniques, 32, 37, 38, 44-45
implants and probes, 73, 76, 80-82, 92-93, 97
lesions, 87
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79-80, 81-82
professional training, 31
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 76, 89, 92-93
surgery, 37, 38, 40, 44-45, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC), 9-10
Automated systems, see Computer applications and automated systems
Aversive stimuli, 138-139
animal care and use concerns, 52, 126-128
food and fluid regulation, 52
neural injury and diseases, 100, 101
reasons for, 125-126
sound, 117
terminology, 123-125
Awake, behaving animals
see also Neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals;
Physical restraints
animal care and use concerns, 76
occupational health and safety concerns, 82
zoonoses, protocols, 29, 46, 85
B
see also Awake behaving animals;
Distress;
terms beginning “Behavior...”
genetically modified animals, assessment, 63, 66, 67-68
health monitoring, 23-24
heat, 116-117
mood disorders, 140-142
monitoring of animal health, 23-24, 31, 89, 91, 97-98, 99
pain, 16, 17, 18, 19-20, 22, 43, 89, 99-100, 101, 102-103
pain assessment, protocols, 16, 17, 18, 19-20, 22, 101
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 109-110, 114, 115
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88, 91
postoperative, 35
protocols, 16, 17, 18, 19-20, 22, 23-24
unexpected consequences, 31
Behavioral screening of genetically modified animals, 132-136
animal care and use concerns, 66, 67, 132-134, 136
anxiety tests, 135-136
disease models, 99
general health assessment, 63, 66, 67-68, 86
motivation, 67
protocols, 136
Behavioral screening of pharmacology/ toxicology studies, 129-132, 133
functional observational battery, 130, 131
motivation, 67
operant test battery, 130
Behavioral stressors, 37, 123-124, 142-149
humane endpoints, 144
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 144, 149
principal investigator (PI)/veterinarians, 144
protocols, 144
Behavioral studies, 123-149
animal care and use concerns, 126-128
definitions, 123-125
genetically modified animals, 63, 66, 67, 86
learning and memory, 125, 127, 128, 132, 135, 137
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 109-110, 142
pilot studies, 149
regulatory concerns, 8-9
Behavioral tasks, 24
Barnes circular platform maze, 128, 136
food and fluid regulation, 50, 59, 139, 140
lesions, 98
mazes, 74, 118, 121, 128, 134, 135, 136
motivation, 9, 49, 50, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 119, 127, 128, 131
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 74, 76, 128, 137, 138, 139
Behavioral training, 30
see also Exercise
awake, behaving animals, 74, 75, 76
fluid regulation, 50, 51, 57, 59, 60, 118-119
food regulation, 50, 51, 53, 60, 78, 118-119
see also Appetitive stimuli;
Aversive stimuli
neurophysiologic recording, 74, 75, 76, 77-78, 137-140
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110
Birds, 8
Body weight
addictive drugs, 115
food regulation, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60-61
genetically modified animals, 66, 68
humane endpoints, 24
neurophysiologic recordings, 139-140
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110, 115
presurgery, 41
C
Cats
euthanasia, 26
social disruption, 144
zoonoses, 29
Cell/tissue cultures, as alternative to animal subjects, 11
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8
Colonies
humane endpoints, 68
monitoring, 33
number of animals required for breeding, 4, 65, 181-187
number of animals required to develop induced mutant, 187-190
Computer applications and automated systems
animal care and use concerns, 142
anxiety assessment, 135
exercise devices, 119
neurophysiologic studies, 74
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 91
simulation as alternative to animal use, 11
D
Department of Agriculture
see also Animal and Plant Inspection Service
Animal Welfare Act, enforcement, 7, 17-18
colonies, estimating animal numbers needed, 182
surgery, 40
Porsolt swim test, 141
protocols, 141
tail-suspension test, 141, 141
used to assess distress, 17
Diet and nutrition, see Food regulation
Disease models, 94-96
see also Genetically modified animals
aggression, 96
animal care and use concerns, 34-35, 96
genetically modified animals, 64
humane endpoints, 24-26, 27, 95
imaging studies, 83
lesions, 97-98
mood disorder, 140-142
occupational health and safety concerns, 95
pain/distress management, 15-16, 94
protocols, 94
stem cell studies, 86
unexpected consequences, 31
see also Analgesia;
Anesthesia;
Anxiety;
Behavioral stressors;
Depression;
Pain;
Sedatives
addictive drugs, withdrawal, 114, 115-116
assessing distress, 21-22, 134, 135
disease models, 95
food regulation, 52
humane endpoints, 24-27
maladaptive behaviors, 22
multiple major survival surgeries, 32
neurophysiologic recording, 76, 77
noninvasive assessment methods, 21-22
physical restraint, 46-49 (passim), 77
physiologic signs, 21-22
professional training, 31
protocols, 13, 15-28 (passim), 32
regulatory oversight, 10, 16-18
sleep deprivation, 20, 109, 120-122
Dogs
euthanasia, 26
pain indicators, 17
socialization, 144
Drugs, see Addictive agents;
Pharmacological agents
E
Education, see Professional training
Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs, 30
Environmental deprivation/stimulation, 120, 147-148
Essentials for Animal Research: A Primer for Research Personnel, 30
see also Humane endpoints;
Regulatory issues;
Standards
pain research, 100-101
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 92
3 Rs, 10-11
Euthanasia
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 26, 27-28, 108
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 26-27
AVMA Panel on Euthanasia
cervical dislocation, 27
disease models, 95
professional training, 27, 31, 108
sedation, 27-28
automated systems, 119
fluid regulation, 55
swimming, 74, 118-119, 128, 134, 141
Experimental hazards, 29
see also Occupational safety and health
F
Feces and urine
food regulation, 53
genetically modified animals, 61
hazardous wastes, 121
hormonal measures, 22
as hydration indicator, 61
Fetal studies. 102
anesthesia and analgesia, 103, 104-106
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 107-108
pain perception, 103
Fluid regulation, 4, 23, 31, 35, 49-51, 54-61
ad libitum consumption, 55-56, 57, 59
assessing hydration, 54, 55, 58, 59-61
aversive stimuli, 52
behavioral pain indicators, 17, 20
behavioral tasks, 50, 59, 139, 140
behavioral training, 50, 51, 57, 59, 60, 118-119
circadian rhythm, 57
designing, 56-57
disease models, 95
exercise, 55
food consumption and, 58
inspection of institutions, 60, 118
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 56, 58, 60
minimum fluid requirements, 55-56
monitoring, 51, 60-61, 139-140
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110, 113
physiologic indicators, 54-55, 57, 58
preoperative preparation, 41
restricted access, 139-140
species/strain differences, 56, 57-58
Food and Drug Administration, 8
Food regulation, 49-54, 117-118
see also Modifying dietary nutrients
ad libitum feeding, 51, 52, 53
APHIS/AC Policies, 52
assessing adequacy of nutrition, 51, 52-53, 59-61
behavioral tasks, 50, 59, 139, 140
behavioral training, 50, 51, 53, 60, 78
body weight, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60-61
circadian rhythm, 53, 54, 57-58
designing, 53
lesions, 99
meal feeding, 53
minimum caloric requirements, 51, 52-53, 117-118
as motivation, 50
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110, 113
physiologic signs, 52, 117-118
postoperative recovery, 35
preoperative preparation, 41
restricted feeding, 53, 110, 126, 128, 139-140
species/strain differences, 53-54
Funding
regulatory considerations, 8
study at hand, 1
G
Genetically modified animals, 61-68
anxiety, 135-136
see also Behavioral screening of genetically modified animals
behavioral studies, 63, 66, 67, 86
behavioral tasks, 128
depression, 140
disease models, 64
estimating animal numbers to develop a genetically modified animal, 4, 65, 181-190
general health assessment, 66-67
feces and urine, 61
knockin, 62-64
knockout, 14, 62, 63-64, 67, 132, 133-134, 135, 143, 189
monitoring consequences, 31
pain and distress, 15-16, 67-68
stem cells, 62-63, 86-93, 133, 141, 189
transgenic animals, 4, 15-16, 61, 62, 64, 134-135, 136, 181-190
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), viii, 3
agency/oversight bodies using, 8-11 (passim)
anatomic studies, 71-72
behavioral studies, 126
euthanasia, 26
fetal studies, 107-108
food regulation, 51
housing of multiple species, 36-37
husbandry, 36
monitoring responsibilities, 35, 36
neonatal studies, 107
neurophysiologic recording, 76, 78
pain and distress, 17, 18, 88-89
pilot studies, 14
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88-89, 90, 92
protocols, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 39, 107-108
sample size, 15
surgical procedures, 37-38, 39, 44, 45, 71-72, 107-108
Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules, 87
H
Health Research Extension Act (HREA), 8
Historical perspectives, vii-viii
regulatory factors, viii, 7-11
Housing, 26-27
colonies,
humane endpoints, 68
monitoring, 33
number of animals required, 4, 65, 181-190
distress assessment, protocols, 21
food regulation and, 53
multiple species, 36-37
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110
regulatory concerns, 9
space considerations, 37
Humane endpoints
see also Euthanasia
behavioral stressors, 144
developing, 24-26
dietary nutrient modification, 118
distress, 24-27
exercise, 119
food and fluid regulation, 51
genetically modified animals, 26, 67-68
husbandry and nursing care, 25
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 32, 82
pain, 23-24
physical restraint, 49
Husbandry and nursing care, 34-36
see also Housing
dietary nutrients, modification, 118
disease models, 94
distress assessment, 21
genetically modified animals, 65
humane endpoints, 25
neurophysiologic recordings, 81
pilot studies, 14
post-operative recovery, 38
protocols, 3, 4, 12, 13-14, 21, 35, 36
perinatal studies, 105
sleep deprivation, 121
I
Imaging studies, viii, 71, 74, 83-87, 83-87
animal preparation maintenance during, 83-85
occupational health and safety concerns, 84, 85-86, 87
techniques available, 83
transportation to and from facilities, 84, 85-86
asepsis, 73, 76, 80-82, 92-93, 97
drug administration routes, 112
failures, 82
food regulation, 35
housing, 35
imaging studies, 84
lesions, 87
neurophysiologic recording, 74-82 (passim), 138
occupational health and safety concerns, 82
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 89-90, 92-93
protocols, 82
sterilization vs disinfection, 80-81, 93
Indian Health Service, 8
Induced aggression or predation, see Aggression;
Predation, induced
Inspection of institutions, 14
food/fluid regulation, 60, 118
zoonoses, 29
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)
appetitive and aversive stimuli, 126, 127, 128-129
behavioral screening, 128, 129, 132, 136
behavioral stressors, 144, 149
colonies, estimating animal numbers needed, 182
depression models, 141
dietary nutrients, modification, 118
exercise, 119
disease models, 35
fetal surgery, 108
genetically modified animals, 64, 67
housing of multiple species, 37
humane endpoints, 25, 26, 118, 119
husbandry and nursing care, 35, 36
monitoring unexpected consequences, 32
lesions, 128
neonatal studies, 106
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 79, 82
oversight agencies and bodies, 7, 8, 9
pain and distress, 17, 67, 100-101, 105;
see also “appetitive and aversive...” supra
perinatal studies, 104-106
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 89, 92, 93
pilot studies, 14
protocols, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25, 26, 64, 101, 120
Institutional Animal Care and Use Guide Book, 17
Institutional officials, 14
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, 8
Interagency Research Animal Committee, 9
Interdisciplinary teams, see Multi-disciplinary teams
International Association for the Study of Pain, 16
Internet
Invasiveness of procedures
see also Imaging studies;
Implants and probes;
Surgery
anatomic studies, 71-72
regulatory oversight, 11
L
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, 7
Learning and memory
see also Behavioral tasks;
Behavioral training
behavioral studies, 125, 127, 128, 132, 135, 137
exercise, 118
general health assessment, 66
lesions, 97
neurophysiologic studies in awake, behaving animals, 137
psychophysical studies, 74
restraints, anxiety, 97
see also Regulatory issues
Animal Welfare Act (AWA), viii, 3, 7, 9, 10-11, 17-18, 39, 41
Health Research Extension Act (HREA), 8
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, 7
Public Health Security and Bioterrorsim Act, 116
U.S. Health Research Extension Act of 1985, 8
anatomic studies, 71
anesthesia, 98
asepsis, 87
disease models, 97-98
housing, 36
multiple major survival surgeries, 40
protocols, 99
M
Memory, see Behavioral training;
Learning and memory
Methods and Welfare Consideration in Behavioral Research with Animals, 59
Mice
behavioral screening, 133, 134-135
genetically modified animals, 62-67 (passim)
number of animals required to develop inducted mutant, 187-190
physical restraint, 47
social disruption, 145
zoonoses, 29
Modified surgical settings, 39, 72, 76, 78, 79
Modifying dietary nutrients, see Food regulation
Monitoring of animals, 4
behavior, 23-24, 31, 89, 91, 97-98, 99
behavioral studies, 128-129, 136
exercise, 119
expected and unexpected consequences, 23, 25, 26, 31-34, 66, 87
feces and urine, 21-22, 139, 140
fetal anesthesia, 104, 106-107
food and fluid regulation, 51, 60-61, 139-140
genetically modified animals, 66-68
imaging studies, 84-85
implants, 40
neonatal studies, maternal neglect, 107
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 73-82 (passim), 126, 137-149
personnel training, 30-31
pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 113, 115
physical restraint, 47
pilot studies, 14
postoperative, 35-36, 38, 41, 45-46, 72, 106-107
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 89, 90-92, 93
recordkeeping, 7, 8, 13, 14, 31, 32-33, 34
euthanasia, 26
exercise, 119
food/fluid regulation, 60
genetically modified animals, 66, 67
neurophysiologic recording, 74-79 (passim), 139-140
physical restraint, 47
sleep deprivation, 122
responsibility for, 35
surgery, 35-36, 38, 41, 45-46, 72, 106-107
video techniques, 47, 119, 130
Mood disorder models, 140-142
see also Anxiety;
Depression
Multi-disciplinary teams
behavioral training, 30
husbandry and nursing care, 34
fetal surgery, 108
pilot studies, 14
professional training, 30-31
protocols, 12-14
Multiple major survival surgeries, 32, 40-41, 76, 78-79, 97
N
National Institutes of Health, 8, 87, 110
Neonatal studies, 102
anesthesia and analgesia, 103, 104-106, 108
cannibalism, 106
hypothermia, 105-106
identification, tagging, tattooing, and toe clipping, 107
maternal neglect, 106-107
pain perception, 99-101
pharmacological/toxicological studies, 103-104
Neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBD), 88-91 (passim)
Neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 73-82 (passim), 137-140
animal care and use concerns, 76
asepsis, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79-80, 81-82
behavioral tasks, 74, 76, 137, 138, 139
behavioral training, 74, 75, 76, 137-139
body weight, 139-140
implants and probes, 74-82 (passim), 138
motivation, 126
physical restraints, 74-81 (passim)
NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, 8
Nonsurvival studies, prolonged, see Prolonged nonsurvival studies
Nursing care, see Husbandry and nursing care
Nutrition, see Food regulation
O
Occupational safety and health, 30
behavioral screening, 130
imaging studies, 84, 85-86, 87
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 82
stem cell and gene therapy studies, 87
Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), 8
Organ preparation, as alternative to live animals, 11
P
Pain, 41
see also Analgesia;
Anesthesia;
Aversive stimuli;
Behavioral stressors;
Distress;
Euthanasia
animal models, 99-101
assessing pain, 17, 18-21, 24, 99-101
behavioral screening of genetically modified animals, 134
behavioral signs, 16, 17, 18, 19-20, 22, 43, 89, 99-100, 101, 102-103
behavioral studies, 126, 127-129
behavioral training, 22, 123-125
chronic or persistent, 20, 26-27
decapitation, 27-28
ethical issues, 100-101
genetically modified animals, 15-16, 67-68
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), 17, 18, 88-89
humane endpoints, 23-26
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 17, 67, 100-101, 105
maladaptive behaviors
monitoring, 17, 18, 30-31, 34, 101
neurophysiologic recording, 75, 76
perinatal studies, 99-101, 102-104
physical restraint, 49
physiologic measures, 18, 24, 43
professional training on, 31
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88, 89, 90-91, 92
protocols, 13, 15-25, 26-27, 32, 101
regulatory oversight, 10, 16-18
surgery, 41
tolerance level, 18, 19, 127, 138-139
unrelieved pain, 23
veterinarians, 23-24
Pain models, 99-101
ethical considerations, 100-101
humane endpoints, 101
persistent pain models, 99, 100, 101
Performance standards, 12
exercise, 119
fetal surgery, 108
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 93
Perinatal studies, 102-108
anaesthesia and analgesia, 102, 103, 104-106, 108
animal care and use, 102
hypothermia, 105
identification, tagging, tattooing, and toe clipping, 107
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 104-106
pain perception, 99-101, 102-104
surgery, postoperative monitoring, cannibalism, and neglect, 106, 107
Pharmacological/toxicological studies, 109-114
see also Behavioral screening of pharmacology/toxicology studies, 129-132
addictive agents, 109, 114-116, 124
aggression, 146
behavioral studies, 109-110, 142
behavioral training, 110
chronic drug exposure, 109, 113-116
dose considerations, 22, 111, 113, 114-115
drug administration routes, 112-113, 114
drug-self administration vehicles, 77, 111, 113
fluid/food regulation, 110, 113
housing, 110
inhalation, 112-113
implantable pumps, 112
occupational health and safety concerns, 116
neonatal studies, 103-104
pain and distress, regulatory oversight, 17, 129-131
physical dependence and withdrawal, 114, 115-116
species/strain differences, 114-115
unexpected consequences, 32
Physical agents, 116-117
heat, 109, 115, 116-117, 134, 141
light, 50, 53, 109, 116, 117, 135
sound, 36, 109, 116, 117, 123, 136
Physical exercise, see Exercise
Physical restraints, see Restraints
Physiological indicators, 4
see also Neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals
distress, 21-22
euthanasia, 28
fluid regulation, 54-55, 57, 58
imaging studies, 84-85
lesions, 98-99
physical restraint, distress, 47, 48
postsurgery, 45-46
Pilot studies, 40
behavioral, 149
reasons for, 15
Predation, induced, 18, 127, 143, 145-147
Preparation and Maintenance of Higher Mammals During Neuroscience Experiments, vii, viii, 88, 89, 137
Primates, nonhuman
fetal studies, 105
fluid regulation, 50, 55, 56, 118
lesions, 97
neurophysiologic recording, 76, 77
physical restraint, 46, 48, 49, 76, 77-78
zoonoses, 29
Principal investigator (PI)
behavioral stressors, 144
genetically modified animals, 64
humane endpoints, 26
monitoring, 34
neurophysiologic recording in awake behaving animals, 79
professional training, 30
Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, 12
Probes, see Implants and probes
Professional training, 2, 30-31
aseptic techniques, 31
distress, 31
genetically modified animals, 65-66
health problem recognition, 33
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 30, 31
monitoring, 30-31
multi-disciplinary, 30-31
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 81
pain, 31
physical restraint, 48
principle investigator (PI), 30
regulatory concerns, 8-9
Prolonged nonsurvival studies, 3, 4, 75, 88-93
analgesia, 88-91 (passim)
anesthesia, 88-91 (passim)
APHIS/AC Policies, 92
automated systems, 91
implants and probes, 89-90, 92-93
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 89, 92, 93
modified laboratory settings
neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBD), 88-91 (passim)
neurophysiologic recording, 75, 89-92
protocols, 89
sterilization vs disinfection, 93
aggression, 23
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 13, 17, 39-40
appetitive stimuli, 126
behavior, 16, 17, 18, 19-20, 21-24 (passim)
behavioral stressors, 144
depression, 141
disease models, 94
distress, 13, 15-28 (passim), 32
genetically modified animals, 15-16, 64-67
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 39, 107-108
humane endpoints, 25-26
husbandry and nursing care, 3, 4, 12, 13-14, 21, 35, 36
implants, 82
lesions, 99
multi-disciplinary teams, 12-14
neurologic deficits, 32
pharmacological/toxicological studies, 103-104
physical restraint, 46
principle investigator (PI), 12, 13, 26, 28, 64
professional training, 30
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 89
Red Book, vii
surgery, 17, 20, 38, 39, 41-42
veterinarians, 12, 13, 14-15, 23, 26
Public health considerations
see also Occupational safety and health
imaging studies, 85
transportation of animals, 41-42
Public health Security and Bioterrorsim Act, 116
Public Health Service, 8
Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS Policy)
euthanasia, 37
pain and distress, 17
professional training, 30
regulatory oversight, 8, 9, 10
surgery, 39
R
Rabbits
pain indicators, 17
physical restraint, 46
surgery, 41
Rats
behavioral screening, 130, 131, 132
euthanasia, decapitation, 27
genetically modified animals, 62
lesions, 97
physical restraint, 54
regulations concerning, 8
sleep deprivation, 121
zoonoses, 29
Red Book, see Preparation and Maintenance of Higher Mammals During Neuroscience Experiments, vii
Regulatory issues, viii, ix, 2, 3, 4, 7-11
see also Animal Care Policies (APHIS/ AC Policies);
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs);
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide);
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs);
Legislation;
Protocols;
Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS Policy);
Standards;
U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Use in Testing, Research, and Training (US Government Principles)
agencies/oversight bodies involved, 7-10
analgesics and anesthesia, 11, 17, 43-44
behavioral screening of pharmacology/ toxicology studies, 129-131
behavioral studies, 8-9
behavioral training, 30
fetal surgery, 107-108
funding of studies, 8
occupational health and safety, 14
outcome assessment, animal welfare, 9
professional training in, 8-9
sample size, 10
Restraints, 46-49
anxiety, 48
conditioning animals to , 48
consequences of, 48-49
head-restraint systems, 77, 78-79, 81
humane endpoints, 49
methods, 47-48, 49, 74, 76, 77-78
neurophysiologic recording, 74-81 (passim)
observation of animals, 47
protocols, 46
Rodents
see also Mice;
Rats
anesthetics, 105
addicative drugs, 115
behavioral screening, 130, 135
fetal studies, 105
swimming, 74, 118-119, 128, 134, 141
transgenic, vii
S
Sample size
genetically modified animals, 64-65
regulatory oversight, 10
Sedatives
euthanasia, 27-28
imaging studies, 84
monitoring and, 34
perinatal studies, 103
postsurgical pain, 41
Skin condition, 46, 79, 82. 91, 121, 139, 140
hydration indicator, 61
physical restraints, 76
Sleep deprivation, 20, 109, 120-122
Social disruptions, 143-144, 146
postoperative, 36
predation, 146
restricted social environment, 144
social isolation, 143-144, 148
social separation, 142, 143-144
Special environments, 36-37
Standards, 1
see also Performance standards;
Protocols;
Regulatory issues
anesthetic, neonates, 105
disease models, occupational health, 85
international, 9-10
Statistical analysis, 15
see also Sample size
Stem cell and gene-therapy studies, 62-63, 86-93, 133
animal care and use concerns, 86-87
occupational health and safety, 87
Stress, see Behavioral stressors;
Distress
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 8
see also Implants and probes
anatomic studies, 71-73
analgesia, 11, 17, 20, 35, 42-44, 75, 104
anesthesia, 11, 17, 32, 37, 41, 42-44, 45, 46, 75, 104
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 37-45 (passim), 107-108
asepsis, 37, 38, 40, 44-45, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79
balanced anesthesia regimens, 42. 43. 104
dedicated surgical facilities, 38, 39, 45, 72, 80, 81, 90
definition, 37-38
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), 37-38, 39, 44, 45, 71-72, 107-108
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 37-45 (passim), 108
lesions, 97
medical records
modified surgical setting/modified laboratory setting, 39, 72, 76, 78, 79
monitoring, 35-36, 38, 41, 45-46, 72, 106-107
multiple major survival surgeries, 32, 40-41, 76, 78-79, 97
neonatal studies, 106
neurophysiologic recording, 73-82
performance standards, 38-39, 79
planning for survival procedures, 41-42
postsurgical recovery, 35-36, 38, 41, 45-46, 72, 106-107
preemptive analgesia, 42, 43, 89
principle investigator (PI), 37, 38
professional training, 30
protocols, 17, 20, 38, 39, 41-42
rabbits, 41
removal of food, 41
rodent surgery, 20, 38, 41, 46
survival vs nonsurvival, 37, 38, 41-46
transportation to surgical facilities, 41-42
veterinarians, 37-45 (passim)
anatomic, 71-73
multiple major survival surgeries, 32, 40-41, 76, 78-79, 97
neurophysiology
pain/distress, protocols, 15-16
stem cell and gene-therapy
surgical procedures, 37, 40-42
T
Thermoregulation, 23, 25, 27, 116-117
see also Hypothermia
food regulation 52-53
genetically modified animals, 66, 67
imaging studies, 84-85
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 92
swimming, 119
3 Rs, 10-11
Tissue cultures, see Cell/tissue cultures
Toxicological, see Pharmacological/ toxicological studies
Training, see Behavioral training;
Professional training
Training and supervision of animals, see Behavioral training
Transgenic animals, vii, 61, 62, 64, 134-135, 136, 181-190
colonies, number of animals required, 4, 181-190
pain/distress, protocols, 15-16
Transportation to and from facilities
occupational health and safety, 84, 85-86, 87
public health concerns, 41-42
surgical facilities, 41-42
U
Urine, see Feces and urine
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, 116
U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Use in Testing, Research, and Training (US Government Principles), 9, 10, 16-17
anesthesia/analgesia, 42
pain, 138-139
physical restraint, 46
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88-89
U.S. Health Research Extension Act, 8
V
Veterinarians, vii, viii, ix, 1, 4
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 24, 26
anesthetics and analgesics, 444
appetitive and aversive stimuli, 126
behavioral assessment of animal health, 23-24
behavioral stressors, 144
fetal surgery, 108
food restriction, 139
housing of multiple species, 37
husbandry and nursing care, 34
humane endpoints, 26
neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 79, 81, 82
pain and distress management, 23-24
pilot studies, 14
professional training, 31
prolonged nonsurvival studies, 91, 92, 93
protocols, 12, 13, 14-15, 23, 26
regulatory controls, 7, 9, 13, 33
surgical procedures, 37-45 (passim)
anesthesia, 106
genetically modified animals, 66
social disruption, 144